The Napoleonic Wars were raging on the European continent and around the globe.

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• The Napoleonic Wars were raging on the European
  continent and around the globe.
• America tried to remain neutral, but hopelessly
  became embroiled in the wareconomically,
  politically, and eventually militarily.
• Because the British were the most powerful
  bullies on the open seas, they reserved the right
  to board American ships looking for deserters.
• This created such incidents as the Diana and the
  Topaz and the Caravan

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• President Jefferson dealt with this by imposing a
  trade embargo against Britainhowever, it almost
  destroyed the American economy and did not
  alleviate the British Impressment Gangs.
• This also allowed the federalist to regain some
  power allied with the Western Republican War
  hawks.
• Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun desired a war with
  Britain to make them realize we were a serious
  country.

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• Henry Clay was westerner from Kentucky
• He had nothing but disdain for the British abroad
  and called them meddlesome domestically
• He also attacked the corporate privilege at
  homehe also thought that a good notion was to
  invade Canadaforce the British to negotiate or
  lose Canada outright
• He was a War Hawk!

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• John C. Calhoun was a South Carolinianfrom what
  was called the backcountry, but later became the
  Midlands.
• Secretary of War for Pres. James Madison.
• He too hated the British and preferred war rather
  than capitulation or timid treatiesas the Jay
  Treaty
• He, too, was a War Hawk.

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• President James Madison preferred diplomacy.
  Madison was Jeffersons hand picked successor to
  the Presidency.
• The Federalist opposed diplomacy because America
  always got the short end of the stick with
  Britain.
• Unfortunately the British undid all his
  effortsmost notably with the secret intrigue and
  the Hartford Convention

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• Many of the New England industrialist and
  shipping magnates were suffering greatly because
  of the bellicosity between America and
  Britainmainly in trade and commerce.
• The British Governor of Canada Sir James Craig
  shared correspondence with an Irish-born New
  Yorker John Henry.
• Because of the unrest and dissension between New
  England the Republican administration, offered to
  recognize New England as a separate political
  entitydetach itself from the United States and
  became part of British Canadamany frustrated New
  Englanders threatened secession if Madison did
  not stop all bellicosity with Great Britainthese
  letters were disseminated to the public mostly
  the War Hawk congress.

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• In all fairness to the New Englanders, no one
  truly considered joining Canada however, the
  threat of secession appeared very real.
• It made the Federalist look petty and
  conspiratorial.
• Because of the apparent cabal, the War Hawk
  westerners forced Pres. Madison to declare war on
  Great Britainthey were still pillaging American
  ships at seaand worse, they were stirring the
  Indians to revolt on the western frontiers.

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• The U.S. was woefully prepared to go to war.
  Jeffersons parsimonious financial attitude had
  whittled the Army down to around 7500 men
  scattered and woefully supplied for war.
• Jefferson had whittled the federal budget to
  level unsustainable to prosecute a war.
• Jefferson had also whittled the navy down to 16
  shipsall Frigates and Sloopsnot one Ship of the
  Line. It was an humiliating war for America.

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• As far as Military results, General William Hull
  surrendered Detroit
• General Stephen Van Renssalaer invaded Canada,
  but because of dissension between Regular Army
  and State Militia hierarchyhe was forced to
  retreatafter a small victory
• General William Henry Harrisons exedition to
  re-secure Fort Detroit met with massacre at the
  Raisin River, buy a combined force of British
  regulars, Indians and Canadian Militia.

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• One of the few land victories turned into a black
  eye for the Americans they invaded upper Canada
  captured York, but then went wild and burned the
  town and did not distinguish between ally or foe.
• Actual American Victories were actually Naval
  battlesas a squadron not much success, but as
  individuals the Navy did fairly wellespecially
  on Lake Erie. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry
  defeated a British flotillaWe have met the
  enemy and they are ours

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• Perrys success on Lake Erie and the other Great
  lakes, he forced the British to evacuate Detroit.
• Tecumseh had encouraged the British to join
  forces with him and his brother the Prophet to
  fight the Americans and win back all the western
  lands they felt they had been cheated out of over
  the years.
• Tecumseh had accumulated an alliance with other
  tribes to forgo the Whitemans ways, return to
  their native culture and waysstop drinking etc
• Once returned to the Old Ways the Great Spirit
  would reward them with victory.

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• Though the Indians created issues for the
  Americans, they defeated a combined force of
  Indians and British at the Battle of the Thames
  in Ohio
• They killed Tecumseh and used strips of his leg
  muscles for razor straps and souvenirs.

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• "No tribe has the right to sell, even to each
  other, much less to strangers.... Sell a country!
  Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as
  the earth? Didn't the Great Spirit make them all
  for the use of his children?
• The way, the only way to stop this evil is for
  the red man to unite in claiming a common and
  equal right in the land, as it was first, and
  should be now, for it was never divided."
• We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys
  full of game, and in return what did they give
  our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets, and a
  grave.

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• Brothers -- My people wish for peace the red men
  all wish for peacebut where the white people
  are, there is no peace for them, except it be on
  the bosom of our mother. Where today are the
  Pequot?
• Where today are the Narrangansett, the Mohican,
  the Pakanoket, and many other once powerful
  tribes of our people?
• They have vanished before the avarice and the
  oppression of the White Man, as snow before a
  summer sun."
• It is better to die as men than to live slaves.

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• In retribution for the Naval victories and Gen
  Jacob Browns victory in Canada, the British
  launched a counter invasion in 1814.
• Admiral Cockburn raided the American coast and
  burned Washington
• Gen Prevost invaded New Yorkstopped at
  Plattsburg, but did much damage.

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• The British, however, were stopped at Baltimore,
  Md.
• They tried to bomb Fort McHenry into submission
  therefore controlling all the Chesapeake and
  Washington
• Here a Lawyer Francis Scott Key wrote the now
  famous National Anthem

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• The American Navy though small and very much
  outnumbered gave a good accounting of itself
• The USS Constitution, The USS United States and
  the USS Essex all scored several victories
  against much bigger Ships of the Line.
• Even the British admiralty acknowledged the
  seamanship and Naval savvy of the Americans

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• The War of 1812 is a comedy of errors with some
  success mixed in
• However, a personage emerges from all this chaos
  with a stellar reputation
• It is true that William Henry Harrison will also
  emerge successful and become President of the
  United StatesBut one man exceeds all others.

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• Andrew Jackson was a South Carolinian who had
  early moved to the Tennessee territory, became a
  Lawyer, Judge, and General in the State Militia.
  (much about him later)
• The Red Sticks (called this because Tecumseh had
  given allied tribes red sticks to prove they were
  part of the movement to destroy the white man and
  his ways) began killing settlers on the
  frontierthe Georgia, Alabama and Florida
  borderwithout out diplomatic concern for the
  Spanish or the British, Jackson defeated the red
  Sticks at Horse Shoe Bend, invaded Florida and
  hung two British agitators.

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• Jackson forced the Red Stick coalition to cede 22
  million acres of land
• Upon hearing of the British threat to New Orleans
  Jackson forced marched his Tennessee militia to
  New Orleans
• There he defeated Gen Pakenhams British Armythe
  same Army that had just defeated Napoleon at
  Waterloo

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• Because of the European War the British were
  strapped for cash and inflation was running away.
• Simply they were tired of war The Americans
  also were tired of warthey had no money and the
  war loans were piling up
• Upon hearing the British might want to sue for
  terms, Madison sent Sec of State James Monroe
  and Henry Clay to Ghent Belgiumthe British
  opened direct negotiations and what we got was
  the Treaty of Ghent.

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• The Treaty of Ghent effectually ended the war
  however, the effects of the treaty would be felt
  for another 40yrs.
• As with the Revolution many Blacks fled their
  masters and sought refuge with the British again
  the British offered promises of freedom if Blacks
  would abscond
• Again the British failed to live up to their
  promises Blacks were sold into West Indian
  slavery, or after the war returned to their
  former masters because of the mutual property
  clause in the Treaty of Ghent

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• It was at the battle of New Orleans that many
  Blacks assumed because of Jacksons actions that
  they would be afforded liberty in service to
  their country
• Jackson claimed it was nonsensical that America
  would not use Blacks to bolster the ranks of the
  army
• He promised them equal treatment and equal bounty
  if they served and defended New Orleans they
  fought bravely and was praised by Jackson.

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• Though the War of 1812 did very little on the
  grand scheme, it did offer some insights that
  would plague America
• 1) Pres. Madison realized The U.S. truly needed a
  Federal Bankdepending on private loans was
  inefficient
• 2) America needed a better transportation system
  if it was to move commodities, Military and
  Commerce efficiently from the western frontier to
  the eastern markets
• 3) The issue of Slavery between North and South
  was becoming more than an annoyance.

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• American began a coastal Fort building program
  and an internal infrastructure system such as
  Roads, Canals, Turnpikes and better waterways
• The Erie Canal was the largest success, but soon
  it was apparent that Railroads were the wave of
  the future
• Once again the issue was how and who was to pay
  for this American System labeled by Henry Clay.

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• Though there was dissension, James Monroe
  succeeded Madison as President and ushered in the
  Era Of Good Feelings. Many Americans were
  becoming more independent and entrepreneurial
  Songs and anthems were signifying Americas
  attitude of becoming truly independent from Great
  Britain.
• Steam powered River boats such as the Clermont by
  Robert Fulton and railroads were booming, though
  the agrarian sector did not reap much of the
  reward from the industrial Norththere were
  benefits and many Americans usually obstructed
  from capitalist advancement were now more open
  to advancement.

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• Still mostly Rural, the Urban centers and
  population were exploding, mostly due to
  immigration.
• The population was growing exponentially every
  ten years
• Many western settlers were not going to settle
  farm land or explore, but rather to begin cities
  and urban centers in the interiorsuch as Moses
  Cleveland, Cincinnati and Chicago.

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• But for every Economic Boom, there is an economic
  Bust The Panic of 1819 gave American a taste of
  capitalist ventures in a market global economy
• The British collapse of the cotton pricing index
  began a huge panic Banks could not produce coin
  or specie, but could issue bank notesit created
  a terrible inflationary rate
• Banks closed and western speculators and southern
  cotton farmers suffered the most.

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• This Panic and Economic depression allowed the
  prominence of Andrew Jackson.
• He believed it was the bank of the U.S. calling
  in its short term loans that created the panic
  therefore he pledged to destroy the bank.
• He came to prominence advocating universal white
  male suffrage and a government returned to the
  people it would also began a running war
  between the Bank President Nicolas Biddle, Chief
  Justice John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson.

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• Though popular government was growing, John
  Marshall and the Court remained a constraint on
  total liberal government.
• The legal system began moving from the regulation
  of behavior to the protection of private property
  and contracts
• Lawyers became the Shocktroops of capitalism
  and John Marshall its greatest advocateMarshall
  was determined that contracts and corporation be
  protected against frivolous avarice.

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• A series of famous Legal cases began the
  precedent.
• Marbury vs. Madison placed Judicial Review or
  interpretation of constitutionality square on the
  shoulders of the Supreme Court
• Martin vs. Hunters Lessee established the
  authority of the federal courts over the state
  courts.
• McCullough vs. Maryland that the constitution is
  foundationaltherefore it does have certain
  implied powerstherefore the federal government
  supersedes any state jurisdiction or pretended
  consentand the Federal govt has implied powers
  over the states

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• The previous cases implied jurisdictional powers
  of the government over the states.
• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward prevented the
  state of individual from interfering with the
  College's Corporate Charter (The New Hampshire
  legislature tried to rewrite the colleges
  original charter making it more amenable to the
  state for appointing its own trustees), Marshall
  cited Article I section 10 of the
  Constitutiontherefore it was a contract and the
  states had no right to interfere
• Sturgis vs. Crowinshield struck down the New York
  State bankruptcy laws allowing debtors to escape
  their creditors relatively easythis law also
  violate the impairment of contract laws
  authorized by the constitutionobligations must
  be met with all due diligence.

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• Gibbons vs. Ogden This was a direct assault
  against the states interfering with interstate
  commercethe constitution states that only the
  federal government has the authority to regulate
  commerce.
• One state cannot give charter rights to any
  commercial company which will cross state lines
  and other states waterwaysto maintain the
  fairness Doctrine only the Federal government had
  the authority to establish commerce crossing
  state lines or international bordersthere must
  be free competition even within ones own ports,
  bays, or Lakes. For instance, a tariff or tax
  must be competitive and equal to all, and all
  must have equity in establishing its commercial
  effortsagain contracts and federal government
  supersedes state law.

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• Jefferson and the Old Republicans were startled
  at the growing power of the Old federalist and
  the New National republicans such as Henry Clay
  and John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster.
• They looked for a savior to their old root
  platform of the least governed the best
  governed. They needed to appeal to the new
  burgeoning Democratic majoritiesthe westerners,
  southerners and many common peoplethey looked to
  Andrew Jackson.