Loyalist, also called Tory colonist loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution'

1
Loyalist, also called Tory colonist loyal to
Great Britain during the Revolution.

• Office Holders appointed by King
• Anglican Clergymen Parishioners
• Quakers other Pacifists
• Large landholders

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Patriots vs. Redcoats
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Redcoats

• British soldiers professional military of well
  trained men
• American soldiers volunteer militia of poorly
  trained men

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George Washington

• Appointed by 2nd Continental Congress as
  commander-in-chief
• Reputation established at French Indian Wars
• Inspiring Presence

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Bunker Hill Breed Hill

• June 16, 1775 American Troops fortify Boston
  Hills
• June 17, 1775, British attack with 2200 men and
  three ships under General William Howe

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Crossing the Delaware

• Christmas Night 1776 Washington resumes the
  offensive.
• Attacks British at Trenton and Princeton NJ.

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Victory at Trenton Princeton

• Boosted Civilian Military Morale
• Drove wedge between loyalists British Army
• Loyalists disarmed, leaders jailed
• British behavior turned many to Rebels cause.

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Marquis de Lafayette

• 20 year old French Aristocrat
• Sympathetic to Revolution
• Granted Commission by Continental Congress

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Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 1777

• Convinced French that America could win battles
• 1778 France recognizes American independence,
  declares war on Britain
• 1779 Spain declares war on Britain
• 1780 Dutch Republic declares war on Britain

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Defeat at Philadelphia, Sept 1777

• Washington forced to retreat to Valley Forge
• Washington lost 20 of troops
• British occupy Philadelphia

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Washington at Valley Forge

• Inadequate shelter
• Hunger Disease
• 2500 lost to typhus, dysentery, and pneumonia.
• Congress unable to provide Supplies

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Friedrich Von Steuben

• German mercenary
• Arrived Feb 1778
• Knowledge of military training

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Battle at Monmouth, NJ

• June 1778 Washington catches up with Clintons
  rear guard
• Battle Rages for 6 hours in 100 degree heat
• Clinton withdraws forces in middle of night

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Significance at Monmouth

• Americans can win on a traditional battlefield
• Keeps Clinton pinned in NY while militia
  exterminates loyalists

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American Victory in South

• Britain forced to fight a multi-front war
• Transfers thousands of troops to Ireland and West
  Indies
• France and Spain Deny Britain control of the Sea

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Britain takes the South

• Spring 1778 British take Georgia
• Spring 1880 British take Charlestown, South
  Carolina
• Loyalist Support Never Materializes
• Indian Attack
• British undermine planter authority

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Nathaniel Green

• British push to Camden, SC. Defeat Gales
• Nathaniel Greene looses all major battles with
  British

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Lost the Battles, but Won the War

• Allowed militia to exterminate loyalist threat
• Stretched British Supply line
• Inflicted heavy casualites
• Halted British march

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Cornwallis Retreats to Virginia

• August 1781 France lands troops at Yorktown, VA
• Joined by La Fayette
• Washington moves his troops from NY to Yorktown

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Battle at Yorktown

• Combined French and American Troops totaled
  16,000
• British troops 6000
• Fighting continues for three weeks
• Oct 19, 1781 Cornwallis surrenders effectively
  ending Revolutionary War.

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Toll of War

• 5 of all Free males between ages of 16-45 died
  fighting British
• 3 of population flee

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Forging New Government

• From Colonies to States Colonies need to create
  state governments
• Trend towards limited executive power and
  republicanism

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Republicanism

• Republic (government) (Latin res publica,
  literally the public thing), form of state
  based on the concept that sovereignty resides in
  the people, who delegate the power to rule in
  their behalf to elected representatives and
  officials.

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Prewar Hold Overs

• Bicameral Legislatures
• Property requirements for suffrage
• Leery of Parties

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Innovations

• Written Documents
• Bill of Rights
• Weaken Executive Branch
• Become elected official
• Frequent elections
• No power of appointment
• Subject to impeachment

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Established Churches

• With exception of NH, Conn, Mass all other
  states abolished state support of religion

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Formalizing a Confederation

• Not intended to be a new nation
• An alliance between free, sovereign, and
  independent states
• 1777 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual
  Union sent to states for ratification
• 1781 all 13 states ratified Articles

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Articles of Confederation

• Left central government weak
• Each person a citizen of his state first, and
  United States second
• No means of levying taxes

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Article 2.

• Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and
  independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and
  right which is not by this confederation
  expressly delegated to the United States, in
  congress assembled

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War Debt

• How to pay debt
• Borrowed from abroad
• Printed money Continentals
• Import duties and taxes rejected by states

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Shays Rebellion

• Tax burden and economic depression felt heavily
  in New England.
• Creditors demanded payment in specie
• Town meetings called for suppressing tyrannical
  Govt

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Shays Rebellion, cont

• 1786 Daniel Shays led an armed uprising of 2,000
  men.
• Goal to shut down courts Sheriffs auctions
• Easily put down by Massachusetts Troops

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Significance of Shays Rebellion

• Sympathizers of Farmers won control of
  legislatures and cut taxes
• Ironically, became rallying cry for stronger
  central government
• By threatening the federal arsenal nationalists
  argued that US had become mob rule.

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Philadelphia Convention, 1787

• May 1787, 55 delegates from every state but RI
• Closed sessions
• Two Questions
• Amend or Creat
• Balance Power

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Virginia Plan

• Strong Central Government
• Right to tax and legislate
• Power to veto state law
• Bicameral legislature proportional to population

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New Jersey Plan

• Single Chamber Legislature
• Each State to Have equal representation

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Connecticut Compromise

• Equal vote for each state in an upper house
• Proportional representation in lower house

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Constitution of 1787

• Augmented National Authority
• Power to tax
• Regulate interstate commerce
• Conduct diplomacy
• Acts and treaties become supreme law of the land

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Constitution, cont

• Restrictions on Central Authority
• 3 distinct branches of Government
• Checks and Balances
• Federalism
• National government to have limited sphere
• Question of slavery largely left to states

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Question of Slavery

• Question over representation
• Anti-Slavery Elements in Constitution
• 3/5 of slave population count for representation
• Permitted congress to ban slave trade after 1808
• Maintained ban on slavery in Northwest territory
• Pro-Slavery Elements
• Required states to return escaped slaves

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Ratification

• Required Special Convention
• State assemblies probably would have rejected
• People were foundation of authority not state
  legislatures.