This Power Point contains the following:

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Chapter 2/3

• This Power Point contains the following
• Middle Passage Review
• Reasons for immigration Review
• Laws established/English Laws Review
• Great Awakening/Enlightenment Review
• 7 Reasons for American Revolution
• American Revolution battles
• Federalists/Anti-Federalists

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

• Points to remember
• African slaves used in the Americas because
• Native American slaves die from exhaustion or
  disease. There still remained a desperate need
  for labor.
• African Slaves were used to agricultural work,
  resisted many diseases and were not as likely to
  run away as Native Americans.

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

• African slaves were trade in Africa for guns,
  supplies and Rum.
• The Triangular Trade existed between Africa, The
  Americas and Europe.
• 1st leg from Europe to Africa
• 2nd leg Africa to Americans
• 3rd leg Americas to Europe

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The Middle Passage

• The 2nd leg of the trip-sailing across the
  Atlantic Ocean.
• Captive Africans chained together, forced into
  dark, cramped quarters below ships decks.
• Journey lasted three to six weeks, ten to twenty
  percent did not survive

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The English Colonies-Virginia

• Who came and why?
• English Catholics came because they were
  persecuted by those practicing under King Henrys
  Church of England. (or Anglican Church)
• The Puritans A Protestant group that wanted to
  purify or reform(improve) the Anglican Church.
• The Pilgrims (a separatist group) left England
  to escape persecution.
• The Pilgrims were immigrants or people who
  leave the country of their birth to live in
  another country.

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New Colony Laws

• The Toleration Act of 1649 Catholics and
  Protestants started to fight over religion.
  Maryland passed a law making it a crime to
  restrict religious rights of Christians.
• Slave Codes Most southern colonies passed laws
  to control slaves. ex. Slaves could hold no
  meetings or own weapons. Some states refused to
  free slaves.

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New Colony Laws

• Mayflower Compact Nov. 21, 1620. 41 pilgrims of
  the Mayflower created a legal document in which
  they agreed to have fair laws to protect the
  general good.
• This was one of the first attempts to a
  self-government (no king!) in the English
  settlement.
• In late 1620 the Mayflower landed in Plymouth,
  Massachusetts.

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Life in the English Colonies

• The English Colonies each has their own
  government, but the English Monarch (king) had
  ultimate authority.
• Some colonies elected representatives to help
  make laws and set policy.
• In New England the center of politics was the
  town meeting-here people met and decided on local
  issues.

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Changes in English Laws

• 1215 The Magna Carta was issued to limit the
  power of the English King John. John was a tyrant
  who abused his power. The Magna Carta ensured no
  unfair imprisonment/ trial by jury.
• 1689 English Bill of Rights-Again, reduced the
  power of the King. (King James wanted more power
  over colonists)

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New Ideas-The Great Awakening

• Population growth in the colonies led religious
  leaders to try and spread religious feelings
  throughout the colonies.
• Many colonists experienced a great awakening in
  their religious lives.
• The Great Awakening was a religious movement
  throughout the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.
  Preachers promoted spiritual equality which
  began people to think about political equality.

Everyone is equal in the eyes of the Lord
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George Whitefield
Everyone is Equal in the Eyes of the Lord!
First true Evangelist!
Whitefield was an educated man and believed
everyone needed to experience a re-birth in Jesus
Christ. Spoke to crowds of 10,000 plus with no
microphone!
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Enlightenment

• 1600s Europeans began to re-examine the their
  world. Scientist began to understand natural
  laws. It changed the way people thought of the
  world.
• Colonists were also influenced by the
  Enlightenment. This movement spread the idea that
  reason and logic could improve society. (And how
  government could work!)
• Enlightened thinker John Locke believed people
  should have natural rights such as equality and
  liberty. (freedom)

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EVENTS LEADING TO WAR

• Events that led to the beginning of our Nation
  (1750s- 1791)

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FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1753-1760)
(a.k.a. 7 YEAR WAR the First World War)

• France and their Indian allies vs. Britain and
  their Indian allies
• Fought for the Ohio Valley territory.
• France fur trade, Britain Farming
• Britain wins ending with the Treaty of Paris
• Bloody battle

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FRENCH AND INDIAN WARResults

• France no longer a threat to Britain.
• Colonists gained military confidence.
• England warned colonists not to expand land.
• England now had a HUGE WAR DEBT!

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Sugar Act

• Raise Money by tax!
• Prime Minister George Granville asked Parliament
  to tax sugar and molasses imported to the colony.
  
• Smugglers were also searched for!

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STAMP ACT 1765

• King George ordered high tariffs on newspapers,
  legal documents, playing cards.
• Colonist rebelled created the Sons of Liberty.
• Protests, riots, and boycotts broke out amongst
  the colonies.
• No taxation without representation became the
  rally cry.
• Repelled in 1766

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Response to the Stamp Act

• England
• English Parliament was angry their authority was
  questioned!
• They issued the Declaratory Act, stating they had
  all the power to make laws in the colonies!

• Colonies
• Members of the Massachusetts legislature met with
  9 other colonies and issued a declaration that
  the Stamp Act was a violation of rights and
  liberties!

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Townsend Acts

• 1761 Parliament passed Townsend Acts to tax
  glass, lead, paints, paper and tea.
• British Officials could also search for smuggled
  goods
• Samuel Adams ship The Liberty was seized for
  smuggling Rum. Angered Colonists!

• Colonist Response?
• Boycotting English goods
• Women (daughters of liberty) drove the boycotts!
• Colonists attacked the houses of custom officials
  and British soldiers were summoned!

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BOSTON MASSACRE1770

• The British sent in troops (4000) into Boston.
  Troops were not welcomed as they competed for
  jobs and represented the Kings interests. There
  were many angry encounters between soldiers and
  colonists.
• March 5th 1770 Ice, snow and rocks thrown at
  soldiers, someone yelled fire and soldiers
  killed 5 protesters.

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BOSTON MASSACRE

• Samuel Adams called the event The Boston
  Massacre. to fuel anger.
• Soldiers were put on trial and most were
  acquitted, 2 convicted of manslaughter. Most
  agreed they were probably provoked into the
  attack.
• Townshend Acts were repealed, British troops
  withdrew from the city.

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BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773)

• A period of calm followed the massacre.
• Sons of Liberty were looking for issues to keep
  the fire going.
• 1773 British only let the East India Tea Co. sell
  tea to America.
• 150 colonist dressed as Native American Indians
  boarded the tea ships and dumped the goods
  overboard. Other parties took place in other
  colonies.

• Unfair pricing!

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BOSTON TEA PARTY

• British Parliament stiffened their rule and
  passed the Coercive acts (a.k.a. Intolerable
  acts)
• ?shut down Boston harbor.
• ? Quartering acts
• ? No Town Meetings allowed!

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1st Continental Conference 1774

• In September 1774The Continental Congress met
  with 56 delegates from 12 colonies (Georgia
  stayed home)
• 56 men meant 56 different opinions and very long
  debates!
• They prepared a list of grievances to be taken to
  the King and British Parliament.
• The delegates 1. stopped trade with England and
  2.alerted the colonial militia to prepare for
  war!
• A 2nd meeting would be called if the king did not
  hear their complaints or if any attack took
  place.

Patrick Henry, The distinctions between
Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and New
Englanders are no more, I am not a Virginian, I
am an American!
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SHOWDOWN!!!

• Neither side really wanted war, but neither side
  was willing to back down.
• King George thought a show of force would improve
  his standing stating, The New England Colonies
  are in a state of rebellion Blows must decide
  whether they are to be subject to this country or
  independent!
• The Kings General Thomas Gage was told to
  prepare for war! Frightened because he knew
  fighting would be fierce, Gage asked for
  additional militia.

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Conflict at Lexington and Concord
One if by land, two if by sea!
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The Shot Heard Around the WorldLexington,
Massachusetts

• The Redcoats were coming! April 19, 1775 The
  British neared Lexington and prepared for war.
• About 80 minutemen saw the large number of
  British and were about to retreat when a shot
  rang out!
• A short battle began with the
  British killing 8 men and destroying weapons they
  found.
• Only one Redcoat was injured in this battle.

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• BATTLE OF LEXINGTON CLIP

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Battle at Concord, Massachusetts

• Angered by British actions, Minutemen (men ready
  at a minutes notice) were in place to attack as
  British Redcoats returned to Boston.
• As the British retreated from Concord Minutemen
  shot at troops from behind trees, fences, and
  buildings, killing over 250 Redcoats.
• War had officially begun!

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1775 Second Continental Congress

• Delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia
  following shots at Lexington/Concord
• Some called for peace, others war! Another try
  with King George III.
• George Washington was named Commander in Chief of
  the Continental Army
• Debate begins over independence

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Battle of Bunker Hill

• May, 10 1775 Patriots attacked British at Fort
  Ticonderoga on to seize a large supply of
  weapons.
• Colonial forces fortified Breeds Hill to prevent
  British from escaping Boston.
• An army of 2,400 Redcoats vs. 1,600 Americans at
  Battle of Bunker of Hill.
• The British had to fight crossing the Boston
  Harbor in boats exposing them as an easy target.
• Eventually Americans forced to retreat, but only
  after 1000 British casualties and proof that the
  colonists could take the British!

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Ethan Allen
66 tall with a temper!

• May 10, 1775The capture of Fort Ticonderoga by
  Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys was a
  major victory for America during the early part
  of the American Revolution.
• Allen sent a spy dressed as a a beggar, was
  allowed into the fort and discovered all of the
  British weaknesses.
• He overtook the fort with 80 men.

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Battle of Bunker Hill Video
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COMMON SENSE (1776) by Thomas Paine
No tyranny! No abuse of government power!

• A 47 page pamphlet.
• Paine urged a separation from Britain.
• Argued that citizens not kings should make laws.
• Argued for economic freedom and the right to
  military self-defense
• Read across the colonies!!!

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Declaration of Independence

• Many colonial leaders agreed with Thomas Paines
  ideas.
• Congress created a committee in June 1776 to
  write a document declaring independence.
• Thomas Jefferson was the main author.
• The Declaration of Independence was sent to
  England and officially approved on July 7, 1776.

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Declaration of IndependenceJuly 4th 1776

• Stated the grievances against the King of
  England.
• Gave reasons as to why the colonies should be
  free.
• Gave people the right to abolish their own
  government.

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Colonists had different reactions to Declaration
of Independence

• Patriots Chose to fight for independence. About
  40-50 of Americans were Patriots.
• Loyalists Sometimes called Tories, remained
  loyal to Britain. About 20-30 of Americans were
  Loyalists.
• Neutral About 25 of Americans remained neutral.
  

Once the Declaration was signed, Loyalists and
Patriots became opponents.
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Patriots Gain New Home

• During the war 230,000 served in the Continental
  Army. Most young men endured poor living
  conditions, bad food, no .
• African Americans joined the patriots. At first
  they were denied, but Britain promised freedom to
  slaves for service so Army changed its mind.
• Native Americans aided Patriots, but also
  assisted British

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Women
Molly Ludwig Hays brought water to troops, but
when husband injured she loaded cannons.

• Ran farms and businesses while men gone.
• They raised money for supplies and clothing.
• Served as messengers, nurses and spies-some
  fought.

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Early Defeats
General Thomas Gage-ordered troops into
Lexington/Concord
I took over!

• Canada Patriots wanted Canada to be 14th colony.
• US forces under Gen, Montgomery and Benedict
  Arnold attacked Quebec.
• NYC Became the 1st major battle ground .
• British Gen. William Howe led 32,000 better
  equipped militia vs. Washingtons 23,000.
• Months of fighting. British captured Patriots,
  took supplies, and burned NY.

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Early Defeats

• Howe pushed Washington across the Hudson River
  and was pleased with his success.
• Connecticut Nathan Hale went behind the British
  lines to attain secret information.
• Hale was caught with the documents hidden in his
  shoe and ordered to be hung.
• Before his execution he stated, I regret I have
  only one life to lose for my country.

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Battle of Saratoga, New York

• 2 defeats stun the British.
• British General John Burgoyne planned to capture
  Hudson River valley and cut off New England from
  other colonies.
• British Burgoyne planned to invade Canada
  traveling through dense forests.
• Patriots were ready with obstacles. Militiamen
  outnumbered the Redcoats and scored a major
  victory. General Horatio Gates crushed British
  attempts to advance.

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Battle of Saratoga, New York

• Colonial General Benedict Arnold led a charge
  that forced the British to retreat.
• The British were surrounded and Burgoyne
  surrendered to General Gates.
• Saratoga was the greatest victory yet for
  American forces! The win convinced foreign
  allies to help.

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Help for Americans

• France Signed treaty of support. French
  Nobleman Marquis de Lafayette volunteered to
  serve and gave 200,000 for soldier aid.
• Prussia Baron Friedrich von Steuben trained
  Continental Army into a tough force!
• Spain Bitter enemies of Britain! Governor
  Bernardo de Galvez seized British ports.

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Valley Forge-winter 1777-1778

• General Washington and 1200 men wintered at
  Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
• Soldiers suffered because of low supplies,
  shortage of food, clothing, shelter and disease!
• 2000 men died from disease malnutrition.

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War at Sea and in the West
I have just begun to fight!

• John Paul Jones leads attacks on hundreds of
  British ships.
• (The tiny fleet was no match for the huge British
  fleet)
• George Rogers Clark gathered soldiers from small
  towns, captured British villages and convinced
  Indians to remain neutral.

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War in the South

• Following Saratoga war was not going well for the
  British so they decided to move war to the south
  where they had many loyalists in Georgia, the
  Carolinas and Virginia.
• They even offered freedom for slaves who took up
  arms against the Patriots.
• Brutal fighting began.

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War in the South

• Patriots fought the Loyalists but lost Georgia in
  1778 and Charleston, South Carolina in 1780.
• Some southern Patriots worked to build Bands of
  guerrilla fighters. Partisans fought against the
  British.
• One Southern Patriot was Francis Marion (a.k.a
  The Swamp Fox)
• Marion was successful using guerilla warfare
  against the British.

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The Swamp Fox

• 48 year old, weak and in poor health. He created
  a phantom army that frustrated British General
  Cornwallis.
• Surprise attacks from Marion and others disrupted
  communication and supply lines the British
  counted on for success!

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The Battle of Yorktown

• 1781 British General Cornwallis moved British
  forces from Charleston to Yorktown, Virginia.
• Washington saw a chance to trap Cornwallis.
• He ordered Lafayette to block Cornwalliss escape
  by land.
• He then combined his 2500 troops with 4000 French
  troops led by Comte de Rochambeau.
• The Patriots surrounded Cornwallis and French
  Naval Ships stopped British ships from saving
  Cornwallis.

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The Battle of Yorktown

• On October 19, 1781 Cornwallis sent a drummer and
  soldier with a white flag to surrender.
• This was the last major battle of the American
  Revolution.
• With no more money to spend on war Britain
  entered into peace talks with America led by
  Benjamin Franklin.
• It took 2 years to come to a Peace Agreement but
  Great Britain finally recognized the United
  States independence at the Treaty of Paris in
  1783.

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American Revolution 1776-1783

• 175,000 white males fought in the war.
• 50,000 as loyalists to the King.
• Thousands of homes were burned and looted as the
  war raged on, it forced people to take sides.
• War was won by a bunch of rag-tag farmers using
  guerilla war-fare.

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Articles of Confederation1781-1788

• Could not levy taxes huge war debt
• Could not regulate trade- Froze trade, paralyzed
  the economy
• Difficult to pass new laws, 9 of 13 colonies must
  agree
• Congress could not enforce any laws

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United States Constitution1788

• Constitutional Convention 1787
• Maybe the greatest document ever written? Because
  of its fluidity! Has withstood civil wars,
  internal abuses, and neglect.

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Federalist (Alexander Hamilton)

• Strong federal government
• Govt should be run by the best people
• Only property owners should vote
• Loose interpretation of Constitution
• Govt favors business
• Powerful national bank
• Restrictions of free press and speech

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Anti-Federalists (Thomas Jefferson)

• Strong state government
• Govt should be run by all people
• All people can vote
• Strict interpretation of constitution
• No special favors for business
• Promotion of state banks
• Relatively free speech and press

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Bill of Rights

• Series of essays (Federalist papers) were
  published trying to gather support for their
  cause.
• The Bill of rights were a concession between the
  Federalist and the Anti-federalist.
• Anti- federalist agreed to ratify the
  constitution if they guaranteed peoples basic
  rights.

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Bill of Rights

• 1st Amendment- separation of church and state ,
  freedom of worship, speech, press, and assembly.
• 2nd Amendment- Right to bear arms and establish a
  well regulated militia.
• 3rd Amendment- Soldiers cannot be housed in
  private homes.
• 4th Amendment- Right to unlawful search and
  entry.
• 5th Amendment- do not have to testify against
  yourself.

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First 10 Amendments

• 6th guarantees the right to a speedy trial
• 7th right to trial by jury
• 8th prohibits cruel and unusual punishment
• 9th states that because certain right are not
  mentioned does not mean they do not exist
• 10th any powers no specified to the federal
  government, then it rests with the states