Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change Impacts

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Adaptation to Climate Change in the Caribbean -
Preparing national and Regional Institutions to
respond effectively to the impacts of climate
change.
Antigua Barbuda
Grenada
Guyana
The Bahamas
by Leslie Walling Deputy Manager
St. Lucia
Barbados
St. Kitts Nevis
Belize
St. Vincent the Grenadines
Dominica
Trinidad Tobago
Jamaica
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• Area of Caribbean Sea
• 1.94 x 106 km2
• Astronomical Tidal Range
• 20 to 30 cm.
• East to west flowing Caribbean Current
  traverses the Caribbean (part of the general
  Atlantic Circulation).

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Regional Response

• 1992 - UNCED Agenda 21
• 1994 May - UNGC SD/SIDS Barbados Program of
  Action (BPOA), 15 priorities
• 1994 Sept - Regional Tech Consultation Draft
  project document
• 1995 May GEF Council approval to Work Program.

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Regional Response

• 1995 Sept 1st (Regional) Technical Consultation
  
• 1994 Q4 National Consultations NICUs and NFPs
  formed.
• 1996 Jan 2nd Regional Consolation develop work
  plan and pilot project selection
• 1996 May 3rd Regional Consultation
  pre-appraisal review structure, finance,
  operations activities.

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The Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Global
Climate Change Project

• The GEF-funded Project (1997-2001) is executed by
  the Organization of American States in
  partnership with the University of the West
  Indies Center for Environment and Development,
  (UWICED) for the World Bank as the GEF
  Implementing Agency.

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CPACC OBJECIVES
Overall Objective of CPACC To support Caribbean
countries in preparing to cope with the adverse
effects of global climate change, particularly
sea level rise in coastal areas.
Identify assess policy options instruments
Strengthen monitoring analysis of climate and
sea level
Enhance Regional national capabilities
Develop an integrated Management planning
framework
Identify vulnerable areas
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CPACC COMPONENTS (1) Regional Components
C2 Database information systems
C3 Inventory of coastal resources
C4 Formulation of policy framework
C1 Monitoring Network
(2) National Pilot Components
C5 Coral reef monitoring
C6 Coastal vulnerability risk assessment
C7 Economic Valuation of coastal resources
C8 Formulation of econ/regulatory proposals
C9 National communications GHGI inventory
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Specific Achievements

• Establishment of a sea level and climate
  monitoring system
• Improved access and availability of data
• Increased appreciation of climate change issues
  at the policy-making level
• Meeting country needs for expanded vulnerability
  assessment
• Establishment of coral reef monitoring protocols
• Created a network for regional harmonization

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C1 Design and Establish SL Monitoring Network-
Objective

• Install a sea-level/climate-observation network
  in the participating countries, to enable the
  region to start compiling data relevant for the
  long-term monitoring of climate change

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C1 Design and Establish SL Monitoring Network -
Achievements

• 18 monitoring stations installed
• - Water level, barometric pressure, air temp,
  R-humidity, rainfall, SST, wind direction, gust
  speed.
• CIMH responsible for coordination, quality
  control, calibration and special maintenance
• Trust fund set up for maintenance
• Data download, QA/QC archiving RAC
  established in yr. 3 on UWI campus in Trinidad
• www.cpaccrac.org data presentation products

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C1 Design Installation of SL Monitoring System
- Lessons Learned

• Varying levels of starting capacity in-house
  expertise.
• Subsequent development of capacity was uneven.
• Need for additional training in
• digital monitoring systems
• the use of tidal data develop applications (CZM
  E)
• modern SL data collection GPS surveying (NLS
  CZMUs)
• for GPS OCRES capacity development in Barbados.

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C1 Design Installation of SL Monitoring System
- The Way Forward

• Stronger local interest participation in the
  daily use of the data.
• Consider more immediate localized data delivery.
• Review objectives needs in light of improved
  technology.
• Training to all technicians (digital data
  systems, tidal GPS surveying).
• Address outstanding technical institutional
  deficiencies to ensure optimal network
  performance.
• Strengthen Regional Network Coordination
  function.

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C2 Establishment of Databases Information
Systems- Objective

• An enabling activity to facilitate access to
  information for the wide range of project
  stakeholders and general users and to meet the
  needs of the project management team.

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C2 Establishment of Databases Information
Systems-Achievements

• Information Access, Management and Communication
  through the internet
• Establishment of CPACC Website www.cpacc.org
• Basic information on project objectives
  activities
• Progress reports, workshop reports, methodologies
  etc
• Calendar of CPACC and related activities
• Access to data from 18 monitoring stations

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C2 Establishment of Databases Information
Systems- Lessons Learned

• Pace with which info technology changes demands
  flexibility (opportunity/obsolescence).
• Web development required stronger , coordinated,
  PEO support.
• Technical emphasis of website met info needs of
  project and stakeholders.

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C2 Establishment of Databases Information
Systems- The Way Forward

• Ensure strong PEO component in future projects.
• Incorporate strong PEO elopement into future web
  designs and information strategies.
• Place emphasis on the use of the website as a
  strategic tool for PEO.
• In the future the website will project the image
  of the project/organization.
• Support network and related systems through
  training for staff and participants.

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C3 Inventory of Coastal Resources and Uses
Objectives

• The objective was to developing an application
  that would allow greater access data and
  information for decision-making, including the
  adaptation to climate change.
• Emphasis was placed on the capacity-building
  elements.

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C3 Inventory of Coastal Resources and Uses -
Achievements

• CRIS delivered to 12 countries.
• Provided and installed in 6 countries
• Sent to remaining countries
• Ikonos Satellite imagery acquired for a
  countries
• Complete technical proficiency in at least one
  national institution
• Facilitate storage, retrieval, updating, analysis
  and manipulation of coastal resource data

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C3 Inventory of Coastal Resources and Uses -
Lessons Learned

• Flexibility in approach to project design and
  implementation helps to optimize counterpart
  participation.
• Appropriate financial support necessary to
  alleviate counterpart overload.
• Regular reviews among key, knowledgeable
  practitioners was valuable.
• Utilization of national and Regional expertise
  proved advantageous.

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C3 Inventory of Coastal Resources and Uses
The Way Forward

• Commitment by all concerned parties to
• flexibility in implementation to optimize the
  quality of country participation.
• Budgetary support for counterparts to alleviate
  counterpart overload.
• Utilization of national Regional expertise
• Regular technical review among key, knowledgeable
  practitioners.
• Provide technical support follow-up to address
  technical issues and those associated with
  delivery.

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C4 Formulation of Policy Framework for
Integrated Adaptation Planning Management
Objectives

• Strengthen national capacity for analyzing
  climate and sea-level dynamics and trends,
  seeking to determine the immediate and potential
  impacts of global climate change
• Identify areas particularly vulnerable to the
  adverse effects of climate change and sea-level
  rise
• Develop an integrated management and planning
  framework for cost-effective response and
  adaptation to the impacts of global climate
  change and
• Identify and assist in the development of policy
  options and instruments that could help to
  initiate a long-term programme of adaptation to
  global climate change in vulnerable coastal
  areas.

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C4 Formulation of Policy Framework for
Integrated Adaptation Planning Management
Achievements

• This was the final component to be implemented
• Outputs (1) National Climate Change Issues
  Papers, (2) National Climate Change
  Adaptation Policies and Implementation Plans
• 10 policies in draft final stage M.O for
  mainstreaming
• St.Lucias (2001) and Dominicas (2002) approved
  by Cabinet
• All policies expected to be submitted to local
  Cabinets by third quarter of 2002

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C4 Formulation of Policy Framework for
Integrated Adaptation Planning Management -
Lessons Learned

• A staggered start to the implementation of this
  project component allowed it to benefit from
  lessons learned earlier in the implementation
  process.
• Flexibility The component addressed issues of
  concern to policy makers to insure Buy in .
• Immediate adaptation response measures were
  justifiable on the basis that response measures
  that reduced vulnerability to climate variability
  would contribute to adaptation to longer-term
  climate change.

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C4 Formulation of Policy Framework for
Integrated Adaptation Planning Management-
The Way Forward

• Support the formulation of specific adaptation
  policy responses by developing capacity within
  the Region to
• conduct in-depth impact/vulnerability studies,
• develop and use down-scaled global climate
  models,
• develop and use site-specific climate scenarios.
• Employ more precise scientific data as it becomes
  available to better define feasible
  coast-effective adaptation options.

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C5 Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change
Impacts Objectives

• Establish a long-term monitoring programme, which
  over time will show the effects of global warming
  factors on coral reefs.
• Identify methodologies to adjust and extend
  current efforts to monitor the impacts of global
  warming on reefs
• Undertake specific activities dedicated to
  raising public awareness of coral reefs and
  climate change and
• Disseminate information and methodology to
• all the participating countries.

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C5 Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change
Impacts - Achievements

• Monitoring systems in place and data analysis
  implemented in 3 countries
• Data centre established at CMS, UWI, Jamaica
• Synergies developed with other monitoring
  programmes allowing comparison and assessment of
  methodologies
• Methodologies adapted, tested and made available
  through the CPACC website

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C5 Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change
Impacts - Lessons Learned

• Government commitment to project activities
  should embody acknowledgement and agreement by
  prospective lead agencies of their respective
  roles and responsibilities.
• Provide lead agencies with sufficient lead time
  to adjust annual work plans and budgets.
• PEO is an essential complimentary activity.
• Technical review workshops are invaluable
  management planning tools for building and
  sustaining commitment to project objectives.
• Sustainability Mentoring the centralized
  coordination technical-support functions must
  be
• institutionalized .

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C5 Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change
Impacts - The Way Forward

• Maintain the momentum of the programme through
• capacity building,
• Institutionalization of coral reef monitoring,
  coordination and technical support,
• Expand programme to Eastern Caribbean
• Data contributions to global information networks
• Support for coral reef monitoring and capacity
  building should be continued under the MACC
  Project.

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C6 Coastal Vulnerability Risk Assessment -
Objectives

• To develop vulnerability and risk assessments for
  the coastal areas of the pilot countries
• To build capacity in coastal-vulnerability and
  risk assessments at the national and regional
  levels and
• To inform and educate the general public about
  coastal vulnerability and the need to plan for
  climate change.

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C6 Coastal Vulnerability Risk Assessment -
Achievements

• Methodology developed and applied
• Coastal vulnerability studies in 3 pilot
  countries completed
• Conducted by country teams
• Need for vulnerability studies on other sectors
  (agriculture, water, tourism, health) identified
• Long-term capacity building needs to be addressed

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C6 Coastal Vulnerability Risk Assessment
-Lessons Learned

• This is a requirement that countries must
  undertake to support the development of GCC
  adaptation policy/strategies.
• National capacity in VA is deficient.
• Lack of data has hampered in-depth analysis
  necessary for VA studies.
• There is a need for extensive base-line data
  (bathymetry, contour maps w/ 1 m. resolution
  below 25ft, geo-referenced cadastral information,
  ecosystem status, sea-level
• The necessary regional climate scenarios are not
  available to support planning and decision-making.

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C6 Coastal Vulnerability Risk Assessment
-The Way Forward

• Expand the VA programme to the 9 remaining CPACC
  countries as originally planned.
• Further development of national capacity in VA
  assessment .
• The development of more robust VA assessments in
  the Region by enhancing data availability
  through
• Substantial coordinated support for data
  collection monitoring,
• Further development of the CRIS,
• Development of Regional climate scenarios.

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C7 Economic Valuation of Coastal Marine
Resources Objectives

• The overall objective was to help the
  participating countries to apply the tools of
  resource valuation, environmental accounting, and
  environmental decision-making in the development
  of policy frameworks and economic and regulatory
  approaches for coastal and marine resources.

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C7 Economic Valuation of Coastal Marine
Resources Achievements

• Studies conducted in 3 pilot countries by local
  team
• Country teams trained in the design and
  development of data collection instruments and
  surveys
• Primary and Secondary data collected and analysed
• Data collection took into account the need to
  ensure that outputs are compatible with the CRIS
  under C3.
• C3 assessed for useful data
• Joint workshop with pilot countries involved in
  the development of Economic Instruments (C8)

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C7 Economic Valuation of Coastal Marine
Resources - Lessons Learned (1)

• Significant emphasis needs to be placed on the
  development of any methodology and on the
  capacity to effectively implement it
• More resources need to be made available in
  support of regional team building and
  cooperation, and the sharing of material
• The original timeline for the project was too
  short and severely underestimated the time needed
  to implement a project such as this and also
  ensure capacity transfer

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C7 Economic Valuation of Coastal Marine
Resources - Lessons Learned (2)

• The need for software and specific training by
  experts must be clearly recognized and be
  integrated into projects as part of the
  capacity-building and transfer process
• The broadest possible cross-section of technical
  expertise and backgrounds makes for the most
  effective country team in performing economic
  valuation
• Although more time-consuming, data collection by
  the country teams pays off better in the long
  term

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C8 Formulation of Economic Regulatory Tools
Objectives

• Assess the design and utility of economic and
  regulatory approaches in coastal and marine
  resources management in response to threats of
  sea-level rise
• Demonstrate how the use of economic incentives)
  can provide flexible, cost-effective alternatives
  to traditional, regulatory policies in promoting
  adaptation to climate change.

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C8 Formulation of Economic Regulatory Tools -
Achievements

• Antigua and Barbuda (i) Sand management
  framework (ii) restructuring of commercial sand
  sales, (iii) retail sand market -To meet the
  demand for sand without undermining the
  environmental integrity of coastal ecosystems.
• St. Kitts and Nevis Implemented strategy of
  market based instruments to influence the
  quantity and pattern of hotel development within
  a coastal area.
• Design of instrument and implementation plan
  underway
• Need to interface with political directorate for
  implementation

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C8 Formulation of Economic Regulatory Tools
Lessons Learned

• A consensus-based approach to market-based
  instruments is critical
• These instruments should be developed with
  political feasibility in mind
• Education and outreach must be an integral
  component of any regulatory and policy strategy
• The design of market-based instruments should be
  based on a review of economic analysis and human
  health
• Regional compacts are important for advancing
  selected environmental goals of individual
  countries and
• An integrated approach to environmental planning
  and management is essential

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C8 Formulation of Economic Regulatory Tools
The Way Forward

• The integration of economic valuation and
  economic instruments remains an essential but
  challenging process. These two concepts should be
  fundamental aspects of any development and
  implementation of policy, particularly one
  addressing climate change.

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C9 GHG Inventory in St. Vincent and the
Grenadines Objectives

• Preparation of the St. Vincent and the Grenadines
  Initial National Communications to the UNFCCC

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C9 GHG Inventory in St. Vincent and the
Grenadines - Achievements

• First National Communications of St. Vincent
  the Grenadines complete presented at COP 6
  along with others completed under the UNDP/GEF
  Enabling Activities project
• GHG Inventory 95.1 Gg C, - 133.7 Gg C

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C9 GHG Inventory in St. Vincent and the
Grenadines Lessons Learned

• Lack many of the prerequisites for dealing
  effectively with climate change, although some
  progress is being made
• Need for effective land-use planning with the
  enforcement of existing laws and the expansion of
  authority
• Programmes outside the formal education sector
  can make significant contributions to awareness
  of climate change

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C9 GHG Inventory in St. Vincent and the
Grenadines The Way Forward

• Immediate development of a broad-based National
  Environmental Policy Reform Project
• updating and strengthening the National
  Environmental Action Plan
• establish the legal authority of the National
  Environmental Advisory Board
• integrate climate-change issues into national
  economic policies and plans, land-use plans, and
  sectoral policies
• accompanied by educational programs
• Build on CRIS to develop a spatially based
  natural-resource inventory system
• vulnerability assessment and mapping system to
• support CC adaptation

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Overall Project Accomplishments

• Nationally, all countries have NFPs and NICUs.
• In some countries, National committees have been
  established to address climate change.
• Establishment of a sea level and climate
  monitoring system that contributes to regional
  and global assessment of the issues
• Improved access and availability of data
• Increased appreciation of climate change issues
  at the policy-making level and technical support
  to better define the regional position at the
  conventions

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Overall Project Accomplishments

• Meeting country needs for expanded vulnerability
  assessment, economic evaluation techniques,
  developing economic instruments and methodology
  for coral reef monitoring
• Created a network for regional harmonization
• Development of National Climate Change Adaptation
  policies and action plans

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Post CPACC Critical Path
ACCC (Jul. 01- Mar .04)
CPACC (1997-2001)
MACC (2003-2008)
CPACC Closure Jan May.02
PDF-B (Oct. 01- Aug.02)
CCCC (Oct.02)
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Post CPACC

• CARICOM Governments mandated that there was a
  need to continue the work of adaptation planning
  and capacity building after CPACC.
• Long-term institutionalizing CC adaptation
  process in a Regional Climate Change Centre
• Short-termestablish a successor project (MACC)

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Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in
the Caribbean (MACC) Objectives

• Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change in
  national development planning and private sector
• Formulation of specific adaptation measures
  (demonstration pilots) and of a regional position
  on adaptation
• Expanding and strengthening the existing
  monitoring network and the capacity to develop
  impact scenarios based on Regional Climate Models
• Cross-regional dissemination and replication of
  MACC results

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The Objectives of the Centre

• Promoting protection of the earths climate
  system
• Enhancing regional institutional capabilities for
  the co-ordination of national responses to the
  adverse effects of climate change
• Providing comprehensive policy and technical
  support in the area of climate change and related
  issues and spearheading regional initiatives in
  those areas
• Performing the role of executing agency for
  regional environmental projects relating to
  climate change
• Promoting education and public awareness on
  climate change issues
• Facilitating regional consensus for negotiations
  related to the UNFCCC

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Climate Change Centre

• Collect, analyze and disseminate climate change
  observation data
• Facilitate Caribbean position to UNFCCC
• Realize regional and national equitable benefits
  under Kyoto Protocol financial mechanisms
• Assist in public awareness and education
  campaigns
• Develop special programmes
• Promote information exchange with SIDS and Latin
  America
• Develop regional research programmes
• Execute MACC

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Supporting Transition- PDF Block B

• Objective
• Establish Caribbean Climate Change Centre
• Support national and regional consultations
• Continue CPACC work on public education and
  awareness
• Prepare full project proposal MACC

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Supporting Transition - Adapting to Climate
Change in the Caribbean (ACCC)

• Funded under the Canadian Climate Change
  Development Fund (CCCDF) of the Canadian
  International Development Agency (CIDA)
• Total project costs - Cdn3.14 million
• Canadian Executing Agency serve as consultants
  to the project
• Project duration - Sept. 2001 to Feb. 2004.

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Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean
(ACCC) - Components

• Project 1 Detailed Project Design and Business
  Plan for Regional Climate Change Centre
• Project 2 Public Education and Outreach (PEO)
• Project 3 Integrating GCC into Physical Planning
  Process using a Risk Management Approach
• Project 4 Strengthening Technical Capacity
• CIMH and National institutes,
• Masters level course at UWI,
• region-specific climate change scenarios and
• liaison with other SIDS in Caribbean and Pacific

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Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean
(ACCC) - Components

• Project 5 Integrating Adaptation Planning in
  Environmental Impact Assessments for National and
  Regional Development Projects
• Project 6 Implementation Strategies for
  Adaptation in the Water Sector
• Project 7 Formulation of Adaptation Strategies
  to Protect Human Health
• Project 8 Adaptation Strategies for Agriculture
  and Food
• Project 9 Fostering collaboration with
  non-CARICOM Countries
•  

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• Thank You?
•