Ecosystems and Living Organisms

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Ecosystems and Living Organisms

• Chapter 5
• APES

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1 Warm-up Question

• Quietly read the introduction to Chapter 5 and
  Summarize what happened to Lake Victoria
• What are cichlid? How many species?
• Why did they die out?
• Was it intentional result?

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Lake Victoria
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Evolution and Adaptation

• Evolution-
• Adaptation-

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Darwins 4 premises of evolution by natural
selection

• Overproduction-
• Variation-
• Limits
• Differential reproductive success-
• Natural Selection-

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Types of Adaptations

• Structural adaptation
• Functional adaptation
• Behavioral adaptations
• New Genes enter gene pool thru mutations

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3 Ways Natural Selection Operates

• Stabilizing selection
• Directional selection
• Disruptive selection

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Modes of Selection
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Wrap-Up Question

• What are the 4 premises of natural selection?

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2 Warm-Up Question

• What are the 3 types of adaptations that occur
  based on evolution?

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6 kingdoms of living things

• Prokaryotic cell structure
• Eubacteria
• Archeabacteria
• Eukaryotic cell structure
• Plants
• Fungi
• Animals

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6 kingdoms of living things Eubacteria

• A.K.A.
• Tiny, single-celled
• Need
• Examples

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6 kingdoms of living things Archeabacteria

• They differ from other bacteria because
• they
• the RNA
• They include _______________, the salt loving and
  the ____________________.
• Examples

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6 kingdoms of living things Animal

• Almost all of the animals we commonly think of --
  _________________________-- belong to a single
  subgroup within one of the _____________comprising
  the Animal Kingdom.
• Examples

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6 kingdoms of living things Fungi

• fungi recycle _________________________
  nutrients.
• If it doesn't wait for the bio-matter to die, it
  is called a _________________
• Fungi digest food _______________________
• Fungi reproduce by ___________________from a
  fruiting body
• Examples

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6 kingdoms of living things Plants

• provide the __________________
• Provide food that sustains us
• provide ____________________and
  _______________________ while surrounding us
  _____________________and marking the change of
  seasons.
• Examples

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6 kingdoms of living things Protist

• Heterogeneous _______________________
• Do not have much in common besides a
  ______________________________(unicellular, or
  multicellular without highly specialized
  tissues).
• Some call it the _____________ from the other
  eukaryotic kingdoms.
• Examples

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Taxonomy of Living things

• K
• P
• C
• O
• F
• G
• S

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Wrap-up Question

• Name something unique about each of the kingdoms
• Can you name our classification?

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3 Warm-Up Question

• Name the 6 kingdoms of biological classification

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Biological Communities

• Community
• Communities are extremely
• There is competition for-

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Little Acorn lyme disease

• Study in oak forests NE US
• Abundant acorns
• Tick feed on the
• giving the mice
• Transferred to humans

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Succession

• How communities
• Climax community
• Change in species composition and abundance over
  time
• Stages

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Primary Succession

• Change in species composition over time in an
• No ______________exists
• Pioneer community-
• Example

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Primary Succession examples

• Indonesian island of Krakatoa
• Sand dunes around the shores of Lake Michigan
• Glacier Bay, Alaska

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Secondary Succession

• change in species composition that takes place
  after some
• Examples
• After a ____________or __________________
• Yellowstone National Park 1988
• 1/3 park burned
• 1989- pioneer community Trout lily (herb)
• 1998- lodgepole pines ( 4-5 feet height)
  Douglas fir seedling appeared

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Secondary Succession

• Example Abandoned farmlands
• Crabgrass- pioneer community
• Horseweed
• Broomsedge and other weeds
• pine trees
• hardwood trees

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Sequence of secondary succession in an abandoned
field
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Wrap-Up Question

• What is the difference between primary succession
  and secondary succession?

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4 Warm-up Question

• What is a pioneer community?
• Name the pioneer community of a primary
  succession
• Walk to see secondary succession on this
• campus

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Keystone Species

• Species
• They _______________be the most numerous
  organisms in the ecosystem
• Examples

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Sea otter(listen dont write)

• Sea otters are marine mammals that live in kelp
  beds along the western coast of North America
  from Baja Mexico to Alaska. Once hunted to near
  extinction, their protection has been one of the
  success stories of conservation.
• In the 1970's, sea otter populations were healthy
  and expanding throughout their range.

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A Mystery?

• Scientists noted that by the 1990's some
  populations of sea otters were declining
• One possibility was that the animals had moved
  rather than died.
• In 1993, an 800 km long section of the Aleutian
  Islands was surveyed and the results were
  alarming.
• The sea otter population had declined by 50.

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Saga continues

• In 1997 the Aleutian survey was repeated and the
  results were worse. Sea otter populations had
  declined by 90.
• In 1970, some 53,000 sea otters lived in the
  study area.
• By 1997, that population was down to about 6,000
  animals.

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possible causes

• Reproductive failure
• Starvation
• Pollution
• Disease
• The problem with these hypotheses was that there
  was no evidence of dead otters that might support
  the idea of some epidemic or source of mortality
  that would kill many over a wide range.

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Cause of the Decline

• In 1991, one scientist noticed an orca (killer
  whale) eating a sea otter. This was unusual
  because sea lions and seals are the normal prey
  for orcas and a small animal such as a sea otter
  wouldn't provide much nutrition.
• At one site called Clam Lagoon, populations of
  otters remained healthy. Interestingly, that site
  was inaccessible to orcas.
• It turned out that orcas had indeed been
  responsible for the decline in otters.

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Cause of the decline continued

• A decline in the abundance of their usual prey
  forced them to switch to otters.
• Not all the orcas needed to switch to generate
  the mortality observed along the Aleutians.
• As few as 4 orcas feeding solely on otters could
  have produced an impact of the magnitude
  observed.
• A single orca could consume about 1,825 otters
  per year.

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Over fishing and Climate changes

• led to a reduction in food for sea lions and
  seals. This forced the orcas to enter into the
  coastal waters where they consumed sea otters.
  Sea otters normally feed on sea urchins. Without
  this control, the urchins increased in abundance.
  Urchins graze on kelp, particularly on the
  holdfast and large numbers of urchins damaged
  kelp forests. The decline in the kelp forests has
  had an impact on many others species ranging from
  sea ducks to sea stars.

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North Pacific Food Web
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Wrap-Up Question

• What is a keystone species?

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5 Warm-up Question

• Where on this campus is there an example of
  secondary secession?

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Interactions among Organisms

• No organism
• Symbiosis-
• Result of co-evolution
• Example

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Mutualism

• Relationship
• Examples
• Flowering plants animal pollinators
• Rhizobium (bacteria) and legumes
• Bacteria live in nodules on roots of legume
  plants
• Coral and zooxanthellae (algae)
• Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cells of
  coral
• Mycorrhizae (fungi) and plant roots
• Mycorrhizae is a fungus that grows around and
  into roots and absorbs essential minerals from
  soil

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Commensalism

• Relationship
• Examples
• Silverfish and army ants
• Tropical tree and epiphytes
• Epiphyte anchors itself to a tree but does not
  obtain nutrients or water directly from the tree
• Epiphytes are smaller plants like
• Mosses, Orchids, Ferns

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Parasitism

• Relationship
• Parasite obtains nourishment from host
• Examples
• Bees and mites
• Tapeworms/roundworms
• Pathogen and host

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Competition

• Relationship
•  Intraspecific competition
• Interspecific competition

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Neutralism

• An interspecific interaction
• Example Grizzly Bear and Butterfly

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Amensalism

• The interaction
• Alleopathy-
• Examples Sagebrush, mint, black walnut

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Predation

• Consumption
• Predation
• Strategic plans
• Coyote vs. Mice

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Pursuit and Ambush

• Advantage predators have evolved
• Because carnivores must be able to process
  information quickly during the pursuit of prey,
  their brains are generally larger, relative to
  body size, than those of the prey they pursue

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Plant Defenses Against Herbivores

• Presence of
• Produce chemical

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Defensive Adaptations of Animals

• Underground
• Quills,
• Live
• Chemical defense
• Warning coloration
• Camouflage

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Saprophytism

• Species
• Examples fungus, bacteria, some insects, grubs,
  snails, slugs, beetles, and ants
• They are

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SummaryTypes of Relationships

• Partners (symbionts) of a symbiotic relationship
  may be
• Mutualism-
• Commensalism-
• Parasitism-
• Competition-
• Neutralism-
• Amensalism
• Predation-
• Saprophytism -

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Examples of Symbiotic Relationships in Insects

• Nutritional
• Ambrosia beetles
• Termite fungus gardens
• Parasol ants
• Cockroach endosymbionts
• Shelter
• Ant mimics (inquilines)
• Slavemaker ants
• Gall Insects

• Transport
• Human bot flies
• Scelionid wasps
• Pollination
• Dung beetles and skunk cabbage
• Yucca moths
• Bumblebees and scotch broom
• Defensive
• Ants and acacias
• Aphid farmers

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Wrap-Up Question

• What is Symbiosis and name the three types?

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6 Warm-Up Question

• What are the types of Symbiosis

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Ecological Niche

• __________________________________of an organism
  within an ecosystem
• Where a living thing is
• Ecological description of a species typically
  includes

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Types of Niches

• Fundamental niche-
• Various factors such as competition with other
  species usually exclude it from part of its
• Realized niche-

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Niches Limiting Factor

• Any environmental resource that,

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Competitive Exclusion

• One species is
• Two organisms with absolutely identical niches
• See G.F. Gauses 1934 studies with paramecium

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Resource Partitioning

• Difference
• May also

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Resource Partitioning Example
The red-winged blackbird and yellow-headed
blackbird partition resources in their marshy
habitat.
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Species Richness

• The _____________________ present in a community
• Related to __________________ ecological niches
• Greatest at ___________________ communities

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Factors that effect Species Richness- 1

• Geographical isolation

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Factors that effect Species Richness- 2
Habitat stress
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Factors that effect Species Richness- 3
Dominance of one species over others
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Factors that effect Species Richness- 4
Geological history
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Wrap-Up Question

• What did you learn about ecological niches?

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7 Warm-Up Question

• What are the main factors that effect species
  richness?

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Ecosystem Services

•     recreation
•     moderate water
• flow
•     dilute and remove
• pollutants
•    provide drinking
• and irrigation
• water
•     food and fiber
• crops

•   clean air
•   clean water
•   fertile soil
•   absorb CO2
•   provide wildlife
• habitat
•   provide humans
• with wood

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Ecosystem Services

• Transportation corridors, harbors
• Electricity
• Provide humans with livestock
•  Buffer against storms

• NOTE A very diverse community is more capable of
  supplying ecosystem services and there are
  environmental benefits for all.

Conversationalists maintain that ecosystems with
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Forest Ecosystem Services
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Coast Ecosystem Sevices
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Freshwater Ecosystem Services
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Agricultural Ecosystem Services
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Grassland Ecosystem Services
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Wrap-up Question

• What is an example of ecosystem service?
• What type of ecosystem proves the most services?