From European Colonialism to Independence and Beyond

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From European Colonialism to Independence and
Beyond
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Africa, 1835
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Reasons for European Conquest of Africa

• Technological improvements in military equipment
  and medicine in the 1880s
• Who would be a great power? Rivalries between
  England and France after Franco-Prussian War,
  1870-1871
• Political instabilities in the secondary empires
• Discovery of gold on the Witswatersrand in South
  Africa in1884

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Berlin Conference, 1884-1885
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Export Crops

• Cotton
• Coffee
• Cocoa
• Rubber
• Tea
• Oil palm

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Building of railway in the French Soudan
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Railroads in Africa
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Copperbelt, Zambia
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South African mines
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How Europe Underdeveloped Africa

• Producer of one commodity for export
• Poor infrastructure except around export economy
• Labor migration for colonial enterprises
• Increased power for senior men (but loss of
  legitimacy)
• Weakened power for women
• Limited social services for Africans (schools,
  health)
• Industrialization thwarted
• No agricultural revolution

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Senegalese soldiers behind the Somme, Winter
1916-1917
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Independent Africa
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Frelimo poster