Food%20Irradiation:%20%20Can%20it%20Make%20Food%20Safer? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Food%20Irradiation:%20%20Can%20it%20Make%20Food%20Safer?

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Food Irradiation: Can it Make Food Safer? History What is irradiation? Sources and facilities Doses used for foods Benefits Wholesomeness Quality Cost – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Food%20Irradiation:%20%20Can%20it%20Make%20Food%20Safer?


1
Food Irradiation Can it Make Food Safer?
  • History
  • What is irradiation?
  • Sources and facilities
  • Doses used for foods
  • Benefits
  • Wholesomeness
  • Quality
  • Cost

2
History of Food Irradiation
  • 1921 Schwartz publishes studies on lethal
    effect of irradiation on Trichinella in pork
  • 1953 Atoms for Peace program launches food
    irradiation research in U.S.
  • 1955 Research in Europe begins
  • 1958 Amendment to FDC act of 1938 regarding
    food additives

3
History of Food Irradiation
  • 1976 Joint expert committee (IAEA, WHO, and FAO)
    declares food irradiation a process
  • 1980 Same expert committee declares foods
    irradiated at up to 10kGy to be wholesome
  • 1997 Same expert committee declares foods
    irradiated at ANY DOSE to be as wholesome and
    safe as foods treated by any conventional
    processing treatment

4
Who EndorsesFood Irradiation?
5
Who in the World is Irradiating Food?
6
What is Irradiation?
7
Effect of Irradiationon Atoms
Incident photon
The Compton Effect
8
Effect of Irradiationon Molecules
9
Effect of Irradiationon Microorganisms
10
Sources Used for Food Irradiation
  • Gamma rays
  • produced by Co60 or Cs137
  • penetrate 3 ft. material
  • Accelerated electrons
  • produced by linear accelerator
  • penetrate 3/4 in. (1.5 in. double-sided)
  • X-rays
  • produced by linear accelerator
  • penetrate 3 ft. material

11
A Word About Radioactivity
  • Why FDA permits only Co60 or Cs137
  • Co60 has 1.3 MeV of Energy/photon
  • Cs137 has 0.67 MeV of Energy/photon
  • How much energy needs to be applied to a material
    for it to become radioactive?

12
A Word About Nuclear Waste
  • Life cycle of Co60

27Co59 0n1 27Co60
28Ni60
beta
gamma
13
Facilities - Gamma
product already packaged dosimetry recorded
automated processing physical separation
14
Facilities - Linear Accelerator
Electron Gun
15
Irradiation Dose
  • Amount of energy absorbed per kg of material
  • kGy kilo Gray
  • Ranges
  • High (sterilization) gt10 kGy
  • Medium (pasteurization) 1-10 kGy
  • Low (disinfestation) lt1 kGy

16
Applications
Medium dose
High dose
Low dose
17
Current Approvals in U.S.
18
Benefits of Food Irradiation
  • Eliminates vegetative cells of
  • Escherichia coli O157H7
  • Salmonella
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • Others

19
Benefits of Food Irradiation
  • Shelf-life Extension

20
The Question of Wholesomeness
  • Total of 1221 studies conducted up to 1979 on
    wholesomeness of 278 different foods fed to a
    variety of animals resulted in no significant
    difference between irradiated and nonirradiated
    foods in terms of
  • toxigenicity, pathogenicity, or mutagenicity

21
Summary ofUS Army/Raltech Study
  • Requested by FDA in 1976
  • 7 years, 8M cost
  • Rats, dogs, mice fed a variety of foods for 4
    generations
  • Frozen vs. Canned vs. Irradiated (56kGy)
  • Highest incidence of neoplasms (frozen food!)
  • Lowest fertility after 3 generations (canned
    food!)
  • Irradiated food caused NO
  • reduction in offspring, increase in stillbirths

22
Quality of Irradiated Foods
23
Cost of Irradiated Foods
Dose Temperature Thickness
Time Source
Throughput Transport
COST
0.02-0.07/lb ?
24
Future of Food Irradiation?
A Question of Safety and Choice.
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