1865-1917 Foreign Affairs-2

1
1865-1917Foreign Affairs-2

• Latin America
• Mexico, Venezuela, Roosevelt Corollary to the
  Monroe Doctrine

2
Mexico

• During the Civil War, Napoleon III sent French
  troops and Maximillian (Austrian Arch Duke) to
  rule Mexico due to unpaid Debts
• 1866 Seward demanded that the French withdraw
• U.S. Sent 50,000 troops to Rio Grand to convince
  them

3
Mexican rulers

• 1877-1911 Portirio Diaz allowed much foreign
  (U.S.) investment
• TaftMadero promised democratic reform but did
  not follow through
• WilsonHuerta wanted to be friends with U.S. but
  Wilson objected because Huerta had murdered
  Madero

4
Incident U.S. and Mexico

• 1914 2 American sailors on shore leave from the
  SS Dolphin were arrested but immediately released
• U.S. Admiral demanded an apology in the form of a
  21 gun salute
• Mexico refused
• Wilson sent troops

5
Mexico continued

• Skirmish at Veracruz U.S. and Mexico
• 19 U.S. Killed, 126 defenders
• ABC Powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) mediated an
  end to the dispute
• Carranza took power
• U.S. offered support and was snubbed
• U.S. not popular with Mexicans

6
Mexico continued

• Brits needed Mexican oil but did not want to
  offend U.S.
• Waited for Wilson to recognize Carranzas
  government
• In the meantime, Poncho Villa having talks with
  Bryan (Sec. of State)
• Villa wanted U.S. Support
• Wilson finally recognized Carranzas government

7
Mexico continued

• Poncho Villa felt betrayed and attacked 16
  Americans on Mexican train
• Later entered U.S. and killed 16 more
• Germany thrilled. Hoped U.S. would be tied up
  with a war with Mexico
• Wilson sent Pershing to find Villadid not

8
Venezuela

• Disputed boundary between Venezuela and British
  Guinea. Gold the issue. 1895
• Monroe Doctrine forbade new colonies in Western
  Hemisphere BUT expansion?
• Cleveland sent American Boundary commission to
  settle the issue

9
Pan American Union

• Blaines claim to fame
• Was Sec. of State for Harrison and Garfield
• Blaine wanted L.A. countries to agree to settle
  disputes by arbitration and to promote mutual
  trade
• L.A. DID agree to meet to promote better
  relations
• T he P-A Union made the U. S. a leader in the W.
  H.

10
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• When an American country is guilty of wrongdoing,
  the U.S. would intervene
• L.A. countries could not pay off debts to
  Europeans
• U.S. did not want European Countries in the
  Western Hemisphere

11
Roosevelt Corollary continued

• All L.A. countries resented U.S. interference
• 1905 Dominican Republic owed to European
  countries. US took over customs payments to pay
  the debts
• 1909 U.S. troops to Nicaragua to protect American
  business and banks from government overthrow

12
Roosevelt Corollary continued

• 1911 U.S. sent again to Nicaragua to protect U.S.
  investments
• 1912 Again to Nicaragua for 10 years
• 1915 U.S. troops to Haiti to maintain order for
  19 years

13
Cuba

• Spanish colony since 1492
• Natives treated poorly several revolts over time
• U.S. public sympathy due to the Yellow Press
• 1868 Another revolt
• 1878 Spanish promised reforms
• 1886 Slavery abolished
• Money maker sugar plantations

14
Cuba continued

• 1890s depression
• 1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff placed high duties on
  Cuban sugar
• Devastated the economy
• 1895 Another revolt. The whole island was
  destroyed. Cubans hoped that if they trashed the
  island, the Spanish would go home.
• Instead, Spanish sent General Weyler The Butcher

15
Cuba continued

• Weyler built outdoor concentrations camps for
  women, elderly, children.
• Forced male Cubans to work if they wanted
  families fed
• Lots of U.S. investments
• Hearst and Pulitzer papers incited much U.S.
  public outrage

16
Cuba continued

• Hearst to newspapers artists You supply the
  pictures, Ill furnish the war.
• TR (as assistant Secretary of the Navy) I
  should welcome almost any war. I think the
  country needs one.
• January 1898 U.S. sent The Maine to Cuba to
  protect American investments there.

17
More Cuba

• February 1898 The de Lome letter, written by a
  Spanish minister, insulted McKinley. Published in
  Hearsts New York Journal
• More U.S. outrage (But TR said that McKinley had
  the spine of a chocolate éclair!)
• February 15th The Maine exploded in Havana Harbor
  268 Americans killed

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Cuba Again

• Spain had no reason to do this
• U.S. screaming for war Remember The Maine! To
  hell with Spain!
• McKinley tried to avoid war but ended up
  supporting one in order not to split his party
• Democrats opposed the war. Accused the
  Republicans of going to war just to get Cuba for
  the U.S.

19
The Teller Amendment

• Republican response to Anti-Imperialists
• Claimed that the U.S. had no designs on Cuba for
  herself
• McKinley claimed to want to liberate Cuba
• Henry Cabot Lodge (friend of TR) congressional
  war hawk
• April 22 Volunteer Army Act the first volunteer
  cavalry Rough Riders

20
Spanish-American War 1898

• TR (assistant Sec. of Navy) sent Commodore Dewey
  and fleet to Manila Bay just in case
• Then TR resigned and joined Rough Riders
• McKinley Called for 125,000 troops
• April 24 Spain declared War
• Dewey attacked in the Philippines. 7-hour battle
  no American losses. Sunk all Sp ships and 333

21
Spanish-American War

• May U.S. invaded San Juan, Puerto Rico
• June American troops invaded Cuba
• 647 marines at Guantanamo Bay
• 20,000 near Santiago
• Led by Joseph Wheeler
• Americans Woolen uniforms, not enough guns,
  food spoiled in the heat
• U.S. troops segregated. Cubans, not

22
Spanish-American War

• TR hero at San Juan Heights
• August 12th War Over (after 5 months)
• John Hay (Sec. of State) called it, A splendid
  little war.

23
Treaty of Paris 1898

• Spain ceded
• Cuba Puerto
• Rico
• Philippines
• Guam
• U.S. paid Spain 20,000,000
• Important result of the war Strengthened
  American control and interests in the Caribbean
• Divided the country Imperialists v
  Anti-Imperialists

24
Issue Imperialism

• Anti-Imperialists formed Anti-Imperialist
  Leagues
• Bryan, Twain, Gompers, Carnegie
• Feared increase in military expenditures
• Feared foreign entanglements
• Had no moral right to colonies
• Feared flood of cheap labor

25
Imperialism

• Imperialists
• Need for new markets
• Need for naval bases, coaling stations
• White Mans Burden
• Teller Amendment?
• Imperialism Chief issue in election of 1900
• McKinley v Bryan

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The U.S. and its colonies

• The Philippines the farthest
• Too far, too foreign
• But unable to govern and defend itself
• Filipinos resented U.S. presence war for
  independence
• 1898-1902 6 times as long as Sp.-Am War
• 10 times the loss of life 4000 Am., 50,000 Phil.

27
The Philippines

• Leader of Rebellion Emilio Aguinaldo
• Was captured and took loyalty oath war over
• Taft first civilian governor
• Established Bureau of Health
• Organized local government
• Built roads, schools, hospitals, redistributed
  land
• Economy linked with the U.S.
• Mosquito problem fixed

28
The Philippines

• Jones Act U.S. promised independence if
  Philippines would promise to never seek foreign
  intervention
• 1935 Philippines self-governing commonwealth to
  remain under U.S. protection for 10 years then
  independence
• One year late due to WWII
• Independent July 4, 1946

29
Puerto Rico

• Close, not too foreign
• Spanish since 1508
• Improvements like the Philippines
• 1900 trade with U.S. without tariff
• Then Foraker Act established civil government
  but no citizenship. Established tariff too
• 1901 Downes v Bidwell challenged tariff

30
Puerto Rico

• The Court The Constitution did not necessarily
  follow the flag. Congress could decide insular
  cases
• 1917 Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship
• No travel restrictions
• 1952 self-governing commonwealth under U.S.
  protection

31
Cuba

• Problem could not govern, defend itself BUT
• Teller Amendment
• Platt Amendment had to be incorporated in
  Constitution for U.S. to go away.
• Could not give up control to foreign powers
• Could not borrow what it could not repay
• Must permit U.Sgt intervention if U.S. thinks it
  necessary
• Must lease or sell naval bases to U.S.

32
Guam

• No problem issues
• Naval, then air bases