U.S. Foreign Policy 1865-1914

1
U.S. Foreign Policy1865-1914
2
Introduction

• Since the 1870s, U.S. foreign policy focused on
• Expansion Westward
• Protecting the U.S. interests abroad
• Limiting foreign influence in the Americas
• Industrial economy was in bloom following Civil
  War
• Called for a change in international relations
• Led the U.S. to become one of the leading world
  powers
• Was the first time since the War of 1812 that
  U.S. was involved in foreign politics
• Age of Power
• President Obamas Foreign Policy Challenges

3
New Imperialism

• Foreign relations intensify, US now needs
• Worldwide Markets
• Growing industries
• Agricultural Surplus
• Sources of raw materials
• Overseas hope by the Conservatives
• Wanted an outsource for unhappiness
• Territories
• Adventure
• Expansionist policy
• Economic and Diplomatic resolutions
• No military intervention

4
Global Darwinism

• Survival of the Fittest
• U.S. needed to be strong in three critical areas
• Religiously
• Militarily
• Politically
• In order to prove the nations strength in the
  international arena, the U.S. acquired land
  overseas
• Revival of Manifest Destiny
• Imperialism Acquiring territory or gaining
  control over either the political or economic
  life of other countries
• Supported by
• Missionaries
• Politicians
• Naval Strategists
• Journalists

5
Our Country Its Possible Future and Present
CrisisJosiah Strong (1885)

• Quote I It is not necessary to argue to those
  for whom I write that the two great needs of
  mankind, that all men may be lifted up into the
  light of the highest Christian civilization, are,
  first, a pure, spiritual Christianity and second,
  civil liberty. It follows, then, that the Anglo
  Saxon, as the great representative of these two
  ideas, the depositary of these two greatest
  blessings, sustains peculiar relations to the
  world's future, is divinely commissioned to be,
  in a peculiar sense, his brother's keeper.

6
Naval Power

• US Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
• Strong navy needed
• Most powerful nations had great navies
• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)
• Naval strategists used Mahans book
• Convinced Congress to modernize naval fleet
• Steel-plated steam powered ships
• USS Maine
• Purchase Samoa
• By 1900s, US had third largest navy in the world

7
Latin America

• James G. Blaine as Secretary of State under
  Harrison
• Sponsored the Pan-American Conference (1889)
• Pushed Big- Sister Policy
• Pushed trade with Latin American Markets
• Created Jobs
• Stepping stone toward Panama Canal
• Pan- American Conference (1889)
• Held in Washington
• Effort to establish closer ties with Latin
  America
• Created Pan American Union
• Goal was hemispheric cooperation
• Economic
• Political
• Continues today as Organization of American
  States (1948)
• Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine
• Boundary dispute between Venezuela and British
  colony of Guiana
• US insisted that the British withdraw from the
  dispute
• British insisted it was none of their business
• Cleveland and Olney said that the Monroe Doctrine
  made it their business

8
Spanish-American War

• Americans wanted to obtain Caribbean territory
• Three components led to fighting

1. America had invested large amounts of money
   into Cuban sugar
2. The Spanish had mistreated the Cubans
3. ???

Based on the following map, use deductive
reasoning to determine the third reason for the
Spanish-American War
9
MAP OF WESTERN HEMISPHERE
CUBA
Monroe Doctrine
10
Cuban Revolt (1895)

• Cubans were tired of Spanish misrule
• Led by José Marti
• Cuba Libre!
• Employed guerilla tactics
• Spanish General Valeriano Weyler ended
  insurrection
• Created reconcentration camps
• Thousands died from disease and starvation
• Angered US business people
• Invested over 50 million in sugar cane
  plantations
• American people favored the Cubans

Why do you think the Americans sympathized with
the Cubans?
11
Yellow Press

• Press written by Joseph Pulitzer and William
  Randolph Hearst
• Heightened the publics dislike of Spanish
  government
• Published stories exaggerating Spanish atrocities
  and compared rebel Cubans to Revolutionary War
  patriots
• McKinley warned Spanish to establish peace

Hearst
Pulitzer
12
De Lôme Letter

• Letter written by Spanish ambassador to
  Washington Enrique De Lôme
• Published in the Journal
• Was stolen by Cuban rebels and given to Hearst
• Criticized McKinley as a weak and Stupid
  politician
• Fueled Jingoism
• Jingoism extreme nationalism calling for an
  aggressive foreign policy

13
Sinking of the Maine

• McKinley sends the Maine to the Havana harbor to
  protect the US citizens living in Cuba
• On February 15, 1898 the battleship Maine
  exploded
• One week following the published De Lôme Letters
• 260 Americans on board killed
• The Yellow Press accused Spain of sinking ship
• McKinley orders special naval board of inquiry to
  investigate the cause of the explosion
• Evidence proved that it was an accident, not a
  purposeful attack on the United States
• Still, most people blamed Spain
• Remember the Maine! and To hell with Spain!

14
Headline of Journal
15
McKinleys War Message

• President McKinley Issues cease fire ultimatum to
  Spain
• Spain Agreed to the demand
• Public still cried for War
• McKinley caves to pressure, and sends message to
  congress with four reasons to intervene with the
  Cuban revolt on behalf of the Cubans
• To Put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed,
  starvation, and horrible miseries in Cuba
• Protect the lives and property of the US in Cuba
• End the very serious injury to the commerce,
  trade, and business of our people
• End the constant menace to our peace arising
  from the disorders in Cuba
• Teller Amendment passed by Congress on April 20,
  1898
• Declared that the US had no intention of taking
  political control of Cuba and that, once the
  peace was restored, the Cuban people would
  control their own government

16
The Philippines

• Theodore Roosevelt
• Assistant secretary of navy
• Ordered Commander George Deweys fleet to
  Philippines in anticipation of war
• Recognized the strategic value of Spains
  territories in the Pacific
• Resigned from Navy post to participate in war
• The Philippines had been under Spains control
  since 1500s
• War Declared and on May 1, 1898
• Deweys fleet attacks Spanish ships in Manila Bay
• Spanish defeated
• August 13, 1898, the fight on land ends with the
  capture of the city of Manila
• Filipino rebels aided the US troops under the
  guide of Emilio Aguinaldo

17
Invasion of Cuba

• End of June, US forces had landed in Cuba
• Were extremely ill-prepared volunteers
• Most lethal enemy was not Spanish, but the
  tropical diseases
• Malaria
• Typhoid
• Dysentery
• 5,000 Americans died from disease
• Only 500 died in battle
• Cavalry charge up San Juan Hill by Rough Riders
• Rough Riders were volunteers led by Theodore
  Roosevelt
• US Navy defeats Spanish Army at Santiago Bay,
  June 3, 1898
• Without navy, Spain could no longer fight, and
  called for peace in early August

18
Treaty of Paris

• Peace treaty signed in Paris on December 10, 1898
• Provided for
• Recognition of Cuban independence
• US acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam
• US acquisition of Philippines in return for a
  payment to Spain of 20 million
• To annex, or not to annex the Philippines
• 2/3 vote needed to ratify the treaty
• Anti-imperialists argues that the annexation
  would defy the ideas of the Declaration of
  Independence
• Deprive the Filipinos the right to life,
  liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
• Would entangle the US in Asian conflicts
• February 6, 1899 Treaty of Paris ratified
• Vote of 57 to 27, two votes short of defeating
  the treaty

19
More Issues with Cuba

• Congress creates the Platt Amendment (1901)
• US was to withdraw troops at the end of the war
  according to the Teller Amendment, but remained
  in 1898-1901
• Upon withdrawal of troops, Congress made Cuba
  agree to the conditions of the Platt Amendment
• Never sign a treaty with a foreign power that
  impaired its independence
• Never build up excessive public debt
• Permit the US to intervene in Cubas affairs to
  preserve its independence and maintain law and
  order
• Allow the US to maintain Naval Base in Cuba,
  including one at Guantanamo Bay
• Cuba now a US protectorate
• Foreign policy in Cuba would be subject to US
  oversight

20
Filipino Conflict

• Werent we just free?
• Emilio Aguinaldo was likereally?
• He had fought alongside the US in the Spanish
  American War
• Led guerrilla fighters in a war against the US
  now
• America mimics Spanish
• Created civilian concentration camps
• 1901 Americans capture Aguinaldo
• Overall 5,000 Americans and 200,000 Filipinos
  died
• America sent over 100,000 troops fight the war
• Paid upwards of 400 million to defeat the
  insurgency
• 1901 Taft becomes governor of Philippines
• Wanted to help the islands recover
• Censored the press and put dissidents in jail
• Ordered the construction of schools, roads, and
  bridges

21
Annexation of Hawaii

• Hawaii has been linked to the US since the 1790s
• American merchant ships would stop there on route
  to East Asia
• 1887 treaty made giving America Naval Base at
  Pearl Harbor.
• Americans maintained sugar plantations on the
  island
• imported Japanese and Chinese to work for low
  wages
• 1887 Wealthy American planters convince King
  Kalakaua to Hawaiis constitution
• Gave only wealthy landowners the franchise
• Really only gave the whites to vote
• US legislation caused issues for US citizens in
  Hawaii
• Tariff put into effect to place duty on Hawaiian
  sugar
• Sugar plantation owners feared a drop in sale
  profit
• 1891 Queen Liliuokalani assume throne after
  death of King Kalakaua
• Hated the rise in power he gave white planters
• Abolished the Hawaiian Constitution to strip the
  white majority of their power
• Overthrow the Queen!
• With help from US officials and the Marines, the
  rebel planters took action to overthrow the
  monarch.
• Sanford B. Dole assumes power and request that
  President Harrison annex Hawaii into the United
  States

22
Continued

• Harrison agrees to Annexation
• Could not get required signatures from the Senate
  before election of Cleveland
• Cleveland orders full investigation of the
  proposed annexation
• Investigation proves
• Hawaiians did not want to become annexed into
  United State
• California Angry!
• Californian businesses were closely tied to
  Hawaiian planters
• Scared of losing business
• McKinley takes office
• His administration favored annexation
• July 1898 Hawaii annexed and become territory in
  1900
• August 1959 Hawaii becomes 50th state to Union

23
Review.

• What are the major reasons for US expansion
  overseas? (19th/early 20th century)
• How was the Monroe Doctrine used to justify US
  defense of Cuba?
• What did the US gain in the Philippines and in
  the Caribbean?

24
Boxer Rebellion

• Chinese were angry at the so called spheres of
  influence
• The Society of Harmonious Fists
• Secret society of Chinese nationalists that
  attacked foreign settlements and killed Christian
  missionaries
• US sent troops to protect American lives and
  property
• Ended up joining in an international force of
  troops from all the spheres to crush the
  rebelling Boxers
• Chinese in the end had to pay the sum of the
  insurrection in indemnities
• Xenophobia at its finest

25
Big-Stick Policy

• Roosevelts Policy
• speak softly and carry a big stick
• Acting boldly and decisively in situations
• Broke the tradition of noninvolvement
• Used to maintain peace between rival nations

26
Roosevelt Corollary

• 1904
• Latin American nations were in debt to European
  creditors
• European nations were ready to dispatch military
  control to force the nations into payment
• Roosevelt took action so that the Monroe Doctrine
  would not be violated
• The US would intervene in nations owing whenever
  needed
• Gunboats filled with sailors and marines would
  occupy the delinquent countries major ports and
  manage the custom taxes until they had fulfilled
  all of their debts
• Between 1904 and 1924, the US presidents used the
  corollary in
• Haiti
• Honduras
• Dominican Republic
• Nicaragua
• Resulted in poor relationships with Latin America
  countries

27
History Channel Roosevelts Foreign Policy
28
Panama Canal

• Because the American empire now spanned
  throughout the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, a
  canal needed to be built through Central America
• Revolt in Panama
• Roosevelt couldnt build his canal because Panama
  was under the control of Colombia
• In order to expedite things, Roosevelt agreed to
  support the Panamanians in a revolt for their
  freedom
• Succeeded almost immediately
• New independent government of Panama agreed to
  help out the US
• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903
• Granted the US long-term control of a canal zone
• 1904-1914 building of the canal
• High handed tactics
• Many Americans were approving of the canal
• Many Latin Americans were disapproving because of
  the support given to panama against Columbia
• Congress cores in 1921 to pay 25 million to
  Columbia to pay for its loss of Panama

29
Quote II "There was much accusation about my
having acted in an 'unconstitutional' manner,"
Teddy shrugged. "I took the isthmus, started the
canal, and then left Congress -- not to debate
the canal, but to debate me. . . . While the
debate goes on, the canal does too and they are
welcome to debate me as long as they wish,
provided that we can go on with the canal."
30
East Asian affairs

• Russo-Japanese War
• 1905 Roosevelt hosts conference in Portsmouth,
  New Hampshire for both nations
• Both sign the Treaty of Portsmouth, but Japan
  blames the US for not giving them all they wanted
  from Russia
• Gentlemen's Agreement(1908)
• Japanese angry that children with Japanese
  heritage were forced to attended segregated
  schools in San Francisco
• Roosevelt agreed to a non-formal agreement that
  he would make California repeal the legislation
  if the Japanese government would restrict
  emigration of Japanese workers
• Great White Fleet
• Roosevelt orders a parade of the US naval power
  around the world (1907-1909)
• When the ships arrived at Tokyo Harbor, they were
  warmly greeted
• Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
• Sec. of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador
  Takahira agree to
• Show mutual respect for each nations Pacific
  possessions
• Support of the Open Door Policy in China

31
Great White Fleet
32
Dollar Diplomacy

• Tafts foreign policy
• Mildly expansionist
• Dependant on investors money
• Supported American enterprises abroad
• East Asia and Latin America
• Taft placed American investments in China and
  Central America
• Railroads in China (1911)
• American was planning on joining an already
  developing international investment towards
  railroads in China
• Japan and Russia, excluded from the earlier
  investment, agreed to make their own investments
  in northern china
• US was angry because this action defied the Open
  Door policy, and Japan and Russia agreed to hold
  the area as a joint sphere of influence
• Lodge Corollary (1912)
• Stated that non-European countries could not hold
  territory in the Western Hemisphere
• Angered Japan and Latin America, as Japan was
  planning on buying land from the Baja Peninsula
  to the southern border of California
• Henry Cabot Lodge, senator from Michigan,
  proposed this legislation in fear that Japans
  government might be trying to acquire the lands
• Unsupported by Taft

33
Moral Diplomacy

• Woodrow Wilsons foreign policy
• Moral approach to foreign affairs
• Opposed Big-Stick Policy
• Opposed imperialism
• Opposed Dollar Diplomacy
• Righting the Past Wrongs
• Philippines
• Jones Act (1916) granted them full territorial
  status, a bill of rights and universal male
  suffrage to Filipino citizens, and Philippine
  independence as soon as a stable government was
  formed
• Puerto Rico
• (1917) Congress grants US citizenship to all
  inhabitants and limited self government
• The Panama Cana
• (1914) Wilson persuades congress to repeal the
  act that gave US ships free passage through the
  Panama Canal, something that angered both
  Roosevelt and Lodge, but pleased the British, who
  had objected the US exemption
• Conciliation Treaties
• Arranged by Secretary of State William Jennings
  Bryan
• Negotiated treaties with 30 nations where they
  pledged
• Submit disputes to international commissions
• Observe a one-year period of military abstinence
  before taking military action again

34
continued

• Military intervention in Latin America
• Wilson went far beyond both Roosevelt and Taft in
  use of the military to straighten out financial
  and political troubles in Central America and the
  Caribbean
• Argued that such actions were needed to protect
  the stability of the regions and the Panama Canal
• Conflict in Mexico
• Civil War and Revolution occurring in Mexico
• Tested Wilsons moral approach to foreign
  relations
• Tampico Incident (1914)
• Mexican Authorities arrest American sailors upon
  landing in Vera Cruz
• The Mexican ruler, Huerta, refused to apologize
  for the false arrest, so Wilson ordered a full on
  occupation of Vera Cruz
• War between Mexico and the US was avoided when
  South Americas ABC powers offered to mediate the
  issue
• ABC Powers Argentina, Brazil, and Chile
• Pancho Villa
• When Huerta fell from power in late 1914, he was
  replaced by Venustiano Carranza
• Pancho Villa, leader of the revolutionaries, led
  raids across the US-Mexican border and murdered
  several people in Texas and New Mexico
• Wilson orders General Pershing to pursue the
  bandit in Mexico, but was forced out by Carranza
  because they had not found him in the many months
  there were there
• January 1917 Wilson withdraws Pershings troops
  due to the growing possibility of Americas
  entrance in World War I

35
I hardly Know which to take First!
36
America had become an Imperial Empire (
1857-1917)

• Philippines from Spain 1898
• Guam from Spain 1898
• Midway 1867
• Wake I. 1899
• Johnston Astoll 1898
• Howland 1857
• Baker I. 1857

• Jarvis 1857
• Palmyra Atoll 1898
• Samoa 1899
• Puerto Rico 1898
• Hawaii 1898
• Alaska from Russia in 1867
• Kingman Reef 1858