Title: An Era of Democracy, Reform and Imperialism
1An Era of Democracy, Reform and Imperialism
- Pre-AP Unit 13 Chapters 26 27
2Suffrage
- The right to vote Suffrage was a goal of the
middle and lower-classes in Western Europe and
the United States during the mid-19th century and
became the key goal of the worldwide Womens
Rights Movement of the late-19th and early 20th
centuries. - In 1800 women were mainly defined by their family
and household roles. The vast majority of women
throughout Europe and the United States had no
legal identity apart from their husbands. Married
women could not be a party in a lawsuit, could
not sit on a jury, could not hold property in
their own names, and could not write a will.
Women in the early 19th century remained legally
inferior and economically dependent on men. In
the course of the 19th century and during the
Second Industrial Revolution, women struggled to
change their status. During much of the 19th
century, working-class groups maintained the
belief that women should remain at home to bear
and nurture children and should not be allowed in
the industrial workforce. The Second Industrial
Revolution, however, opened the door to new jobs
for women. There were not enough men to fill the
relatively low-paid, white-collar jobs being
created, so employers began to hire women. Both
industrial plants and retail shops needed clerks,
typists, secretaries, file clerks, and
salesclerks. The expansion of government services
created some job opportunities for women. They
could be secretaries and telephone operators, and
also took jobs in education, health, and social
services. While some middle-class women held
these jobs, they were mainly filled by the
working class who aspired to a better quality of
life. - Many people in the 19th century believed that men
were responsible to work outside the home while
women should care for the family. During the
1800s, marriage remained the only honorable and
available career for most women. The number of
children born to the average woman began to
decline the most significant development in
the modern family. This decline was tied to
improved economic conditions, as well as to
increased use of birth control. In 1882 Europes
first birth control clinic opened in Amsterdam.
Closure Question 1 Explain why the birthrate
declined during the 1800s. (At least 1 sentence)
3Womens Suffrage Movement
4Chartist Movement
- A popular movement among workers and other groups
who were not permitted to vote in Great Britain
in the early 19th century. Leaders of the
movement presented the demands to British
Parliament first in 1838, though Parliament did
not grant working-class urban men the right to
vote until 1867. By the early 1900s most adult
males in Britain had the right to vote. - The Peoples Charter called for suffrage for all
men and annual Parliamentary elections. It also
proposed to reform Parliament in other ways. In
Britain at the time, eligible men voted openly.
Since their vote was not secret, they could feel
pressure to vote in a certain way. Members of
Parliament had to own land and received no
salary, so they needed to be wealthy. The
Chartists wanted to make Parliament responsive to
the lower classes. To do this, they demanded a
secret ballot, an end to property requirements
for serving in Parliament, and pay for members of
Parliament. - Parliament rejected the Chartists demands.
However, their protests convinced many people
that the workers had valid complaints. Over the
years, workers continued to press for political
reform, and Parliament responded. It gave the
vote to working-class men in 1867 and to male
rural workers in 1884. After 1884, most males in
Britain had the right to vote. By the early
1900s, all the demands of the Chartists, except
for annual elections, became law.
5Queen Victoria
- Ruler of England from 1837 to 1901 Victorias
sense of duty and moral respectability
demonstrated the attitude of the British during
her rule, which came to be known as the Victorian
Age. - The figure who presided over all this historic
change was Queen Victoria. Victoria came to the
throne in 1837 at the age of 18. She was queen
for nearly 64 years. During the Victorian Age,
the British Empire reached the height of its
wealth and power. Victoria was popular with her
subjects, and she performed her duties capably.
However, she was forced to accept a less powerful
role for the monarchy. The kings who preceded
Victoria in the 1700s and 1800s had exercised
great influence over Parliament. The spread of
democracy in the 1800s shifted political power
almost completely to Parliament, and especially
to the elected House of Commons. Now the
government was completely run by the prime
minister and the cabinet. - About two years after her coronation, Queen
Victoria fell in love with her cousin Albert, a
German prince. She proposed to him and they were
married in 1840. Together they had nine children.
Prince Albert established a tone of politeness
and correct behavior at court, and the royal
couple presented a picture of loving family life
that became a British ideal. After Albert died in
1861, the queen wore black silk for the rest of
her life in mourning. She once said of Albert,
Without him everything loses its interest.
6Third Republic
- Government established by the French National
Assembly in 1875. The Third Republic ruled France
until World War II, but with a dozen political
parties competing for power France remained
divided. - In 1890, several industrial countries had
universal male suffrage (the right for all men to
vote.) No country, however, allowed women to
vote. As more men gained suffrage, more women
demanded the same. During the 1800s, women in
both Great Britain and the United States worked
to gain the right to vote. British women
organized reform societies and protested unfair
laws and customs. AS women became more vocal,
however, resistance to their demands grew. Many
people, both men and women, thought that woman
suffrage was too radical a break with tradition.
Some claimed that women lacked the ability to
take part in politics. - After decades of peaceful efforts to win the
right to vote, some women took more drastic
steps. In Britain, Emmeline Pankhurst formed the
Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) in
1903. The WSPU became the most militant
organization for womens rights. Its goal was to
draw attention to the cause of woman suffrage.
Emmeline Pankhurst, her daughters, Christabel and
Sylvia, and other WSPY members were arrested and
imprisoned many times. When they were jailed, the
Pankhursts led hunger strikes to keep their cause
in the public eye. British officials force-fed
Sylvia and other activists to keep them alive.
Though the woman suffrage movement gained
attention between 1880 and 1914, its successes
were gradual. Women did not gain the right to
vote in national elections in Great Britain and
the United States until after World War I.
Closure Question 2 Why was the road to
democracy more difficult for France than for
England?
7Dreyfus Affair / Anti-Semitism
- Anti-Semitism Prejudice against Jews
Anti-Semitism has played a prominent role in
European society since the fall of the Roman
Empire, with many European nations preventing
Jews from owning land or participating in
European politics. - Dreyfus Affair Controversy within France
surrounding Captain Alfred Dreyfus, one of the
few Jewish officers in the French army. In 1894,
Dreyfus was accused of selling military secrets
to Germany, found guilty and sentenced to life in
prison on what was later found to be false
evidence presented by other army officers. The
Dreyfus Affair divided France, with many members
of society arguing that Dreyfus case ought not
to be reopened even when information proving that
he had been framed was brought to light. - Public opinion was sharply divided over the
scandal. Many army leaders, nationalists, leaders
in the clergy, and anti-Jewish groups refused to
let the case be reopened. They feared sudden
action would cast doubt on the honor of the army.
Dreyfus defenders insisted that justice was more
important. In 1898, the writer Emile Zola
published an open letter titled Jaccuse! (I
accuse!) in a popular French newspaper. In the
letter, Zola denounced the army for covering up a
scandal. Zola was sentenced to a year in prison
for his views, but his letter gave strength to
Dreyfus cause. Eventually, the French government
declared his innocence.
Closure Question 3 What was the Dreyfus Affair?
Summarize the event in your own words.
8Zionism
- Jewish national movement begun in the late 1800s
Zionists immigrated to Jerusalem in Palestine in
hopes of regaining control of the traditional
Jewish homeland. - Anti-Semitism, or hostility toward and
discrimination against Jews, was not new to
Europe. Since the Middle Ages, the Jews had been
falsely portrayed by Christians as the murders of
Jesus Christ and subjected to mob violence. Their
rights had been restricted. They had been
physically separated from Christians by being
required to live in areas of cities known as
ghettos. By the 1830s, the lives of many Jews had
improved. They had legal equality in many
European countries. They became bankers, lawyers,
scientists, and scholars and were absorbed into
the national culture. Old prejudices were still
very much alive, though, and anti-Semitism grew
stronger in the late 1800s. The intensity of
anti-Semitism was evident from the Dreyfus affair
in France. In 1894, a military court found
Dreyfus, a captain in the French general staff,
guilty of selling army secrets. During the trial,
angry right-wing mobs yelled anti-Semitic sayings
such as Death to the Jews. After the trial
evidence emerged that proved Dreyfus innocent. A
wave of public outcry finally forced the
government to pardon Dreyfus in 1899. - The Dreyfus case showed the strength of
anti-Semitism in France and other parts of
Western Europe. However, persecution of Jews was
even more severe in Eastern Europe. Russian
officials permitted pogroms, organized campaigns
of violence against Jews. From the late 1880s on,
thousands of Jews fled Eastern Europe. Many
headed for the United States. For many Jews, the
long history of exile and persecution convinced
the to work for a homeland in Palestine. In the
1890s, a movement known as Zionism developed to
pursue this goal. Its leader was Theodor Herzl, a
writer in Vienna. It took many years, however,
before the state of Israel was established.
Closure Question 3 What was the connection
between anti-Semitism and Zionism?
9Closure Assignment 1
- Answer the following questions based on what you
have learned from Chapter 26, Section 1 - Why was the road to democracy more difficult for
France than for England? - What was the Dreyfus Affair? Summarize the event
in your own words. - What was the connection between anti-Semitism and
Zionism?
10Dominion
- A nation which is self-governing in domestic
(local) affairs but remains part of a larger
empire. During the mid-1800s Canada became a
dominion, with its own national government though
it continued to be a part of the British Empire. - Canada was originally home to many Native
American peoples. The first European country to
colonize Canada was France. The earliest French
colonists, in the 1600s and 1700s, had included
many fur trappers and missionaries. They tended
to live among the Native Americans. Some French
intermarried with Native Americans. Great Britain
took possession of the country in 1763 after it
defeated France in the French and Indian War. The
French who remained lived mostly in the lower St.
Lawrence Valley. Many English-speaking colonists
arrived in Canada after it came under British
rule. Some came from Great Britain, and others
were Americans who had stayed loyal to Britain
after the American Revolution. They settled
separately from the French along the Atlantic
seaboard and the Great Lakes. - Religious and cultural differences between the
mostly Roman Catholic French and the mainly
Protestant English-speaking colonists caused
conflict in Canada. Both groups pressed Britain
for a greater voice in governing their own
affairs. In 1791 the British Parliament tried to
resolve both issues by creating two new Canadian
provinces. Upper Canada (now Ontario) had an
English-speaking majority. Lower Canada (now
Quebec) had a French-speaking majority. Each
province had its own elected assembly.
Closure Question 1 Why did Britain create Upper
Canada and Lower Canada, and who lived in each
colony?
11Maori / Aborigines
- Maori Polynesian people who settled in New
Zealand around 800 A.D. and developed a culture
based on farming, hunting, and fishing. - Aborigines Native peoples of Australia.
Aborigines are the longest ongoing culture in the
world and live as nomads, fishing, hunting and
gathering food. - The British sea captain James Cook claimed New
Zealand in 1769 and part of Australia in 1770 for
Great Britain. Both lands were already inhabited
however, when Cook reached Australia he
considered it to be void of human life. Britain
began colonizing Australia in 1788 with convicted
criminals. The prisons in England were severely
overcrowded. To solve this problem, the British
government established a penal colony in
Australia. A penal colony was a place where
convicts were sent to serve their sentences. Many
European nations used penal colonies as a way to
prevent overcrowding of prisons. After their
release, the newly freed prisoners could buy land
and settle.
Closure Question 2 A) What was unusual about
the first European settlers in Australia? B) Why
do you think that Great Britain chose to send
these settlers to Australia?
12Home Rule
- A goal of many Irish citizens to gain local
control over internal matters while remaining a
part of the British Empire. Great Britain,
fearful that British Protestants living in
Ireland might become targets of the Irish
Catholic majority, refused to allow the
establishment of a democratic self-government in
Ireland prior to World War One. - English expansion into Ireland had begun in the
1100s, when the pope granted control of Ireland
to the English king. English knights invaded
Ireland, and many settled there to form a new
aristocracy. The Irish, who had their own
ancestry, culture, and language, bitterly
resented the English presence. Laws imposed by
the English in the 1500s and 1600s limited the
rights of Catholics and favored the Protestant
religion and the English language. Over the
years, the British government was determined to
maintain its control over Ireland. It formally
joined Ireland to Britain in 1801. Though a
setback for Irish nationalism, this move gave
Ireland representation in the British Parliament.
Irish leader Daniel OConnell persuaded
Parliament to pass the Catholic Emancipation Act
in 1829. This law restored many rights to
Catholics. - In the 1840s, Ireland experienced one of the
worst famines of modern history. For many years,
Irish peasants had depended on potatoes as
virtually their sole source of food. From 1845 to
1848, a plant fungus ruined nearly all of
Irelands potato crop. Out of a population of 8
million, about a million died from starvation and
disease over the next few years. During the
famine years, about a million and a half people
fled from Ireland. Most went to the United
States others went to Britain, Canada, and
Australia. At home, in Ireland, the British
government enforced the demands of the English
landowners that the Irish peasants pay their
rent. Many Irish lost their land and fell
hopelessly in debt, while large landowners
profited from higher food prices.
Closure Question 3 How was Britains policy
toward Canada in the 1700s similar to its policy
toward Ireland in the 1900s?
13Irish Republican Army
- Unofficial military force seeking independence
for Ireland. Beginning in the middle of World War
I, the IRA staged a series of attacks against
British officials in Ireland. The attacks sparked
a war between the nationalists and the British
government. This conflict influenced British
Parliament to divide Ireland and grant home rule
to Irish Catholic southern Ireland. - One reason for Britains opposition to home rule
was concern for Irelands Protestants. They
feared being a minority in a country dominated by
Catholics. Most Protestants lived in the northern
part of Ireland, known as Ulster. Finally, in
1914, Parliament enacted a home rule bill for
southern Ireland. Just one month before the plan
was to take effect, World War I broke out in
Europe. Irish home rule was put on hold.
Frustrated over the delay in gaining
independence, a small group of Irish nationalists
rebelled in Dublin during Easter week, 1916.
British troops put down the Easter Rising and
executed its leaders. Their fate, however,
aroused wider popular support for the nationalist
movement. - After World War I, the Irish nationalists won a
victory in the elections for the British
Parliament. To protest delays in home rule, the
nationalist members decided not to attend
Parliament. Instead, they formed an underground
Irish government and declared themselves
independent. In 1921, Britain divided Ireland
and granted home rule to southern Ireland.
Ulster, or Northern Ireland, remained a part of
Great Britain. The south became a dominion called
the Irish Free State. However, many Irish
nationalists, led by Eamon De Valera, continued
to seek total independence from Britain. In 1949,
the Irish Free State declared itself the
independent Republic of Ireland.
Closure Question 3 How was Britains policy
toward Canada in the 1700s similar to its policy
toward Ireland in the 1900s?
14Closure Assignment 2
- Answer the following questions based on what you
have learned from Chapter 26, Section 2 - Why did Britain create Upper Canada and Lower
Canada, and who lived in each colony? - A) What was unusual about the first European
settlers in Australia? B) Why do you think that
Great Britain chose to send these settlers to
Australia? - How was Britains policy toward Canada in the
1700s similar to its policy toward Ireland in the
1900s?
15Manifest Destiny
- Term used to describe the belief that God wanted
the United States to own all of North America. - Expansionists strongly supported the idea of
Manifest Destiny, envisioning the expansion of
liberty for white Americans. This expansion would
come at the expense of Indians and Mexicans. - Expansionists argued that God had created Native
Americans and Mexicans as inferiors to White
Americans, and that they did not deserve to keep
lands that were badly needed for American
settlement. - In addition, many Southerners hoped to add more
slaves states in the west to strengthen their
political position in Congress. - The American claim is by the right of our
manifest destiny to overspread and possess the
whole of the continent which Providence has given
us for the development of the great experiment of
liberty and self-government entrusted to us.
John L. Sullivan, New York Morning News,
December 27, 1845
Closure Question 1 Who might have agreed with
the idea of Manifest Destiny? Who might have
disagreed? Explain your answers.
16Abraham Lincoln1811-1865
- Illinois Republican (Political party established
to end slavery) and President from 1861 to 1865.
The election of Lincoln directly led the
slave-owning southern states to choose to secede,
leading to the American Civil War. - Raised in rural poverty and largely self-taught,
Lincoln began his political career at age 25,
when he was elected to the Illinois State
Legislature as a Whig. - By 1836, Lincoln was admitted to the Illinois bar
as an attorney and practiced law in Springfield.
There he gained a reputation for integrity and
directness and was given the title Honest Abe. - Lincoln seemed to be opposed to slavery, but his
political life was marked by a desire to steer a
middle course. Lincoln served one term in the
House of Representatives in the 1840s but gained
national fame for his opposition to the
Kansas-Nebraska Act which was promoted by his
rival politician, Stephen Douglas.
Closure Question 2 How did Abraham Lincolns
life reflect the basis of American democracy?
17Secede / U.S. Civil War
- Secede To withdraw, in 1861 several southern
states in the U.S.A. seceded from the union
following the election of Abraham Lincoln, a
Republican president who opposed slavery. - U.S. Civil War (1861-1865) Following southern
secession, Lincoln ordered the army of the United
States to bring the rebel states back into the
Union. More than 600,000 American men lost their
lives in the conflict. Though the South had
superior military leadership, the North had a
larger population, better transportation, greater
resources, and more factories. As a result, the
North emerged victorious and the Union was
restored. - By the mid-19th century, slavery had become a
threat to American unity. Four million enslaved
African Americans were in the South by 1860,
compared with one million in 1800. The Souths
economy was based on growing cotton on
plantations, chiefly by slave labor. The cotton
economy and plantation-based slavery were closely
related. The disagreement over slavery fueled a
debate about the rights of the individual states
against those of the federal government. Southern
politicians argued that the states had freely
joined the Union, and so they could freely leave.
Most Northerners felt that the Constitution had
established the Union once and for all.
Closure Question 2 What were the relative
resources of the North and South in the U.S.
Civil War?
18Emancipation Proclamation
- Formally announced on 9/22/1862, President
Abraham Lincoln issued the military order
proclaiming that all enslaves people in the
Confederate states would be considered free by
the United States on 1/1/1863. - The Proclamation did not apply to slaves in the
loyal border states, nor did it truly give
freedom to any slave in the Confederacy. It did
give the Union army the authority to free any
slave it came in contact with, but the slaves
themselves had to escape from their masters to
reach the army. Lincoln hoped that the order
might convince some southern states to surrender
before the January 1st deadline. The 54th
Massachusetts Regiment was the first all African
American unit in United States military history
by the wars end more than 180,000 African
American volunteers had served in the Union
military. The Confederacy considered drafting
slaves and free blacks in 1863 and 1864, but most
southerners opposed the enlistment of African
Americans. - In the aftermath of the war, the U.S. Congress
passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the
Constitution, which abolished slavery in the
United States. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments extended the rights of citizenship to
all Americans and guaranteed former slaves the
right to vote. The need for mass production and
distribution of goods during the Civil War
speeded industrialization. After the war, the
United States experienced industrial expansion
unmatched in history. By 1914, it was a leading
industrial power.
19Segregation
- Forced separation of individuals according to
their race. In the aftermath of the Civil War all
of the states which had seceded, and many states
which had not, passed laws mandating that African
Americans use separate public facilities than
other citizens. - Mandated by Reconstruction state constitutions,
public schools grew slowly, drawing in only about
half of southern children by the end of the
1870s. Establishing a new school was expensive,
especially since southerners chose to establish
segregated schools. Still, the establishment of a
public school system in the south was a major
achievement of the Reconstruction Era. From 1865
to 1877, Union troops occupied the South and
enforced the constitutional protections. This
period is called Reconstruction. After federal
troops left the South, white Southerners passed
laws that limited African Americans rights and
made it difficult for them to vote. Such laws
also encouraged segregation, or separation, of
blacks and whites in the South. African Americans
continued to face discrimination in the North as
well.
20Closure Assignment 3
- Answer the following questions based on what you
have learned from Chapter 26, Section 3 - Who might have agreed with the idea of Manifest
Destiny? Who might have disagreed? Explain your
answers. - How did Abraham Lincolns life reflect the basis
of American democracy? - What were the relative resources of the North and
South in the U.S. Civil War?
21Assembly Line
- Assembly Line An efficient manufacturing method
pioneered by American Henry Ford in 1913
Assembly Line production places a product on a
conveyor belt and has individuals at various
stations along the belt responsible to attach one
specific part. - Mass Production is the business practice of
producing large quantities of identical products
which can be made quickly and cheaply. By the
1880s, streetcars and subways powered by
electricity had appeared in major European
cities. Electricity transformed the factory as
well. Conveyor belts, cranes, and machines could
all be powered by electricity. With electric
lights, factories could remain open 24 hours a
day. The development of the internal-combustion
engine, fired by oil and gasoline, provided a new
source of power in transportation. This engine
gave rise to ocean liners with oil-fired engines,
as well as to the airplane and the automobile. In
1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first
flight in a fixed-wing plane at Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina. In 1919 the first regular passenger air
service was established. - Industrial production grew at a rapid pace
because of greatly increased sales of
manufactured goods. Europeans could afford to buy
more consumer products for several reasons. Wages
for workers increased after 1870. In addition,
prices for manufactured goods were lower because
of reduced transportation costs. One of the
biggest reasons for more efficient production was
the assembly line. In the cities, the first
department stores began to sell a new range of
consumer goods. These goods clocks, bicycles,
electric lights, and typewriters, for example
were made possible by the steel and electrical
industries.
Closure Question 1 What effects did the
assembly line have on production costs?
22Assembly Line
23Charles Darwin / Theory of Evolution
- Charles Darwin British biologist who, in 1859,
published On the Origin of Species, teaching his
Theory of Evolution, i.e. that each species, or
kind, of plant and animal had evolved over a long
period of time from earlier, simpler forms of
life. - Natural Selection Part of Darwins Theory of
Evolution Darwin believed that all organisms
struggle for existence and that, in order to
survive, they change to adapt to their
environment. Those that dont adapt become
extinct. According to Darwin, those organisms
that are naturally selected for survival
(survival of the fittest) reproduce and thrive.
The unfit do not survive. The fit that survive
pass on the variations that enabled them to
survive until, according to Darwin, a new
separate species emerges. In The Descent of Man,
published in 1871, Darwin argued that human
beings had animal origins and were not an
exception to the rule governing other species. - Darwins ideas raised a storm of controversy.
Some people did not take his ideas seriously.
Other people objected that Darwins theory made
human beings ordinary products of nature rather
than unique creations of God. Others were
bothered by his idea of life as a mere struggle
for survival. Is there a place in Darwinism for
moral values? they asked. Some believers felt
Darwin had not acknowledged Gods role in
creation. Some detractors scorned Darwin and
depicted him unfavorably in cartoons. Gradually,
however, many scientists and other intellectuals
came to accept Darwins theory. His theory
changed thinking in countless fields from biology
to anthropology.
Closure Question 2 Besides competing for food,
what are some of the other conditions to which
species must adapt? Provide at least 3.
24Radioactivity
- Energy released by the elements radium and
polonium. Marie and Pierre Curie, a French
husband and wife team, discovered the two
elements, earning the Nobel Prize for physics in
1903. - Throughout much of the 1800s, Westerners believed
in a mechanical conception of the universe that
was based on the ideas of Isaac Newton. In this
perspective, the universe was viewed as a giant
machine. Time, space, and matter were objective
realities existing independently of those
observing them. Matter was thought to be made of
solid material bodies called atoms. These views
were seriously questioned at the end of the 19th
century. The French scientist Marie Curie
discovered that an element called radium gave off
energy, or radiation, that apparently came from
within the atom itself. Atoms were not simply
hard material bodies but small, active worlds. - In 1803, the British chemist John Dalton
theorized that all matter is made of tiny
particles called atoms. Dalton showed that
elements contain only one kind of atom, which as
a specific weight. Compounds, on the other hand,
contain more than one kind of atom. In 1869,
Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, organized a
chart on which all the known elements were
arranged in order of weight, from lightest to
heaviest. He left gaps where he predicted that
new elements would be discovered. Later, his
predictions proved correct. Mendeleevs chart,
the Periodic Table, is still used today.
Physicists around 1900 continued to unravel the
secrets of the atom. Earlier scientists believed
that he atom was the smallest particle that
existed. A British physicist named Ernest
Rutherford suggested that atoms were made up of
yet smaller particles. Each atom, he said, had a
nucleus surrounded by one or more particles
called electrons. Soon other physicists such as
Max Planck, Neils Bohr, and Albert Einstein were
studying the structure and energy of atoms.
25Psychology
- The study of the human mind and behavior.
Psychology developed as a unique social science
in the late 19th century thanks to the work of
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who theorized
that human actions were often unconscious
reactions to experiences and could be changed by
training, and Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud, who
believed that unconscious forces, such as
suppressed memories, desires, and impulses shape
human behavior. Freud founded psychoanalysis as a
therapy to deal with psychological conflicts. - Sigmund Freud, a doctor from Vienna, proposed
theories regarding the nature of the human mind.
Freuds ideas, like the new physics, added to the
uncertainties of the age. His major theories were
published in 1900 in The Interpretation of
Dreams. According to Freud, human behavior was
strongly determined by past experiences and
internal forces of which people were largely
unaware. Repression of such experiences began in
childhood, so he devised a method known as
psychoanalysis by which a therapist and patient
could probe deeply into the patients memory. In
this way, they could retrace the chain of
repressed thoughts all the way back to their
childhood origins. If the patients conscious
mind could be made aware of the unconscious and
its repressed contents, the patient could be
healed. - Rapid advances in science, psychology, and the
arts caused people to question previous knowledge
and created a culture of modernity. While
scientists such as Marie Curie and Albert
Einstein were reshaping peoples understanding of
the external world, Sigmund Freud was shaping
their perceptions of the internal world the
inner workings of the mind. Freud believed that
the mind had both conscious and unconscious
parts, and that the unconscious controls many
human behaviors. Painful memories from childhood
became rooted, or repressed, in the unconscious,
leading to mental illness. To help the person
heal, these memories must be brought to conscious
awareness. Freud believed that memories buried in
the unconscious emerge in disguised form in
dreams. One way to gain access to repressed
memories, then, is to interpret dreams.
26Psychoanalysis
27Mass Culture
- The appeal of art, writing, music, and other
forms of entertainment to a larger audience. The
rise of the middle-class which was sparked by the
Industrial Revolution led to an increase in the
amount of leisure time available to citizens
worldwide. In the late 19th century this leisure
time was spent in music halls, at vaudeville
performances, in movie theaters, and at sporting
events. - There were several causes for the rise of mass
culture. Their effects changed life in Europe and
North America. The demand for leisure activities
resulted in a variety of new pursuits for people
to enjoy. A popular leisure activity was a trip
to the local music hall. On a typical evening, a
music hall might offer a dozen or more different
acts. It might feature singers, dancers,
comedians, jugglers, magicians, and acrobats. In
the United States, musical variety shows were
called vaudeville. Vaudeville acts traveled from
town to town, appearing at theaters. - During the 1880s, several inventors worked at
trying to project moving images. One successful
design came from France. Another came from Thomas
Edisons laboratory. The earliest motion pictures
were black and white and lasted less than a
minute. By the early 1900s, filmmakers were
producing the first feature films. Movies quickly
became big business. By 1910, five million
Americans attended some 10,000 theaters each day.
The European movie industry experienced similar
growth. With time at their disposal, more people
began to enjoy sports and outdoor activities.
Spectator sports now became entertainment. In the
United States, football and baseball soared in
popularity. In Europe, the first professional
soccer clubs formed and drew big crowds. Favorite
English sports such as cricket spread to the
British colonies in Australia, India, and South
Africa.
Closure Question 3 How is the mass culture that
rose at the end of the 19th century similar to
mass culture today? How is it different? Explain
your response.
28Closure Assignment 4
- Answer the following questions based on what you
have learned from Chapter 26, Section 4 - What effects did the assembly line have on
production costs? - Besides competing for food, what are some of the
other conditions to which species must adapt?
Provide at least 3. - How is the mass culture that rose at the end of
the 19th century similar to mass culture today?
How is it different? Explain your response.
29Imperialism
- The extension of a nations power over other
lands. - In the 19th century , a new phase of Western
expansion began. European nations began to view
Asian and African societies as a source of
industrial raw materials and a market for Western
manufactured goods. In the 1880s, European states
began an intense scramble for overseas territory.
Europeans had set up colonies and trading posts
in North America, South America, and Africa by
the 16th century. However, the imperialism of the
19th century, called the new imperialism by
some, was different. Earlier, European states had
been content, especially in Africa and Asia, to
set up a few trading posts where they could carry
on trade and perhaps some missionary activity.
Now they sought nothing less than direct control
over vast territories. - Why did Westerners begin to increase their search
for colonies after 1880? There was a strong
economic motive. Capitalist states in the West
were looking for both markets and raw materials
such as rubber, oil, and tin for their
industries. The issue was not simply an economic
one, however. European nation-states were
involved in heated rivalries. They acquired
colonies abroad in order to gain an advantage
over their rivals. Colonies were also a source of
national prestige. To some people, in fact, a
nation could not be great without colonies. In
addition, imperialism was tied to Social
Darwinism and racism. Social Darwinists believed
that in the struggle between nations, the fit are
victorious. Racism is the belief that race
determines traits and capabilities. Racists
erroneously believe that particular races are
superior or inferior. Some Europeans took a more
religious and humanitarian approach to
imperialism. They believed Europeans had a moral
responsibility to civilize primitive people. They
called this responsibility the white mans
burden. To some, this meant bringing the
Christian message to the heathen masses. To
others, it meant bringing the benefits of Western
democracy and capitalism to these societies.
30David Livingstone / Henry Stanley
- David Livingstone British doctor, Christian
missionary, and explorer who trekked through
uncharted regions of the interior of Africa. - Henry Stanley American journalist who traveled
to Africa to find Livingstone and, following
Livingstones death in 1873, continued
exploration and encouraged European settlement of
Central Africa. - Central African territories were soon added to
the list of European colonies. Explorers aroused
popular interest in the dense tropical jungles of
Central Africa. Livingstone was one such
explorer. He arrived in Africa in 1841 as a
27-year-old medical missionary. During the 30
years he spent in Africa, Livingstone trekked
through uncharted regions. He sometimes traveled
by canoe, but mostly Livingstone walked and spent
much of his time exploring the interior of the
continent. During his travels through Africa,
Livingstone made detailed notes of his
discoveries. He sent this information back to
London whenever he could. The maps of Africa were
often redrawn based on Livingstones reports. A
major goal of Livingstones explorations was to
find a navigable river that would open Central
Africa to European commerce and Christianity. - When Livingstone disappeared for awhile, an
American newspaper, the New York Herald, hired a
young journalist, Henry Stanley, to find the
explorer. Stanley did find him on the eastern
shore of Lake Tanganyika. Overwhelmed by finding
Livingstone alive if not well, Stanley greeted
the explorer with these now famous words, Dr.
Livingstone, I presume? After Livingstones
death in 1873, Stanley remained in Africa to
carry on the great explorers work. Unlike
Livingstone, however, Henry Stanley had a strong
dislike of Africa. He once said, I detest the
land most heartily. In the 1870s, Stanley
explored the Congo River in Central Africa and
sailed down it to the Atlantic Ocean. Soon, he
was encouraging the British to send settlers to
the Congo River basin. When Britain refused,
Stanley turned to King Leopold II of Belgium. - Leopold was the real driving force behind
colonization of Central Africa. He rushed
enthusiastically into the pursuit of an empire in
Africa. To open to civilization, he said, the
only part of our globe where it has not yet
penetrated, to pierce the darkness which
envelopes whole populations is a crusade, if I
may say so, a crusade worthy of this century of
progress. Profit, however, was equally important
to Leopold. In 1876 he hired Henry Stanley to set
up Belgian settlements in the Congo. Leopolds
claim to the vast territories of the Congo
aroused widespread concern among other European
states. France, in particular, rushed to plant
its flag in the hear of Africa. Leopold ended up
with the territories around the Congo River.
France occupied the areas farther north.
31Racism / Social Darwinism
- Racism The belief that race determines traits
and capabilities and that particular races are
superior or inferior. - Social Darwinism Theory that Darwins theory of
natural selection can be applied to the
interaction of individuals and nations. The
strong people and nations were meant to rule the
world, while the weak were meant to be dominated
or become extinct. - Several factors contributed to the Europeans
conquest of Africa. One overwhelming advantage
was the Europeans technological superiority. The
Maxim gun, invented in 1884, was the worlds
first automatic machine gun. European countries
quickly acquired the Maxim, while the resisting
Africans were forced to rely on outdated weapons.
European countries also had the means to control
their empire. The invention of the steam engine
allowed Europeans to easily travel on rivers to
establish bases of control deep in the African
continent. Railroads, cables, and steamships
allowed close communications within a colony and
between the colony and its controlling nation. - Even with superior arms and steam engines to
transport them, another factor might have kept
Europeans confined to the coast. They were highly
susceptible to malaria, a disease carried by the
dense swarms of mosquitoes in Africas interior.
The perfection of the drug quinine in 1829
eventually protected Europeans from becoming
infected with the disease. Factors within Africa
also made the continent easier for Europeans to
colonize. Africans huge variety of languages and
cultures discouraged unity among them. Wars
fought between ethnic groups over land, water,
and trade rights also prevented a unified stand.
Europeans soon learned to play rival groups
against each other.
32Closure Question 1List the ways in which the
French system of direct rule included Africans.
(At least 2 answers)
- The French had colonies in North Africa. In 1870,
after about 150,000 French people had settled in
the region of Algeria, the French government
established control there. Two years later,
France imposed a protectorate on neighboring
Tunisia. In 1912 France established a
protectorate over much of Morocco. - Most European nations governed their African
possessions through a form of direct rule. This
was true in the French colonies. At the top was a
French official, usually known as a
governor-general. He was appointed from Paris and
governed with the aid of bureaucracy in the
capital city of the colony. - The French ideal was to assimilate African
subjects into French culture rather than preserve
native traditions. Africans were eligible to run
for office and even serve in the French National
Assembly in Paris. A few were also appointed to
high-powered positions in the colonial
administration.
33Berlin Conference
- Meeting of 14 European nations in 1884 and 1885
to lay down the rules for the division of Africa.
The nations agreed that any European country
could claim land in Africa by notifying other
nations of its claims and showing it could
control the area. The conference that European
nations would not go to war with each other over
African territory. By 1914, only Liberia and
Ethiopia remained free from European control. - When European countries began colonizing, many
believed that Africans would soon be buying
European goods in great quantities. They were
wrong few Africans bought European goods.
However, European businesses still needed raw
materials from Africa. The major source of great
wealth in African proved to be the continents
rich mineral resources. The Belgian Congo
contained untold wealth in copper and tin. Even
these riches seemed small compared with the gold
and diamonds in South Africa. Businesses
eventually developed cash-crop plantations to
grow peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber. These
products displaced the food crops grown by
farmers to feed their families. - The motives that drove colonization in Africa
were also at work in other lands. Similar
economic, political, and social forces
accelerated the drive to take over land in all
parts of the globe. The Industrial Revolution in
particular provided European countries with a
reason to add lands to their control. As European
nations industrialized, they searched for new
markets and raw materials to improve their
economies.
34Closure Question 2 What can you conclude from
the fact that African delegates were not included
in the Berlin Conference of 1884? (At least 1
sentence)
- By 1885, Britain and Germany had become the chief
rivals in East Africa. Germany came late to the
ranks of the imperialist powers. At first, the
German chancellor Otto von Bismarck had
downplayed the importance of colonies. As more
and more Germans called for a German empire,
however, Bismarck became a convert to
colonialism. As he expressed it, All this
colonial business is a sham, but we need it for
the elections. - In addition to its West African holdings, Germany
tried to develop colonies in East Africa. Most of
East Africa had not yet been claimed by any other
power. However, the British were also interested
in the area because control of East Africa would
connect the British Empire in Africa from South
Africa to Egypt. Portugal and Belgium also
claimed parts of East Africa. - To settle conflict claims, the Berlin Conference
met in 1884 and 1885. The conference officially
recognized both British and German claims for
territory in East Africa. Portugal received a
clear claim on Mozambique. No African delegates,
however, were present at this conference.
35Shaka Zulu
- Chief of the Zulu tribe in southern Africa during
the early 19th century. Shaka used highly
disciplined warriors and good military
organization to create a large centralized state
by 1816 which withstood attempts by the British
to colonize their homeland. However, Shakas
successors were unable to keep the kingdom
together and, facing superior weaponry such as
the Maxim Gun (the first automatic machine gun),
the Zulus fell under British control by 1887. - Nowhere in Africa did the European did the
European presence grow more rapidly than in the
south. By 1865, the total white population of
South Africa had risen to nearly 200,000 people.
The Boers, or Afrikaners as the descendants of
the original Dutch settlers were called had
occupied Cape Town and surrounding areas in South
Africa since the 17th century. During the
Napoleonic Wars, however, the British seized
these lands from the Dutch. Afterward, the
British encouraged settlers to come to what they
called Cape Colony. - In the 1830s, disgusted with British rule, the
Boers moved from the coastal lands and headed
northward on the Great Trek. Altogether one out
of every five Dutch speaking South Africans
joined the trek. Their parties eventually settled
in the region between the Orange and Vaal Rivers
and in the region north of the Vaal River. In
these areas, the Boers formed two independent
republics the Orange Free State and the
Transvaal (later called the South African
Republic).
36European Colonization in Africa
37Boers / Boer War
- Boers Farmers Dutch settlers who gradually
took Africans lands in South Africa during the
17th and 18th centuries. The Boers clashed with
the British regarding land and the practice of
slavery, a practice which the Boers supported. - Boer War (1899-1910) Conflict between the Boers
and the British following the discovery of gold
and diamonds in South Africa. The Boers launched
commando raids and used guerrilla tactics against
the British. The British countered by burning
Boer farms and imprisoning women and children in
disease-ridden concentration camps. Britain
finally won the war and formed the Union of South
Africa. - The Boers believed that white superiority was
ordained by God. They denied non-Europeans any
place in their society other than as laborers or
servants. As they settled the lands, the Boers
put many of the indigenous peoples in these areas
on reservations. The Boers had frequently battled
the Zulu people. In the early 19th century, the
Zulu, under a talented ruler named Shaka, had
carved out their own empire. Even after Shakas
death, the Zulu remained powerful. Finally, in
the late 1800s, the British military became
involved in conflicts with the Zulu defeated
them. - In the 1880s, British policy in South Africa was
influenced by Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes had founded
diamond and gold companies that had made him a
fortune. He gained control of a territory north
of the Transvaal, which he named Rhodesia after
himself. Rhodes was a great champion of British
expansion. He said once, I think what God would
like me to do is to paint as much of Africa
British red as possible. One of Rhodes goals
was to create a series of British colonies from
Cape to Cairo all linked by a railroad.
38Closure Question 3 Why do you think the Boers
resisted British rule? (At least 1 sentence)
- Cecil Rhodes ambitions eventually led to his
downfall in 1896. The British government forced
him to resign as prime minister of Cape Colony
after discovering that he planned to overthrow
the Boer government of the South African Republic
without his governments approval. The British
action was too late to avoid a war between the
British and the Boers however. - This war, called the Boer War, dragged on from
1899 to 1902. Fierce guerrilla resistance by the
Boers angered the British. They responded by
burning crops and herding about 120,000 Boer
women and children into detention camps, where
lack of food caused some 20,000 deaths.
Eventually, the vastly larger British army won. A
peace treaty was signed in 1902. - In 1910 the British created an independent Union
of South Africa, which combined the old Cape
Colony and the Boer republics. The new state
would be a self-governing nation within the
British Empire. To appease the Boers, the British
agreed that only whites, with a few propertied
Africans, would vote.
39Closure Assignment 5
- Answer the following questions based on the
information covered in Chapter 21, Section 2 - List the ways in which the French system of
direct rule included Africans. (At least 2
answers) - What can you conclude from the fact that African
delegates were not included in the Berlin
Conference of 1884? (At least 1 sentence) - Why do you think the Boers resisted British rule?
(At least 1 sentence)
40Paternalism
- European policy towards African colonies which
was based on the view that Africans were unable
to handle the complex business of running a
country. Europeans governed people in a parental
way by providing for their needs but not giving
them rights. To accomplish this, Europeans
brought in their own bureaucrats and did not
train local people in European methods of
governing. - The Imperialism of the 18th and 19th centuries
was conducted differently from the explorations
of the 15th and 16th centuries. In the earlier
periods, imperial powers often did not penetrate
far into the conquered areas in Asia and Africa.
Nor did they always have a substantial influence
on the lives of the people. During this new
period of imperialism, the Europeans demanded
more influence over the economic, political, and
social lives of the people. They were determined
to shape the economies of the lands to benefit
European economies. They also wanted the people
to adopt European customs. - Each European nation had certain policies and
goals for establishing colonies. To establish
control of an area, Europeans used different
techniques. Over time, four forms of colonial
control emerged colony, protectorate, sphere of
influence, and economic imperialism. In practice,
gaining control of an area might involve the use
of several of these forms.
Closure Question 1 How was the policy of
paternalism like Social Darwinism?
41Assimilation
- European imperial policy based on the idea that
in time, the local populations in Africa would
adopt the culture of their European or American
rulers and become like them. To aid in this
transition, all local schools, courts, and
businesses were patterned after those of the
ruling nation. In many cases, native Africans
were obligated to abandon their native cultural
practices and languages in order to gain greater
acceptance and rights from their imperial rulers.
- Western powers governed their new colonial
empires by either indirect or direct rule. Their
chief goals were to exploit the natural resources
of the lands and to open up markets for their own
manufactured goods. Sometimes a colonial power
could realize its goals by cooperating with local
political elites. For example, the Dutch East
India Company used indirect rule in the Dutch
East Indies. This made access to the regions
natural resources easier. Indirect rule was
cheaper because fewer officials had to be trained
and it affected local culture less. - However, indirect rule was not always possible.
Some local elites resisted the foreign conquest.
In these cases, the local elites were replaced
with Western officials. Great Britain
administered Burma directly through its colonial
government in India. In Indochina, France used
both systems. It imposed direct rule in southern
Vietnam, but ruled indirectly through the emperor
in northern Vietnam. To justify their conquests,
Western powers spoke of bringing the blessings of
Western civilization of their colonial subjects,
including representative government. However,
many Westerners came to fear the idea of native
peoples (especially educated ones) being allowed
political rights.
Closure Question 2 Do you think Europeans could
have conquered Africa if the Industrial
Revolution had never occurred? Explain your
answer.
42Menelik II
- Emperor of Ethiopia in the late 19th century
Under Meneliks leadership Ethiopia became the
only African nation that successfully resisted
the Europeans. He successfully played Italians,
French, and British against each other, all of
whom were striving to bring Ethiopia into their
spheres of influence. He built up a large arsenal
of modern weapons purchased from France and
Russia. In 1896, at the Battle of Adowa,
Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the
Italians and kept their nation independent. - The unsuccessful resistance attempts included
active military resistance and resistance through
religious movements. Algerias almost 50-year
resistance to French rule was one outstanding
example of active resistance. The resistance
movement led by Samori Toure in West Africa
against the French is another example. After
modernizing his army, Toure fought the French for
16 years. Africans in German East Africa put
their faith in spiritual defense. African
villages resisted Germans insistence that they
plant cotton, a cash crop for export, rather than
attend to their own food crops. In 1905, the
belief suddenly arose that a magic water
sprinkled on their bodies would turn the Germans
bullets into water. The uprising became known as
the Maji Maji rebellion. Over 20 different ethnic
groups united to fight for their freedom. The
fighters believed that their war had been
ordained by God and that their ancestors would
return to life and assist their struggle.
Closure Question 3 Why would the French and
Russians sell arms to Ethiopia?
43Closure Assignment 6
- Answer the following questions based on what you
have learned from Chapter 27, Section 2 - How was the policy of paternalism like Social
Darwinism? - Do you think Europeans could have conquered
Africa if the Industrial Revolution had never
occurred? Explain your answer. - Why would the French and Russians sell arms to
Ethiopia?
44Geopolitics
- An interest in or taking of land for its
strategic location or products. Geopolitics
played an important role in the fate of the
Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans controlled access to
the Mediterranean and the Atlantic sea trade.
Discovery of oil in Persia around 1900 and in the
Arabian Peninsula after World War I focused even
more attention on the area. - The declining Ottoman Empire had difficulties
trying to fit into the modern world. However, the
Ottomans made attempts to change before they
finally were unable to hold back the European
imperialist powers. When Suleyman I, the last
great Ottoman sultan, died in 1566, he was
followed by a succession of weak sultans. The
palace government broke up into a number of
quarreling, often corrupt factions. Weakening
power brought other problems. Corruption and
theft had caused financial losses. Coinage was
devalued, causing inflation. Once the Ottoman
Empire had embraced modern technologies, but now
it fell further and further behind Europe. - When Selim III came into power in 1789, he
attempted to modernize the army. However, the old
janissary corps resisted his efforts. Selim III
was overthrown, and reform movements were
temporarily abandoned. Meanwhile, nationalist
feelings began to stir among the Ottomans
subject peoples. IN 1830, Greece gained its
independence, and Serbia gained self-rule. The
Ottomans weakness was becoming apparent to
European powers, who were expanding their
territories. They began to look for ways to take
the lands away from the Ottomans.
45Crimean War
- Conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire
during the mid-19th century. Russias motivation
to begin the war was to gain access to a
warm-weather port on the Black Sea. Britain and
France wanted to prevent the Russians from
gaining control of Ottoman lands, so they entered
the war on the side of the Ottoman Empire. The
combined forces of the Ottoman Empire, Britain,
and France defeated Russia. Though victorious,
the war revealed the Ottomans military weakness,
and the Ottomans continued to lose territory
until their government was ended following World
War I. - The Crimean War was the first war in which women,
led by Florence Nightingale, established their
position as army nurses. It was also the first
war to be covered by newspaper correspondents.
Despite the help of Britain and France, the
Ottoman Empire continued to lose lands. The
Russians came to the aid of Slavic people in the
Balkans who rebelled against the Ottomans. The
Ottomans lost control of Romania, Montenegro,
Cyprus, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and an area that
became Bulgaria. The Ottomans lost land in Africa
too. By the beginning of World War I, the Ottoman
Empire was reduced in size and in deep decline.
46Suez Canal
- A human-made waterway that cut through the
Isthmus of Suez, connecting the Red Sea to the
Mediterranean. It was built mainly with French
money from private interest groups, using
Egyptian