La Belle

1
La Belle Époque, (The Beautiful Era ) 1871-1914

2
Characteristics of La Belle Époque

• Materialism
• Higher standard of living
• Development zones
• Inner Zone ? Britain, France, Germany, Belgium,
  Northern Italy, Western Austria
• Outer Zone ? Ireland, Iberian Peninsula, most of
  Italy, Europe east of Germany
• Underdeveloped Zone ? Afro-Asia

3
Characteristics of La Belle Époque

• Increased European Population
• 1 in 5 people worldwide lived in Europe in 1900
  (about 400 million people)
• Growth of Cities Urban Life
• Migration from Europe
• 1850-1940 ? 60 million left Europe
• Went to ? US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada,
  Australia/N. Zeal.
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Steam ? electricity
• Internal combustion diesel engines.
• Cars, planes, submarines.

4
Characteristics of La Belle Époque

• Second Industrial Revolution Britain ? The
  Worlds IndustrialWorkshop
• Corporations ? limited liability of investments.
• Mass production.
• Free Trade esp. in England
• World Markets Global Economy, Part II
• Advance of Democracy
• Extension of the vote to the working class.
• Creating a welfare state.

5
Characteristics of La Belle Époque

• The Appeal of Socialism
• By the 1880s, most socialist parties were Marxist
  esp. Ger. Fr.
• Not very successful in England.
• Faith in Science Alone
• Science at the core of industrialization.
• New Wonders of daily life.
• Charles Darwin
• Origin of Species 1859
• survival of the fittest

6
Characteristics of La Belle Époque

• Faith in Science Alone cont.
• Social Darwinism ? Herbert Spenser
• Eugenics
• Newtonian Science turned on its head
• Einstein ? Theory of Relativity ?
  nature energy were separate
  distinct.
• Max Planck ? Quantum Physics
• Professionalization of new sciences
  anthropology, archeaology,etc.
• Psychology
• Ivan Pavlov ? conditioned responses
• Sigmund Freud ? psychoanalysis
• The Interpretation of Dreams 1900
• The role of the unconscious the id, ego, super
  ego

7
Characteristics of La Belle Époque

• New Trends in Philosophy
• Agnosticism
• Nihilism
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Übermensch ? Super Man
• Irrationalism
• Existentialism
• Sören Kierkegaard ? existence proceeds essence
• Internal Religious Struggles
• modernists vs. fundamentalists

8
Characteristics of La Belle Époque

• Anti-Semitism
• Dreyfus Affair
• Theodore Herzl ? Der Judenstaat The Jewish
  State, 1896
• Father of Modern Zionism
• Womens Movement
• Emmeline Pankhurst
• The New Imperialism
• Militarism ? glorification of war

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Late 19th Century Science
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cholera bacterium the great equalizer
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Cholera

• Dont let your sewage get into your drinking
  water
• Symptoms include profuse, watery diarrhea and
  vomiting usually followed by death from
  dehydration
• Series of pandemics that killed millions in 19th
  and early 20th centuries
• Led to massive efforts to improve public health

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Cholera Court

13
King Cholera
14
Edwin Chadwick

• Public health reformer
• Clean up the sewers and people will get less sick
• Commissioner of Metropolitan Commission of Sewers
  in London, 1848-49

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Louis Pasteur

• Microorganisms cause disease and infection
• Kill them with filtration, heat or chemicals
• 1860s

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Joseph Lister first antiseptic surgeon - 1867
17
the carbolic sprayer
Aka Phenol Today used in Carmex and
Chloraseptic spray
18
the carbolic sprayer in action
19
Great Exhibition (1851)

• Show off to the world the wealth and power of the
  British Empire
• Crystal Palace was the centerpiece
• Designed by gardener and greenhouse designer
  Joseph Paxton
• Attended by lots of the rich and famous as well
  as those who hoped to be
• Including Charles Darwin, Samuel Colt, Charles
  Dickens, Lewis Carroll, George Eliot and Alfred,
  Lord Tennyson
• Karl Marx hated it

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Opening of the Great Exhibition by Queen Victoria
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From plans to completion in 9 months
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(No Transcript)
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Exposition Universelle (1889)

• A worlds fair to show off France and celebrate
  the centennial of the French Revolution

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Central Dome of the Gallery des Machines, Louis
Beroud
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Eiffel Tower1889
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Womens suffrage

• Late 19th Early 20th Century
• Millicent Fawcett (1847-1929)
• National Women of Womens Suffrage Societies
• Women can get the vote if the are respectable and
  responsible
• Traditional English liberal tactics (petitions
  and polite conversation)
• Or the other way

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Womens Social Political Union W.S.P.U.
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Emmeline Pankhurst

• 1858-1928.
• Her husband children were all involved in the
  suffrage movement.
• They became militants were arrested and
  imprisoned.
• 1917 She and her daughter, Christabel, formed
  the Womens Party in 1917
• Equal pay for equal work.
• Equal marriage divorcelaws.
• Equality of rights opportunities in public
  service.
• A national system of maternity benefits.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vFsLzzz2p6zI

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Suffragettes

• When the liberal ways didnt work they turned to
  terrorism and civil disobedience
• Arson, vandalism, planting bombs
• Hunger strikes in jail
• Forced feeding and the Cat and Mouse Act (1913)
  helped to do in the Liberal Party

30
Emily Davison (1913)
http//www.dailymotion.com/video/x5eubu_emily-davi
son-killed-at-1913-epsom_news
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Representation of the People Act (1918)

• Women largely got the vote as a result of their
  economic independence from war-time jobs (First
  World War)
• Further rights were achieved after further
  economic gains are made after Second World War
• Women over 30 got the right to vote.
• All men gained suffrage.
• Property qualifications were completely
  eliminated!
• Reform Act of 1928
• Women over 21 years of age gained the right to
  vote at last

32
Queen Victorias England (1837-1901)
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Britain 1850-1870s

• The most prosperous period in British history.
• Unprecedented economic growth.
• Heyday of free trade.
• New fields of expansion ? shipbuilding from wood
  to iron.
• By 1870, Britains carrying trade enjoyed a
  virtual monopoly.
• British engineers were building Railroads all
  over the world.
• Britains foreign holdings nearly doubled.
• BUT, Britains prosperity didnt do away with
  political discontent!

34
The Victorian Compromise

• Both Tories and Whigs had considered the 1832
  Reform Bill as the FINAL political reform.
• Therefore, the aims of the two political parties
  seemed indistinguishable.
• But, by the 1860s, the middle class and working
  class had grown ? they wanted the franchise
  expanded!
• This era saw the realignment of political parties
  in the House of Commons
• Tory Party ? Conservative Party
  under Benjamin Disraeli.
• Whig Party ? Liberal Party under
  William Gladstone.

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William E. Gladstone (Liberal Whig)
PM 4 times Queen Victoria was not a fan
36
Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative Tory)
Modern Conservative Rivalry with Gladstone Queen
loved him
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The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867

• In 1866, Gladstone introduced a moderate reform
  bill that was defeated by the Conservatives.
• A more radical reform bill was introduced by
  Disraeli in 1867, passed largely with some
  Liberal support.

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The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867

• Disraelis Goals
• Give the Conservative Party control over the
  reform process.
• Labor would be grateful and vote Conservative.
• Components of the Bill
• Extended the franchise by 938,427 ? an increase
  of 88.
• Vote given to male householders and male lodgers
  paying at least 10 for room.
• Eliminated rotten boroughs with fewer than 10,000
  inhabitants.
• Extra representation in Parliament to larger
  cities like Liverpool Manchester.
• This ended the Victorian Compromise.

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Gladstones 1st Ministry

• Goals Gladstonianism
• Decrease public spending.
• Reform laws that prevented people from acting
  freely to improve themselves.
• Hes against privilege supports a meritocracy.
• Protect democracy through education.
• Promote peace abroad to help reduce spending and
  taxation, and to help enhance trade.
• Low tariffs.
• All political questions are moral questions!

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Gladstones 1st Ministry

• Accomplishments
• 1868 Army reform ? peacetime flogging was
  illegal.
• 1869 Disestablishment Act ? Irish Catholics did
  not have to pay taxes to support the Anglican
  Church in Ireland.
• 1870 Education Act ? elementary education made
  available to Welsh English children between
  5-13 years.
• 1870 Irish Land Act ? curtailed absentee
  Protestant landowners from evicting their Irish
  Catholic tenants without compensation.
• 1871 University Test Act ? non-Anglicans could
  attend Br. universities.
• 1872 Ballot Act ? secret ballot for local and
  general elections.
• 1872 The settlement of the CSS Alabama claims
  from the American Civil War in Americas favor.
• 1873 Legislation was passed that restructured
  the High Courts.
• Civil service exams introduced for many
  government positions.

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Disraelis 2nd Ministry

• Accomplishments
• Domestic Policy
• 1875 Artisans Dwelling Act ? govt. would define
  minimum housing standards.
• 1875 Public Health Act ? govt. to create a
  modern sewer system in the big cities establish
  a sanitary code.
• 1875 Pure Food Drug Act.
• 1875 Climbing Boys Act ? licenses only given to
  adult chimney sweeps.
• 1875 Conspiracy Protection of Property Act ?
  allowed peaceful picketing.
• 1876 Education Act
• 1878 Employers Workmen Act ? allowed workers
  to sue employers in civil courts if the broke
  legal contracts.

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Gladstones 2nd Ministry

• Accomplishments
• Domestic Policy
• 1884 Reform Bill
• Extended the franchise to agricultural laborers.
• Gave the counties the same franchise as the
  boroughs.
• Added 6,000,000 to the total number who could
  vote in parliamentary elections.
• 1885 Redistribution of Seats Act ? changes M.P.
  seats in Commons to reflect new demographic
  changes.

43
Gladstones Last Ministries

• 3rd Ministry 1886
• First introduced an Irish Home Rule Bill.
• This issue split the Liberal Party.
• Gladstone lost his position in a few months.
• 4th Ministry 1892-1894
• 1893 Reintroduced a Home Rule Bill.
• Provided for an Irish Parliament.
• Did NOT offer Ireland independence!
• Passed by the Commons, but rejected in the House
  of Lords.

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Englands Economic Decline?(1870s-1914)

• Germany the U. S. became Englands chief
  economic rivals.
• Influx of cheap agricultural products from
  overseas caused a rapid decline in British
  farming.
• Germany U. S. overtake Britain in basic iron
  steel production.
• Englands share of world trade fell from 23 in
  1876 to 15 in 1913.
• British science technological education lagged
  behind Germany.
• England is slow to modernize her aging industrial
  infrastructure.
• England clings to free trade while everyone else
  is erecting tariff walls.

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Fabianism

• A British socialist intellectual movement founded
  in the mid-1880s.
• Purpose ? advance socialism by working through
  the political system, not through revolution.
• Laid the foundations for the British Labour
  Party.
• Famous Fabian Society members
• George Bernard Shaw.
• H. G. Wells.
• Sidney Beatrice Webb.
• Emmeline Pankhurst.
• Bertram Russell.
• John Maynard Keynes.

46
The British Labour Party

• Founded in 1900 by the Scotsman, Keir Hardie.
• The growth of labor unions gave voice to
  socialism in Britain.
• By 1906, it won 26 seats in Commons.
• Had to form a political coalition with the
  Liberal Party.
• By the 1920s, Labour would replace the Liberals
  as one of the two major British political
  parties.

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France
48
Third French Republic Declared!

• September, 1870 after Frances defeat at the
  Battle of Sedan during Franco Prussian War
• Napoleon III abdicated the throne.
• New government headed by Adolphe Thiers.
• This new government continued the fight against
  the Germans who laid siege to Paris.
• To defend Paris, a National Guard was raised
  numbering over 350,000.
• France surrendered in February, 1871 after 40,000
  Parisians died.

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The Third French Republic

• Thiers government was seen as
• Too conservative.
• Too royalist.
• Too ready to accept a humiliating peace with
  Prussia.
• Prussian troops marched into Paris in March,
  1871.
• The French government established itself at
  Versailles, NOT in Paris.
• Parisians were angered by this.
• They opposed the policies of this new government.
• It attempted to restore order in Paris.

50
Paris in Revolt!

• The Paris Commune Communards was elected on
  March 28 and established itself at the Hôtel de
  Ville.

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Civil War!
Communards
Troops from Versailles

• The Commune was suppressed by government troops
  led by Marshal Patrice MacMahon during the last
  week of May, 1871.
• Known as the Bloody Week.

52
First Communist Revolution?
It served as an inspiration to later
revolutionaries like Vladimir Lenin.

• 25,000 Communards killed.
• 35,000 were arrested.

53
Communard Casualties
54
Declaring the3rd French Republic
55
Attempted Communard Reforms

• Allowed trade unions workers cooperatives to
  take over factories not in use and start them up
  again.
• Set up unemployment exchanges in town halls.
• Provide basic elementary education for all ? they
  were strongly against church-controlled schools.
• Attempted to set up girls schools.
• Day nurseries near factories for working mothers.

Too little time to accomplish much!
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. The Dreyfus Affair

• In 1894 a list of French military documents
  called a bordereau were found in the waste
  basket of the German Embassy in Paris.
• French counter-intelligence suspected Captain
  Alfred Dreyfus, from a wealthy Alsatian Jewish
  family ? he was one of the few Jews on the
  General Staff.

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The Dreyfus Affair

• Dreyfus was tried, convicted of treason, and sent
  to Devils Island in French Guiana.
• The real culprit was a Major Esterhazy, whose
  handwriting was the same as that on the
  bordereau.
• The government tried him and found him not guilty
  in two days.

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The trial of Captain Dreyfus (1892)
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The Dreyfus Affair

• A famous author, Emile Zola, published an open
  letter called JAccuse!
• He accused the army of a mistrial and cover-up.
• The government prosecuted him for libel.
• Found him guilty ? sentenced to a year in prison.

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The Dreyfus Affair
Dreyfusards
Anti-Dreyfusards

• Public opinion was divided ? it reflected the
  divisions in French society.
• The Dreyfusards were anti-clericals,
  intellectuals, free masons, socialists.
• For Anti-Dreyfusards, the honor of the army was
  more important than Dreyfus guilt or innocence.
• Were army supporters, monarchists, Catholics.

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The Dreyfus Affair

• Dreyfus finally got a new trial in 1899.
• He was brought back from Devils Island
  white-haired and broken.
• Results
• Found guilty again, BUT with extenuating
  circumstances.
• Was given a presidential pardon.
• Exonerated completely in 1906.
• Served honorably in World War I.
• Died in 1935.

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The Zionist Movement

• Was motivated by the Dreyfus trial to write the
  book, Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in
  1896.
• Creates the First Zionist Congress in Basel,
  Switzerland.
• Father of Modern Zionism.

Theodore Herzl1860-1904
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German Empire (1871-1918)

• Prussia runs the show
• Kaiser in control but advised by the chancellor
• Bismarck first chancellor of the Second Reich

The Iron Chancellor - 1875
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German Empire

• Education (indoctrination), police, fiscal policy
  foreign policy is imperial

Wilhelm I (Kaiser 1871-88)
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kulturkampf - Bismarck and Pius IX

• Nothing above the state
• Pope reacting to modernism
• Win support of liberals
• Kulturkampf battle for modern civilization
• Catholic Center Party formed

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Socialists in Germany

• Bismarck sees them as the real threat
• Social Democratic Party growing
• Passed social legislation beginnings of first
  modern welfare state
• Hoped to keep workers loyal to the state first
• Passed social legislation to circumvent German
  Social Democratic Party
• Wanted proletariat loyal to the state rather than
  their party

67
Kaiser William II
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The future Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888) truly a
head case
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Kaiser Wilhelm II and Bismarck dropping the
pilot (1890)

• Wilhelms new course
• More social programs
• Aggressive militarism
• Naval colonial expansion

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Two Types of Socialists

• Revolutionary
• Marxists
• Ideologically pure
• Hated revisionists and trade unionists

• Revisionists
• Socialism through voting and unions
• Gradualist
• Fabian Society in U.K. (Labour Party)
• Revisionists on continent

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Socialism

• Revolutionary Socialism
• Marxist or scientific
• Overthrow the system
• In poorest regions
• Revisionist Socialism
• Democratic socialism
• Fabians in U.K. (leads to Labour Party)
• Supported labor unions
• Generally successful worst of Industrial
  Revolution over

72
Reading

• Newspapers and literature exploded mass
  publication leads to mass culture
• Cheap paper and beginnings of public education
  lead to explosion in literacy rates

73
Intellectual History

• Huge changes in science technology have social
  economic repercussions

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HMS Beagle
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The voyage of HMS Beagle 1831-36
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Darwins finches
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Charles Darwin

• Origin of the Species (1859) Descent of Man
  (1871)
• Nature is no longer harmonious orderly but is
  out to eat you or
• worse

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T. H. Huxley Darwins Bulldog

• Darwinism is the new
• Reformation.
• He is the guy who popularized
• many of the ideas we associate
• with Darwin

79
Textual Criticism of the Bible

• Tübingen School in Germany questioned the
  foundation of New Testament
• Compared texts of the books of New Testament to
  each other and within historical context

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Religious Fundamentalism

• Inerrancy of Scripture (reaction to Tübingen
  Darwin)
• Pope Pius IX
• Doctrine of Papal Infallibility
• Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception
• Vatican Council (1869-71) one of 3
  mega-important church councils

81
Social Darwinism

• Survival of the fittest applied to human
  civilization
• Herbert Spencer Ernst Haeckel
• Could be used to justify war, racism,
  nationalism, imperialism, etc.

82
Sigmund Freud his couch
83
Sigmund Freud

• Unconscious mind in charge of a lot of your
  behavior
• Rationalism further out the door as well as
  representative art
• See also Wilhelm Wundt Ivan Pavlov

84
William Roentgen
first x-ray