The Consolidation of Latin America

1
The Consolidation of Latin America

• AP World History II

2
Roots of Political Change

• Political change begins with the Creoles
• Held back by class differentiation
• Four external events that precipitate Latin
  American Independence
• American Revolution
• French Revolution
• Haitian Revolution
• Iberian Political Crisis

3
Haitian Revolution

• Haiti was a French sugar colony
• Slaves begin a revolution in 1791 under the
  leadership of Toussaint LOverture.
• 1804 The Independent Republic of Haiti is
  established.
• Haiti becomes a symbol of freedom and hope for
  Latin American Independence movements

4
Iberian Political Crisis

• France invaded Portugal and Spain as a part of
  the Napoleonic Wars.
• By 1810, confusion in Spain and Portugal provokes
  a crisis in the colonies.
• The crisis of legitimacy reverberates throughout
  the colonies.

5
Mexico

• Priest Father Miguel de Hidalgo calls for help
  from mestizos and American Indians for
  independence.
• Won early victories, but lost support of creoles
• Captured and executed
• Later, in 1820, Creoles were able to move towards
  independence.

6
Mexico

• Augustin de Iturbide, a creole officer at the
  head of the army, was proclaimed Emperor of
  Mexico in 1821.
• This is a conservative solutionno attempt to
  incorporate Hidalgos ideals
• Central America was attached to the Mexican
  empire, but it collapsed in 1824.
• Mexico becomes a republic, and central American
  states declare independence by 1838

7
South America

• Simon Bolivar emerges as a leader in Northern
  South America,
• 1817-1822 he won a series of victories in
  Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, otherwise known
  as Gran Colombia
• Bolivar dies in 1830 as a symbol of independence
  and republican government.

8
South America

• In Southern South America, Jose de San Martin
  organizes a movement in the Rio de la Plata

9
South America

• 1816 United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata
• San Martin becomes a crusader of Independence
  movements
• Argentina
• Chile
• Peru
• Newly independent nations of South America were
  born of the enlightenment and the ideas of 19th
  century liberalism, thus many were republics with
  representative governments

10
Brazil

• Napoleonic invasions were different for Portugal
  than in Spain.
• 1807 French troops enter Portugal and the royal
  family flees to Brazil.
• Rio de Janeiro was the capital of Portugal, and
  Brazil was raised to the same status as Portugal.
• With Spanish colonies, Napoleonic invasions
  caused a crisis. In the Portuguese colony of
  Brazil, the same invasions brought the colonial
  government into the colony!

11
Brazil

• Portugal was ruled from Brazil until 1820.
• Rio de Janeiro becomes a bustling city of
  European progress, especially with British
  commerce.
• Dom Joao was recalled in 1820, and he leaves his
  son Pedro in Brazil.
• Pedro declares Brazilian independence in 1822 and
  becomes Dom Pedro I, constitutional emperor of
  Brazil.

12
Latin American independence issues

• Representative government
• Careers open to talent
• Freedom of commerce and trade
• Right to private property
• Belief in individual as basis of society
• New nations should be sovereign
• New nations should be economically viable
• New nations should be united under a set of laws
• ChurchRoman Catholicism vs. Freedom of Religion

13
LA Independence Issues

• Early constitutions impose property or literacy
  restrictions on voting
• Creoles are caught in the middle!
• Sometimes they fight for independence, sometimes
  for royal forces
• Mestizo class distinction still exists

14
Political Fragmentation

• Mexico short-lived monarchy, then republic by
  1823, but unstable until 1860s
• Guatemala forms United Provinces of Central
  America, but collapses by 1839
• Dominican Republic occupies Haiti, but gains
  independence in 1844

15
Political Fragmentation

• South America
• Gran Colombia
• Ecuador
• Colombia
• Panama
• Venezuela
• Collapses by 1830, the year of Bolivars death
• Rio de la Plata
• Modern Argentina
• Chile remains independent
• Peru and Bolivia flirt with union from 1829-1839
  under Andres Santa Cruz

16
Caudillos

• Independent leaders who dominated local areas by
  force, and who sometimes lead the national
  government itself
• Becomes the arbiter of power in local regional
  differences
• Lead the local military, which puts Spain on the
  defense

17
Government

• Caudillos agree to create some form of republican
  government, but divisions therein are
• Centralists Strong centralized national
  government
• Federalists power to flow from regional
  governments

18
Government

• Liberals
• Rights of an individual
• Attacked corporate structure of society
• Secular society
• Decentralized, federalist government

• Conservatives
• Strong centralized state
• Maintain aspects of colonial society
• Structures groups (guilds, institutions) provide
  the most stability for society
• Want to keep strong Iberian Catholicism alive

The Political Spectrum!
19
1820-1870

• Monroe Doctrine (1823) any attempt by a European
  power to colonize in America would be considered
  an unfriendly act by the US.
• Britain engages in extensive trade with Latin
  America
• LA becomes heavily invested and dependent in
  foreign trade

20
1820-1870

• 1820-1850 was a stagnant time for Latin America
• Economic motives drive LA towards success
• Coffee in Brazil
• Beef and Hides in Argentine
• Minerals and Grains in Chile
• Guano in Peru
• 1840s-communications and industry increases in
  LA
• 1860s-railroads

21
1820-1870

• Positivism LA societies stressed observation and
  a scientific approach to solving problems
• Industrialism and Imperialism creates new demands
  for Latin American products.
• LA leaders want to expand their capitalist
  interests

22
MEXICO

• Mexican republic was established in 1824
• Federalist constitution that resembles the US,
  France
• General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna seizes power
  in 1835
• Caudillo
• Autocratic

23
Mexico-Texas

• Texans sought more autonomy as federalists within
  the Mexican Nation.
• Santa Anna attempts to suppress the Texans
• Santa Anna is captured
• The US, under ideals of Manifest Destiny, votes
  to annex Texas in 1845.

24
Mexico-Texas

• War breaks out between Mexico and the US
• Mexico is forced to sign the Treaty of
  Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848
• US acquires ½ of Mexicos national territory.
• Mexican-American war leaves bitter legacy of
  distrust.

25
Mexico

• Santa Anna could not return to power after the
  Mexican-American defeat
• Liberals begin La Reforma in 1854
• New constitution in 1857
• Benito Juarez (el presidente) pushes liberal
  reforms
• Civil War
• Conservatives turn to Napoleon III in France for
  assistance
• Maximilian von Habsburg takes the throne of
  Mexico
• Works to keep La Reforma in place, but is
  disliked by Juarez and liberals.

26
Mexico

• When French troops withdraw in 1867, Emperor
  Maximilian is captured and executed.
• Juarez sends the message hands off Mexico to
  Europe!

27
Argentina

• United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata split
  apart soon after its independence was achieved in
  1816.
• Liberals stress the concept of Centralism

28
Argentina

• Manuel de Rosas takes power by 1831 as a
  Federalist.
• Weak central government and local autonomy
• Benefits the Buenos Aires ranchers
• Despotic
• Driven from power in 1852

29
Argentina

• New constitution in 1853 incorporates Federalist
  ideals
• Centralists were appeased by guaranteeing
  national unity through the power of the
  presidency over provincial governors.
• 1862 Argentine Republic is declared
• 1862-1890 Able and intelligent Argentine
  Presidents
• 1868-1874 Domingo Sarmiento

30
Argentina

• Domingo Sarmiento (1811-1888)
• Supporter of US and Britain
• Liberal
• Believer in the value of education
• Helped by political stability of Buenos Aires
• Part of a greater sense of liberalism that will
  sweep through Argentina

31
Argentina

• Buenos Aires became a modern, sprawling metropolis

32
Brazil

• Avoided much of the political turmoil in the
  early 19th century
• Dom Pedro I abdicates in 1831 in favor of his
  younger son (to be Dom Pedro II)
• By 1840 Dom Pedro II is able to rule in his own
  name

33
Brazil

• Economic changes
• Coffee
• Fazendas (coffee estates) spread towards the
  interior
• 1880 coffee makes up more than 60 of Brazils
  exports
• Causes an intensification of slavery
• Slavery is not abolished until 1888
• After 1850, under rule of enlightened monarch Dom
  Pedro II, Brazil sees considerable growth and
  prosperity.

34
Brazil

• Brazil was the last nation in the western
  hemisphere to abolish slavery
• War against Paraguay in 1865-1870 was a stain on
  the monarchy
• 1889 bloodless coup deposes the emperor
• Military rule, influenced by positivist
  intellectuals and Republican politicians (which
  began in 1871)

35
1880-1920

• Expansion of Latin American Economy was led by
  exports
• Bananas and coffee from Central America
• Tobacco and sugar from Cuba
• Rubber and Coffee from Brazil
• Copper and silver from Mexico
• Wool, wheat, and beef from Argentina
• Copper from Chile
• Profitable, but dependent on the world market

36
1880-1920

• Export driven economy often caused revolts and
  wars throughout Latin America
• Exports rose amazingly high from 1870-1890
• As wealthy as an Argentine

37
Mexico 1880-1920

• Benito Juarezs liberalism set the tone for
  economic growth
• Porfirio Diaz was elected president in 1876.

38
Mexico 1880-1920

• Porfirio Diaz
• Suppressed regional rebellions
• Imposed a strong centralized government
• Industrialization
• Financial policies promote investment
• Growth occurred at the expense of the rural
  peasantry
• Strikes and labor unrest increased
• No real immigrant class
• By 1910, a middle class movement mushrooms into a
  10-year civil war

39
Argentina 18801920

• Buenos Aires becomes the Paris of South America
• Liberalism began by Sarmiento continued
• Technological change and immigration fueled
  continued success.
• By 1914, about 1/3 of Argentina were immigrants
• Fusion of cultures
• Tango fuses African and Spanish music

40
Brazil 1880-1920

• Economic changes and advancements also have their
  social cost
• Socialist party formed in 1890
• 1918 Strikes lead to violent repression
• 1912 Moderates push for electoral reform
• 1916 Radical party calls for more liberal
  policies.

41
The US and LA

• 1898 US War with Spain
• Centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico
• Jose Marti fights in exile for Cuban independence
• Spanish-American war serves to introduce American
  domination of Latin America
• US occupies CUBA until 1902 and Puerto Rico
• US get rights to Panama Canal
• Colombia was reluctant
• The US backed a Panamanian independence movement
• Panama Canal opens in 1908 under the guise of
  Theodore Roosevelt.