REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

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REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS POLITICS of COOPERATION

• Latin America

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EARLY MOVEMENT FOR A SPANISH AMERICAN ASSOCIATION

• Breakup of four vice-royalties of Spanish
  American empire into eighteen separate states
• Desire of the eighteen for self identity tempered
  by security concerns
• Four congresses held between 1826 and 1865

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Early Spanish American Congresses and Conferences

• Congress of Panama (June/July 1826)
• Treat from Holy Roman Empire
• First Lima Congress of Lima (December 1847-March
  1848)
• Preoccupation with U.S. war against Mexico
• Continental Congress (Chile 1856)
• Concern with U.S. adventures in Central America
• Second Lima Conference (November 1864-March 1865)
• Concern over French intervention in Mexico

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CONTEMPORARY INTEGRATION MOVEMENTS

• Followed in the aftermath of World War II
• Economic efforts predominated
• Desire to reduce the impact market fluctuations
  associated with free trade
• United Nations ECLA central institution pushing
  Latin American Free Trade Association
• Successes of European integration reinforced
  desire for regional economic integration

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CONTEMPORARY INTEGRATION MOVEMENTS Problems

• Wide disparities in
• Size
• Levels of development
• Rate of growth of different economies
• Level of development
• Rates of economic growth
• Disparities exacerbated by national rivalries and
  competing ideologies
• Sub-regional associations predominated in
  practice

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INTEGRATION IN THE CIRCUM-CARIBBEAN

• Organization of Central American States (ODECA)
• Founded in 1951
• Rendered moribund by intra-regional Central
  American conflicts after 1979
• Central American Common Market (fate similar to
  ODECA)
• 1991 Central American Integration System
• Revived integration efforts in wake of regional
  peace process

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CARIBBEAN INTEGRATION

• Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) 1968
• Goal free trade to eliminate tariffs and
  quotas on each others goods
• 15 Full members 5 Associate members

• Map of CARICOM with full members states
  highlighted in green, associate members in lime
  green, and observers in pistachio

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ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES

• Seven small Commonwealth Caribbean Island States
• U.S. invasion of Grenada (1983) deeply divided
  member states
• Divisions have faded

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LATIN AMERICAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION ALALC
(LAFTA)

• Treaty of Montevideo (1960)
• Market area included most of South America plus
  Mexico
• Goal free trade area in which members
  eliminated tariffs of substantially all of their
  trade
• Conflict between the big three and everybody
  else
• Ceased to function by 1968

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TRANSREGIONAL INTEGRATION Andean Group (ANCOM)

• Cartegena Agreement signed in May 1969
• Characteristics/goals
• Eliminate all trade barriers
• Supreme Organ Mixed Commission of ambassadorial
  representatives
• Decision 24 statue attempting to control
  foreign investment

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TRANSREGIONAL INTEGRATION Andean Group (ANCOM)

• Ups and downs
• 1976 Chile withdrew
• 1981 fighting on border between Ecuador and
  Peru
• Revival in 1990s

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TLATELOCO TREATY (Treaty for the prohibition of
nuclear weapons in Latin America)

• Mexican initiative signed in 1967
• Provisions (signatories pledge not to)
• Develop, test or import nuclear weapons
• Establish safeguards in conjunction with
  International Atomic Energy Agency

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TLATELOCO TREATY (Treaty for the prohibition of
nuclear weapons in Latin America)

• Protocol 1
• Countries with territories in L.A will not
  introduce nuclear weapons therein
• Ratified by all relevant parties except USA,
  France
• Protocol 2
• pledges countries already possessing nuclear
  weapons not to use them or threaten to use them
  against signatories to the treaty

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Resistance to Participation in Tlateloco by Latin
American States

• Brazil and Chile ratified with reservation that
  it does not take force until all relevant parties
  have ratified
• Argentina signed but not ratified
• Cuba totally outside of Tlateloco

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GAP IN TLATELOCO REGIME

• Does not unambiguously forbid peaceful nuclear
  explosions (PNE)
• If a state has PNE there are procedures for
  monitoring

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Brazilian Ambiguity Toward Nuclear Technology

• Historic Brazilian rivalry with Argentina
  included a nuclear dimension in the 1970s
• Abandoned with the emergence of democratic
  governments in both countries
• 2003 - Minister of Mines of the LULA government
  publicly affirms the right of Brazil to retain
  nuclear technology of all types

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Continental ECONOMIC INTEGRATION MERCOSUR

• Created in 1991
• Rooted in Brazil-Argentina Program for
  Integration and Cooperation (1986)
• Return of democracy to both countries
• Increase capability to compete with NAFTA
• Uruguay and Paraguay added

• Headquarters in the city of Montevideo Uruguay

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MERCOSUR/MERCOSUL

• Success during the 1990s but ended up favoring
  Brazil
• Treaded water during Argentine economic crisis of
  2001/02
• Importance increased after 2008

• MERCOSUR (member states
• Map doesn't highlight Venezuela (full member
  pending on Paraguay's ratification).

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UNASUR Union of South American NationsUnión de
Naciones Suramericanas
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UNASUR THE SOUTH AMERICAN UNION OF NATIONS TREATY

• Based on a shared history
• Inspired by the Cusco, Brasilia, and Cochabamba
  Declarations
• Affirm determination to build identity
• Convinced unity will solve shared problems of the
  region
• Certain integration will strengthen the rule of
  law
• Confirming unlimited respect and indivisible
  human rights

Chavez signing the UNASUR Treaty
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Objectives of UNASURBuild integration and union
in order to strengthen democracy

• Strengthen Political Dialogue
• Eradicate poverty and overcome inequality
• Universal literacy and access to education
• Sustainable energy integration
• Development of infrastructure
• Financial Integration
• Protection of Biodiversity
• Consolidation of South American identity
• Social Security and health services

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Economic Social Dimensions

• Economic Power
• Combination of countries GDPs would reach more
  than 2.3 trillion 7th in the world.
• Immigration policy and free movement of peoples
  (wave visa requirements)
• Greater recognition of indigenous peoples
• Multinational infrastructure projects.

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Institutions

• The Bodies of UNASUR are1. The Council of
  Heads of State and Government2. The Council of
  Ministers of Foreign Affairs3. The Council of
  Delegates4. The General Secretariat

UNASUR meeting -----------------------------------
----------------------------- Chavez hands Obama
"The Open Veins of Latin America at an OAS
meeting
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Basically.

• RATIFYING that fully functioning democratic
  institutions and the unrestricted respect for
  human rights are essential conditions for
  building a common future of peace, economic and
  social prosperity and for the development of
  integration processes among the Member States
  The South American Union of Nations Treaty

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UNASUR goals for the Future

• Use culture as an expression to unify the
  regions peoples.
• Establish a common identity.
• Overcome ideological obstacles.
• Employment of knowledge, science, and technology.

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Keys for UNASURs Potential Influence

• Success depends upon the shared interests of its
  members.
• Some nations have a greater stake in UNASUR than
  others.
• Venezuela
• Brazil
• Colombia

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Freedom of the Press??

• Organizational Commitment defend the rights of
  democratically elected governments against media
  abuses
• Nevertheless, concerns about suppression of the
  press

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Issue of US bases in Colombia

• Colombian special forces raid guerrilla base in
  Ecuador (2009)
• Strains relations with Ecuador and Venezuela
• U.S. with its bases in Colombia viewed as
  instigator
• Chavez uses UNASUR as a platform to attack the
  bases and US presence in South America
• Touts creation of peace bases in Venezuela
• counter to US military bases in Colombia
• facilitate peaceful talk between Colombians and
  Venezuelans
• Santos less hostile to Venezuela than his
  predecessor

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UNASUR National Interests

• Colombia fears being isolated from other South
  American states
• Venezuela - using the UNASUR to counterbalance
  the US in South America
• Brazil views UNASUR as forum to increase its
  influence in South America
• Argentina check on Brazil
• Bolivia UNASUR helps to guarantee its
  territorial integrity