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The Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920

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Title: The Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920


1
The Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920
  • C25
  • EQ What forces drive Latin American independence
    movements in the early 1800s? How does Latin
    America evolve (or not evolve) once independent?

2
Themes
  • 1. Independence movements were shaped by the
    European Enlightenment (parallel to revolution
    movements in Europe)
  • 2. Colonial governments did not include
    participatory government (parallel to the
    American Revolution)
  • 3. Class and regional interests divided different
    parts of Latin America (remember the social
    structure?)
  • The Creole elites began to question the need to
    remain subjects of the Spanish crownpeople
    resented the new strict policies imposed by Spain
    (C19)early revolutions failed due to power of
    military or power of the social groups beneath
    them
  • 4. Independent Latin American nations will
    largely escape direct imperial control during the
    19C (political, social, religious, etc.), BUT
    will not escape from indirect imperial control
    over its economic development

3
Four Sparks for Revolution
  • 1. The American Revolution model for rebellion
    against the mother nation
  • 2. The French Revolution provided base ideology
    though the radical end was rejected by LA
    revolutionaries
  • 3. Haitian Slave Revolt (and Independence
    movement) led by Toussaint LOverture in 1791,
    led to Haiti becoming only the second new world
    free country in 1804became an example to avoid
    amongst elites in rest of Latin America
  • 4. Turmoil in Spain and Portugal the Napoleonic
    invasions of both countries disrupted political
    control over the coloniesCreoles declared
    loyalty to the crown yet managed to gain power of
    rule over the colonies

4
Mexico, 1810-1821
  • Father Miguel Hidalgo, a mestizo priest, knew the
    Creoles were plottinghe rallied ALL Mexicans
    with his speech, the El Grito De Delores on Sept.
    16, 1810 (Mexican Independence Day)he won
    support of the masses but lost the support of the
    Creoles, who naturally feared a rising by the
    peasantryeventually he was captured and killed
    and his cause was taken up by a Father Jose
    Morelos
  • Rebellion festered in Mexico for a decade until
    1820 when Creoles under the direction of Augustin
    de Iturbide raised his armies and took control of
    Mexico City
  • Iturbide was declared emperor, and the
    conservative Creoles set forth to establish a
    monarchy, which eventually fell apart by 1824

5
South America Bolivar and San Martin
  • In the viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia and
    Venezuela) rose the wealthy Creole officer Simon
    Bolivar, the George Washington of Latin
    Americahe was trained in the military arts in
    Spain and used his skills to mobilize support for
    a movementbetween 1817 1822, he won battle
    after battle in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador
    and united them as one nation, Gran
    Colombiawhich fell apart in 1830
  • Jose San Martin was from Buenos Ariesalso
    trained in the military arts in Spain, he led the
    portenos (merchant traders of BA) in a push for
    autonomy from Spanish trade restrictionsafter
    freeing the Viceroyalty of La Plata (many parts
    of which split into different nations) he crossed
    the Andes and led independence movements against
    the Spanish in Chile and Peru
  • By 1825, all of SPANISH South America was
    independent

6
Brazilian Independence
  • Portugal was not going to let Brazil go
    easilyBrazil was Portugals number 1 economic
    production center
  • Same story as in Spanish LAthe elite want
    freedom but fear what the minorities and crown
    would do to them
  • In 1807, the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal
    forced the crown to move to Brazil where they
    established an empirethis helped raised Brazil
    to equal status with Portugal and gave the elite
    what they wanted, greater freedom for trade
  • King Joao (John) VI ruled in Brazil until 1820
    when he returned to Portugal and took the crown
    with himbut he left his son Pedro to rule
    BrazilDom Pedro I rebelled against his father
    and declared Brazil a free empire in 1822after a
    3 year struggle, Brazil remained a monarchy, free
    from Portugal and the social structure remained
    status quo

7
New Nations, same Old Problems
  • Religious freedom was expanded by liberals,
    angering some Conservatives who wished
    Catholicism to remain state religion in most
    nations
  • By 1854, slavery was abolished in every free
    nation, yet remained in Spanish Caribbeanmita
    and tribute taxes on local populations only
    slowly began to vanishearly national
    Constitutions also did little to guarantee rights
    to many
  • Though mestizos rose to some power positions
    during independence movements, most remained
    largely outside politics in newly freed Latin
    American nations
  • Most new areas were lumped together in loosely
    held confederations that still were largely and
    wholly different (United Central Provinces of
    Central America 1823-1839, Gran Colombia
    1819-1830)regional rivalries amongst Creoles and
    differences in geography would cause further
    division and emergence of states in Latin America

8
The Beginnings of Military Rule
  • Latin America came to be dominated by caudillos,
    military rulers who controlled local areasthese
    caudillos would be called in as arbiters any time
    civil politicians were divided, usually usurping
    power for themselves
  • In short, caudillos were dictators who held
    little regard for rule of law or democratic
    rulesome were sympathetic to minority causes
    (Rafael Carrera in Guatemala)
  • Another major political issue that led to the
    rise of caudillos was what type of republican
    government to establish in a newly formed nation
  • Centralists (strong central govt.) vs.
    federalists (regional states connected to a
    central govt.)
  • Liberals (freedom/equality for all men, using US
    and France as models) vs. conservatives
    (continued status quo, state Catholic church)

9
Latin America and the World Market
  • Great Britain led the charge to establish
    economic relations with Latin American nations by
    1) rebuking attempts by Spain to re-colonize
    freed nations 2) using dominant sea power to
    protect trade to Latin America
  • The US also felt the need to exert some measure
    of influence, citing the Monroe Doctrine of 1823,
    a declaration that no further colonization by
    Europeans in LA would be allowedwas actually
    hard to maintain by the virgin US
  • Britain literally replaced Spain as Latin
    Americas trading dictatorBritain regulated
    all trade with LA nationsBritain became the sole
    consumer of LA goods in the mid-19th century
    though some minor interaction occurred between
    LA, France and the USall this did was 1) cause
    Latin America to become dependant on foreign
    markets and 2) feed economic power to the landed
    aristocracy (Creoles)

10
Stagnation and Resurgence
  • From 1820-1850 the Latin American economy was
    generally stagnant and suffering from a
    destroyed/undeveloped infrastructure
  • By 1850, European demand for cash crops/goods
    changed this pattern
  • Some LA countries found niches (guano in Peru)
  • A major impact on this stagnation was the
    attempts by liberal reformers to break old
    colonial ties/idealsmost Latin American nations
    were not ready to break away form the status quo
    of large land holdings, control of the Catholic
    church, and military control (many felt the
    caudillos provided better system)
  • Eventually conservatives (landowners) regained
    power, amazingly with the help of the peasantry
  • During the latter 19th century, liberals made a
    comebackbased on the Positivist ideas of French
    philosophizer Auguste Comteaddress societal
    issues
  • Liberals were able to join forces with
    landowners, merchants and investors to tie LA
    into the industrial movementHOWEVER, their
    distrust of their peasant populace impeded
    efforts (ancient barbarism)the peasantry was
    taxed monetarily AND via peonage labor (neo
    feudalism) and lost land and civil rights in the
    process

11
Mexico Instability and Foreign Intervention
  • Mexicos brief monarchy had failedthe federal
    constitution did not address the major problems
    of 1) unequal land distribution 2) status of
    natives 3) education issues and 4) poverty among
    the majority of the population
  • By 1835, a military caudillo, Antonio Lopez de
    Santa Ana came to powerhe welcomed some foreign
    interventionhe lost Texas and the Mexican
    Cession to the US (1848)

12
Mexico Instability and Foreign Intervention
  • Santa Anas shortcoming led to the rise of
    liberal Indian lawyer Benito Juarez in 1854his
    La Reforma movement sought to eliminate church
    and military control in the state to promote
    economic growth
  • In 1857 the liberals came to power and wrote a
    new constitutionthe government hoped to sell
    lands to individuals, mainly Nativesbut large
    landowners bought up even more land, and poor
    peasants and Natives ended up with less land than
    they already had
  • As a result, civil war erupted and the
    conservatives and caudillos turned to Europe for
    assistancethe French Empire of Napoleon the III
    was glad to assistattracted by dreams of a
    colonial empire, economic wealth and help to
    Catholics, he sent troops to Mexico in 1862 AND
    sent a new ruler (BTW, the US was in the Civil
    War so we couldnt stop this)
  • Maximilian von Hapsburg was sent to become the
    Emperor of Mexicohe actually attempted to get
    the support of Juarez and the liberals to no
    availeventually the French withdrew by 1867
    leaving Maximilian to be captured and executed by
    Juarez

13
Argentina
  • Quick summary
  • There was an economic division between the port
    city of Buenos Aries and the pampas farming
    regionsliberals and federals clash once again
  • The federals gained power under Juan Manuel de
    Rosas, establishing weak central government that
    favored regional autonomy PLUS those merchants
    and ranchers in the immediate Buenos Aries
    provinceNatives in rural areas were shut
    outRosas was a despotDeath to the savage,
    filthy Unitarians
  • Eventually liberals and other caudillos managed
    to overthrow Rosas in 1852, but it would not be
    until 1862 the political stability and reforms
    (and a little help from foreign investment and
    European immigration) bring change to Argentina

14
Brazilian Empire
  • Quick summary
  • So Pedro I now has control of the former
    Portuguese Brazilian Empireeventually he is
    forced out in 1831 and his young son Pedro II
    takes over in 1840 after rule by a regencya
    republican experiment
  • HOWEVER, once again, liberals and conservatives
    argued over governmentto be a monarchy or
    notshould government be central or local
  • New coffee plantations brought economic
    wealthslave trade to Brazil continued until 1850
    and slavery was not abolished until 1888wealth
    brought more foreign investment and improved
    infrastructure to Brazil
  • The monarchy slowly declined all the way until
    1889 when a newly formed Republican party staged
    a coupHOWEVER, the new government was unable to
    address social and political issues caused by
    rapid modernization
  • Canudos community of fanatics in Brazils NE back
    country

15
The Great Boom 1880-1920
  • Europes increasing industrial demands for raw
    materials fueled growth in LA economiesgrowth
    was mainly controlled by urban merchants and the
    landownerseach group fostered political
    alliances, all at the expense of the peasant
    class
  • Foreign investments were always risky, but
    European nations and the US made themHOWEVER,
    the investment in manufacturing and
    infrastructure was allowed to remain under
    foreign control and rarely benefited the LA
    nation
  • In Mexico, Porfirio Diaz rose to power on a
    promise to restrict foreign control of Mexican
    interests (nationalization), HOWEVER, Diaz still
    permitted foreign intervention as long as it
    benefited himselfthe peasant class of Mexico
    eventually rose to rebellion in 1910
  • In Argentina, the large influx of foreign born
    persons brought foreign ideas into the
    countrysocialism emerged with the immigrant
    working classpolitical turmoil ensuedeventually
    the landed aristocracy emerged through caudillo
    control to stabilize Argentinas political system

16
The US Enters Latin America
  • After the Civil War, the US slowly began to seek
    imperial interests around the world, and what
    better place to do so than Latin America
  • The Spanish American War was the beginning of a
    series of interventions in Latin America, with
    Cuba becoming dependant on the US and Puerto Rico
    becoming a commonwealth territoryTeddy Roosevelt
    added his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
  • We took over the Panama Canal project after
    backing a revolution against Colombia in 1903
  • US interventions continued into the early
    1900sCentral America became known as the Banana
    Republic, controlled by US fruit
    companiesrebellions in Haiti and the Mexican
    Revolution forced US military action
  • Latin American began to become increasingly
    suspicious of American motives

17
This Week (still broken)
  • Monday Change Analysis (together)
  • Tuesday Document/Conflict Analysis
  • Wednesday/Thursday Test, c23/24/25 (30 MC, BOTH
    essays)
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