In general terms, psychology is about understanding all the things that we do.

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In general terms, psychology is about
understanding all the things that we do.
Although psychology began in Europe, many
research labs began to appear in North American
colleges and universities. Wilhelm Wundt is
considered the father of modern psychology.
Many of the early American psychologists were
his graduate students.
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Wundt is known as a voluntarist because he was
interested in volitional behavior. He founded
what is considered to be the first psychology
laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. He used
the technique known as introspection to probe the
perceptual processes of his experimental subjects.
Mary Whiton Calkins founded an early psychology
laboratory at Wellesley College and was the first
woman president of the APA. Margaret Floy
Washburn was the first woman to earned a Ph. D in
psychology and authored an influential book, The
Animal Mind. Leta Stetter Hollingworth did
pioneering work on adolescent development and
the fallacy of womens inferiority.
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G. Stanley Hall was the first president of APA
his most significant contribution may have been
to expose scholars in the US to Freuds
psychoanalytic theory. Freud is world-famous for
his theory. His work helped to shape the field
of clinical psychology. Carl Jung was an
adherent of Freud who eventually broke with him
he is most widely remembered for his theory of
the collective unconscious.
B.F. Skinner is arguably the most influential
psychologist to date. His work on operant
conditioning revolutionized the behavioral
movement. He extended his theoretical work to
humans and most notably argued against the notion
that we have free will.
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Psychology does not provide us with a unitary
understanding of the mind - there are numerous
viewpoints that compete and complement one
another. These perspectives have all grown from
the work of early psychologists. Behaviorists
believed that only observable events can be
studied scientifically, and studied the effects
of environment on the overt behavior of humans
and animals.
Psychoanalysts study the unconscious determinants
of behavior - they believe that unconscious
motives and experiences in early childhood govern
personality and mental disorders.
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Humanists believe that humans are free, rational
beings with the potential for personal growth -
fundamentally different from animals. Humanists
study the unique aspects of human experience.
The cognitive perspective involves the study of
thoughts and mental processes. Cognitive
theorists believe that human behavior cannot be
fully understood without examining how people
acquire, process, and store information.
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Advocates of the biological perspective believe
that an organisms functioning can be explained
in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical
process that underlie behavior. They study the
physiological bases of behavior in humans and
animals.
Evolutionary theorists study the evolutionary
bases of behavior in humans and animals. They
believe that behavior patterns have evolved to
solve adaptive problems, and that natural
selection favors behaviors that enhance
reproductive success.
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Psychoanalysis developed before behaviorism and
behaviorism developed before cognitive
psychology This evidence provided on this graph
suggests that behaviorism gave way in terms of
quantity of published research several decades
ago. The graph may not be so helpful when
determining psychoanalysis impact on the field
because psychoanalysts are less likely to be
scientists.
Many individuals have made contributions to the
history of psychology. Psychology grew out of a
number of related disciplines like philosophy,
medicine, physics, physiology, etc. The work of
the individuals on this overview helped to
consolidate psychology into its own field. Many
of these names are very familiar to those who
work in this field.
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APA membership has grown substantially since the
end of World War II, a testament to its
popularity.
The most common setting for psychologists is in
private practice. These are obviously clinical or
counseling psychologists. Hospitals and clinics
are also a common setting for these
psychologists. The academic setting is also a
common locale for psychologists.
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Clinical psychologists are concerned with the
evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of
individuals with psychological disorders, as well
as treatment of less server behavioral and
emotional problems. Counseling psychologists
provide assistance to people struggling with
everyday problems of moderate severity. Education
al psychologists work to improve curriculum
design, achievement testing, teacher training,
and other aspects of the educational
process. Industrial and organizational
psychologists perform a wide variety of tasks in
the world of business and industry.
This graphic shows how many clinical
psychologists are employed in the industrialized
world. This mirrors the strong demand that is
seen for slots in graduate programs in clinical
psychology. Clinical psychology programs,
excepting veterinary school, is the most
difficult graduate program to gain admittance to.
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• These are the themes that relate to psychology as
  a field of study.
• Empiricism is the premise that knowledge should
  be acquired through observation.
• A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used
  to explain a set of observations. The
  conclusions in psychology are based on direct
  observation.
• Trends, issues, and values in society influence
  psychologys evolution - putting psychology in
  both a social and historical context.

• These themes relate to psychologys subject
  matter.
• Psychology shows that there are multiple causes
  of behaviors.
• Culture - widely shared customs, beliefs, values,
  norms, and other products of a community - is
  also a determinant of human behavior.
• Heredity and environment - or nature and nurture
  - are both important and have complex connections
  to human behavior.
• Motives and expectations color our experience,
  which can make perception a subjective
  experience.

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Time management is crucial to success in
college. Many students today work while they
attend college. This can be detrimental since
many study hours are lost to jobs which pay very
little.
This graphic shows the strong positive
correlation between classroom attendance and
grade performance. Though most instructors do
not take attendance, this detail is crucial to a
students success. This student must manage this
on their own quite often.
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