Chapter 3 The Age of Exploration and Isolation, 1400-1800

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Chapter 3The Age of Exploration and Isolation,
1400-1800

• Seeking spices and converts, European nations
  lead successful voyages of exploration to the
  East. China and Japan both limit foreign contact
  after a brief period of acceptance

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Section 1 EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST

• Upon completion, students should be able to
• Explain the reasons why the Europeans began to
  explore the east.
• Describe the advantages that Portugal had in sea
  exploration.
• Summarize the growth of European exploration in
  the 16-1700s.

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Europeans Explore the East

• The desire for profit and the hope of spreading
  Christianity motivate European exploration, and
  new technology makes it possible. The Portuguese
  dominate exploration until other Europeans,
  especially the Dutch, establish their own trading
  empires.

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What motivated more Europeans to get involved in
trading with the East?
Monopoly!!!

• Italians controlled the trade and charged them
  high prices for the trade goods.
• God, glory, and gold
• the hope to convert Muslims
• to bring fame and prestige to themselves and
  their countries
• enrich themselves

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Seeking Wealth

• During the crusades (1096 1270)
• Europeans were introduced to what
• they deemed, as exotic spices to make
• their bland foods taste better (Cinnamon, Nutmeg,
  and Pepper).

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Seeking Wealth

• After the Crusades ended, there was a huge demand
  for the spices
• However, Italians and Muslims controlled trade,
  so they could charge insane prices on these
  goods.
• This upset other European countries and fueled
  the quest for exploration.

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Spread of Christianity

• European nation believed it was their duty to
  spread Christianity, even after the Crusades
  against the Muslims.
• Now, they wanted to convert everyone in the
  WORLD!!!

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Technology

• New vessel the caravel
• Triangular sails to sail against the wind in a
  zig-zag pattern catching and redirecting wind.
• Astrolabe Brass circle with calculated rings
  measured off in degrees.
• Magnetic Compass

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Portugal and Exploration

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• founds a navigation school on the southwestern
  corner of Portugal
• mapmakers
• instrument makers
• shipbuilders
• scientists
• sea captains

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Prince henry the navigator
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Portugal and Exploration Portugals Trading
Empire goes for Asia

• Portuguese believed they would have to round the
  tip of Africa to reach Asia. Duh! But remember
  they were discovering!
• In 1488, Bartolomeu Diaz sailed further down the
  coast of Africa to the tip
• A storm hit and everything went topsy-turvy.
• By luck, the storm blew him over to the east side
  of Africa

Diazs Journey ended here (
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Portugal Doesnt give up!

• In 1498 Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut
  on the southwestern coast of India.

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Portugal vs Spain

• 1492 Columbus reaches the Caribbean
• Tension grows between Portugal and Spain
• 1493 Pope Alexander VI steps in and sets the
  Papal Line of Demarcation
• 1494 Portugal and Spain negotiate and sign the
  Treaty of Tordesillas

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The Dutch Take-over the East Indies

• 1600 Dutch own 20,000 ships
• 1619 Dutch seize the port of Malacca and the
  Spice Islands
• Amsterdam becomes a leading commercial and
  financial center
• Influence of Europeans in Asia doesnt extend
  outside of the port cities

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Section 2 China limits european contacts

• Upon completion, students should be able to
• Summarize the rise of the Ming Dynasty.
• Explain the outcome of the early Chinese sea
  voyages.
• Describe living conditions under the Ming and
  Qing Dynasties.

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China Rejects European Advances

• Advances under the Ming and Qing dynasties left
  China self-contained and uninterested in European
  contact
• The first Ming emperor, Hongwu encouraged a
  return to Confucian moral standards
• Ming rulers would not allow outsiders to threaten
  the peace and prosperity they had brought to
  China following the end of Mongol rule

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Era of the Ming
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The Ming Dynasty

• The Voyages of Zheng He
• 1405 - Sponsored by Hongwus son Yonglo
• Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and eastern Africa
• to impress the world with the power and splendor
  of Ming China and to expand Chinas tribute
  system
• ships up to 440 ft. long with fleets crews
  numbering over 27,000
• Chinese scholars-officials see the voyages as
  wasteful
• Seventh and last voyage ended in 1433

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The Ming Dynasty

• China Isolates Itself
• Only the government to conduct trade
• Chinese merchants smuggled cargoes of silk,
  pottery, and other valuable goods
• Confucian beliefs and agriculturally favorable
  taxes keep China from becoming highly
  industrialized.

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The Qing Dynasty

• after 200 years of rule ineffective rulers,
  corrupt officials, bad harvests, economic issues,
  and rebellion cause the fall of the Ming Dynasty
• the Manchu people from the northeast end of the
  Great Wall invaded
• they took the name Qing for their dynasty that
  lasted for more than 260 years

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The Qing Dynasty

• bring Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and
  Tibet into China
• forced Chinese men to wear their hair in a
  pigtail as a sign of submission to their rule
• uphold Confucian beliefs and social structures
• made the frontiers safe and restored Chinas
  prosperity

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The Qing Dynasty

• Kanxi, 1661-1721
• reduced government expenses
• offers intellectuals government positions
• keeps a relationship with Jesuits who keep him up
  to date with developments in Europe
• Kanxis grandson Qian-long rules China to its
  greatest size and prosperity
• continue policy of isolation and Chinese rules
  for trade

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The Qing Dynasty

• King George III asks for a better trade
  arrangement
• representative Lord George McCartney refuses to
  kowtow the emperor
• Qian-long denies Britains request
• Why was the kowtow ritual important to the
  Chinese emperor?

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The Qing Dynasty

• Korea
• follows Chinas lead paying tribute, adopting a
  Confucian government, and staying isolated
• Chinas little brother
• Manchu invasion and 1590 Japanese invasion evoke
  feelings of nationalism
• Korean themes evident in art

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The Qing Dynasty

• Daily Life
• farmers
• favor sons over daughters
• women
• educated children and handled family finances
• 1/2 to 2/3 suffered through foot-binding
• drama is popular as literacy rates are low

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Section 3 Japan Returns to Isolation

• Upon completion, students should be able to
• 1. Trace the events that allowed Japan to become
  united under Tokugawa Ieyasu.
• 2. Describe feudal life in Japan.
• 3. Summarize the early contacts between Japan and
  the Europeans.
• 4. Discuss the reasons why Japan became an
  isolated country in the 17th century.

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Japan Limits Western Contacts

• After a period of severe disorder, the Tokugawa
  Shogunate unifies Japan. In the two centuries of
  peace and prosperity that follow, the Japanese
  close their country to foreign ideas by banning
  Christianity and severely restricting foreign
  trade

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Japanese shoguns
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Tokugawa Shogunate

• Tokugawa Ieyasu
• unites Japan, 1600
• moves capital to Edo, modern-day Tokyo
• daimyo govern at the local level
• rule of law overcomes rule of the sword
• increased food productions
• increased population
• merchant class and rich prosper
• poor still struggle
• women work in traditional roles
• towns people read urban fiction and haiku
• Tokugawa Shogunate rules until 1867

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Contact Between Europe and Japan

• Portuguese come to trade
• daimyo are welcoming
• intrigued by trade goods, especially firearms and
  cannons
• new fortified castles turn into towns and cities
  with the attraction of artisans and merchants

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Contact Between Europe and Japan

• Christianity in Japan
• Jesuits, Franciscans, and Dominicans convert
  Japanese
• 300,000 converts by 1600
• Ieyasu finds Christianity troubling so he bans it
  in 1612
• Persecution of Christians continues
• All Japanese are forced to demonstrate a
  faithfulness to some branch of Buddhism
• 1639 Tokugawa Shogunate institute a closed
  country policy that lasts for more than 200
  years
• START OF JAPANESE ISOLATIONISM