An Age of Explorations and Isolation 1400-1800

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An Age of Explorations and Isolation1400-1800

• Chapter 19

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Background

• By 1400, Europeans were ready to venture beyond
  their borders
• Renaissance encouraged a new
• spirit of adventure and curiosity
• Printing press spread ideas and
• new maps and charts

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I. Causes of European Exploration

• 1- New Trade Routes
• People want wealth achieve that through trade
• Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, pepper)
• Introduced during Crusades people still demanded
  goods once wars ended
• Demand greater than supply high prices

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Causes of European Exploration (contd)

• Trade routes controlled by Italians and Muslims
• Muslims sold Asian goods to Italians
• Italian merchants resold items at increased
  prices to merchants throughout Europe
• Other traders did NOT like this and wanted new
  routes that bypassed Italian merchants

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Causes of European Exploration (contd)

• 2- Spread Christianity
• Crusades left hostility between Christians and
  Muslims
• Europeans believed they
• had a sacred duty to
• continue fighting Muslims
• and to convert non-Christians

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Causes of European Exploration (contd)

• Bartolomeu Dias early Portuguese explorer
• For God, Glory, and Gold

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Causes of European Exploration (contd)

• 3- New Exploration Technologies
• Caravel stronger, sturdier ship with triangular
  sails (adopted from Arabs) made it possible to
  sail against the wind
• Astrolabe brass circle w/ carefully
• adjusted rings marked off in
• degrees used to calculate latitude
• (perfected by Muslims)
• Compass magnetically tracked
• direction (Chinese invention)

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II. Portugal leads the way

• Portugal was 1st to establish trading outposts
  along the west coast of Africa
• Prince Henry son of Portugals king
• Nations most enthusiastic supporter of
  exploration
• Conquered Muslim city in North Africa where he
  discovered exotic wealth never found in Europe
  (cinnamon, cloves, pepper, silver, gold, jewels.

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Portugal leads the way (contd)

• Henry determined to find the source of that
  wealth
• 1419 he founded a navigation school in Portugal
• (mapmakers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea
  captains, gathered there to perfect their trade)

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Portugal leads the way (contd)

• By Henrys death, Portugal held a series of
  trading posts along western African shores.
• Traded for gold and ivory
• Eventually, they traded for African captives
  (slaves)
• Next, Portugal searched for a trade route to Asia

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Portugal leads the way (contd)

• Portugal secures a Sea Route to Asia
• Bartolomeu Dias
• 1488 Sailed down w. coast of Africa
• where he reached the tip
• Huge storm arose, battered ships
• Realized his ships were blown around the tip
• Explored SE coast but crew was exhausted so they
  returned home

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Portugal leads the way (contd)

• Vasco da Gama
• 1498 began exploring east African coast
• Reached Calicut (SW coast of India)
• Amazed by spices, rare silks, precious gems
• Filled boats with goods and returned to Portugal
  where they sold them for 60 times the cost of the
  voyage
• Da Gamas voyage of 27,000 miles gave Portugal a
  direct sea route to India

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III. Spain also makes claim

• Christopher Columbus
• 1492 he convinced Spain (although he was Italian)
  to pay for his plan to find a trade route to Asia
  by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean

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Spain also makes claim (contd)

• October 1492 landed on a Caribbean Island which
  he mistook for the East Indies (AKA -Indonesia.)
• Immediate impact of Columbus Increased tension
  between Spain and Portugal.

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Spain also makes claim (contd)

• Spain vs. Portugal
• Portugal believed Spain reached Asia and that
  Columbus claimed lands that the Portuguese might
  have reached first.
• Pope Alexander VI divided the land between the 2
  nations

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Spain also makes claim (contd)

• He drew the Line of Demarcation imaginary
  North/South line that gave lands on the east to
  Portugal (light green) and the lands on the west
  to Spain
• 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of
  Tordesillas they agreed to honor the line.

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IV. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean

• With new trade routes came conflict. European
  nations scrambled to establish profitable trading
  posts as they battle natives and each other

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Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (contd)

• Portugal
• Built huge trading empire by capturing many
  Muslim owned lands (w/ help from cannons mounted
  on their ships)
• (Straits of Hormuz, Goa, Strait of Malacca, Spice
  Islands)
• By capturing these Muslim owned lands, the
  Portuguese broke the Italian-Muslim domination of
  trade and sold goods at 1/5 the cost.

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Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (contd)

• English and Dutch
• 1600 they began to challenge Portugal
• Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with
  20,000 vessels
• Both formed East India Company to establish and
  direct trade throughout Asia. Also could mint
  money, make treaties, and raise armies.

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Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (contd)

• Dutch East India Company eventually drove out the
  English and established dominance over the region
• By 1700, Dutch ruled much of Indonesia, the Spice
  Islands, and the Cape of Good Hope

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Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (contd)

• French
• Established its own East India Company
• It struggled at first, faced attacks from the
  Dutch, eventually est. output in India
• Although Europeans took control of many port
  cities their influence rarely spread beyond the
  ports.

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V. China Ming Dynasty

• Europeans had ports all over the Indian and Asian
  coasts and were now looking for more sources of
  wealth.
• They found it in China, then Japan.
• By 1514 the Chinese had driven out the Mongol
  rulers and had united under new leadership the
  Ming Dynasty

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China Ming Dynasty (contd)

• Ming Dynasty dominant power in Asia from
  1368-1644
• Hongwu commanded a rebel army that drove out the
  Mongols in 1368 and became the 1st Ming Emperor
• Promoted reforms to restore agricultural lands
  destroyed by war, erase all trace of Mongols,
  promote Chinas power and prosperity

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China Ming Dynasty (contd)

• Hongwu eventually dies, his son (Yonglo) takes
  over. He was very curious of the world so he
  launched 7 voyages of exploration.
• Zheng He led all 7 voyages
• 40 to 300 ships made the voyages fighting ships,
  storage vessels, and treasure ships (400 ft
  long!)
• Carried soldiers, sailors, interpreters,
  accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.

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China Ming Dynasty (contd)

• Zheng He showed superiority by leaving silver and
  silk as gifts
• More than 16 countries paid tribute to China
• Officials complained it was a waste and the
  voyages ceased after the 7th in 1433

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China Ming Dynasty (contd)

• Chinas trade policies reflected isolation
• Only government officials were allowed to conduct
  foreign trade through 3 coastal ports
• However, smuggling went on up and down the ports

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VI. China Qing Dynasty

• Manchus people of Manchuria (west of the Great
  Wall) invaded China and took over the Ming (had
  ruled for 200 yrs)
• Qing Dynasty name taken of the Manchus as they
  ruled for 260 yrs
• Expanded Chinas borders to include Taiwan,
  Chinese central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet

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China Qing Dynasty (contd)

• Rebellions
• Many Chinese resisted the non-Chinese Manchus and
  rebellions flared up for decades
• Improvements
• Manchus made frontiers safe
• Restored Chinas prosperity
• While keeping Confucian beliefs and social
  structures

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China Qing Dynasty (contd)

• Rulers
• Kangxi Qing Emperor 1661-1722
• Reduced govt.
• expenses
• Lowered taxes
• Patron of the arts
• Welcomed the Jesuits who told them of science,
  medicine, mathematics, etc. in Europe

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China Qing Dynasty (contd)

• Qian-long
• Kangxi grandson
• China reached its greatest size and prosperity

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China Qing Dynasty (contd)

• Chinese continue isolation
• China, center of universe
• If foreigners wanted to trade, they had to follow
  the Chinese rules
• Special ports tribute
• Dutch followed the rules
• Dutch returned w/ many
• trade items including a new
• oneTEA.
• By 1800 tea made up 80 of shipments to Europe

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China Qing Dynasty (contd)

• British also wanted to trade, but didnt like the
  rules
• 1793 Lord Macartney of England delivered a letter
  from the king asking for better arrangements
• Qian-long declined
• This leads to problems later

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VII. Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

• Role of Family
• Most farmed
• Agriculture improved b/c of irrigation and
  fertilizers
• This caused increase in food production
• Thus, an increase in population

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Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (contd)

• Favored sons over daughters
• Only son could perform religious rituals
• Sons raised families under parents roofs
• (remember that they took care of aging parents!)
• Women worked the fields, took care of the
  children's education, and managed the finances

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Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (contd)

• Cultural Developments
• Traditional Chinese fiction
• written at this time
• Artists painted in traditional
• style
• Experimentation in ceramics
• led to high-quality, including
• porcelain
• Drama very popular

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VIII. Japans 3 Daimyo

• Background
• In the 1300s Japan had developed unity under the
  Shoguns (military rulers). In 1467, civil war
  shattered Japans feudal system and the country
  slipped into chaos as violent disorder followed.
  AKA-Warring States period. Eventually powerful
  samurais gained control and offered protection to
  peasants in return for loyalty. Their new system
  of feudalism resembled that in Europe, with
  castles, small armies, and now, muskets.

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Japans 3 Daimyo (contd)

• Daimyo warrior chieftains who become lords in
  Japan
• Oda Nobunaga brutal and ambitious daimyo who
  hoped to gain enough power to take the whole
  country.
• Seized the capital in 1568
• rule the empire by force
• 1st to use muskets in Japanese battle
• 1582 committed seppuku (ritual of
• suicide of a samurai) when one of his
• own generals turned on him

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Japans 3 Daimyo (contd)

• Toyotomi Hideyoshi Nobunagas best general,
  continued his mission of destroying the daimyo
  that remained hostile
• By 1590 he controlled most of Japan
• Wanted to conquer China, so sent troops to Korea
  (allies with Ming)
• Hideyoshi died 1598, troops w/drew from Korea

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Japans 3 Daimyo (contd)

• Tokugawa Ieyasu
• completed the unification
• of Japan
• 1600, defeated rivals
• Became sole ruler of Japan
• Tamed the daimyo at the local level by requiring
  them to spend every other year in the capital
• Founded Tokugawa Shogunate dynasty of shoguns
  that ruled Japan until 1876

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IX. Life in Japan

• Society
• Very structured
• Emperor (figure-head)
• Shogun military commander who actually held
  power
• Daimyo powerful landholding samurai
• Samurai Warriors
• Peasants and Artisans
• Merchants eventually became more important as
  Japans economy expanded

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Life in Japan (contd)

• Confucian values influenced ideas about society
• Depended on agriculture
• Peasants made ideal citizens, bore majority of
  tax burden
• Many left farming and tried to make it as
  samurais, artisans, and merchants
• By 1700s, Japan began to shift from rural to
  urban society

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Life in Japan (contd)

• Culture
• Samurai attended dramas
• Read tales of courage
• New literature, drama, and art emerge
• Haiku 5-7-5 syllable, 3-line verse poetry
• Presents images rather than ideas
• Kabuki type of drama where music, dance, and
  mime are used to present stories

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Life in Japan (contd)

• Contact between Japan and Europe
• Europeans began coming to Japan in the 16th
  century and were welcomed
• Shipwrecked Portuguese washed up on their shores
• Brought clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, firearms,
  other unfamiliar items
• Daimyo very interested in firearms (traditional
  weapon was sword). They wanted every advantage
  over others
• Many samurai kept the traditional sword and lost
  badly in battle

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Life in Japan (contd)

• Christians in Japan
• 1549 Christian missionaries arrived in Japan
• Japanese accepted them b/c they associated them
  with goods from Europe
• Converted over 300,000 Japanese
• Tokugawa Ieyasu upset b/c these Christians
  scorned Japanese beliefs involved themselves in
  politics
• Didnt do anything b/c he didnt want to drive
  off the new merchants

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Life in Japan (contd)

• Ieyasu died in 1616
• In 1637, 30,000 peasants revolted against the
  Shogunate.
• b/c so many rebels were Christian, they blamed
  them for the rebellion
• After that, they ruthlessly persecuted Christians
  and forced Japanese to demonstrate Buddhism
• This led to Japanese exclusion policy!

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X. Japans Closed Country Policy

• At first, Japan welcomed new trade
• Over time, they realized they could safely
  exclude both missionaries and merchants
• 1639 they sealed their borders and instituted
  their Closed Country Policy
• Only ONE port, Nagasaki, remained open to Chinese
  and Dutch.

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Japans Closed Country Policy (contd)

• For 200 yrs, Japan remained basically closed to
  Europeans.
• AND Japanese were forbidden to leave!
• Japan went on to develop self-sufficiently, free
  of European attempts to colonize

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Chapter 20
The Atlantic World
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The Voyages of Christopher Columbus

• Columbus sailed for Spain, heading west looking
  for an alternate route to Asia
• October 1492, he lands on a Caribbean island
  (Bahamas?) and claims it and other islands for
  Spain
• Columbus returned again in 1493, hoping to
  establish colonies (lands that are controlled by
  another nation)

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Other Explorers

• 1500 Portuguese explorer Cabral reached Brazil
• 1501 - Amerigo Vespucci traveled along coast of
  S. America realized it wasnt Asia
• 1513 Spanish explorer, Balboa, crosses Panama
  to the Pacific first European to see Pacific
• 1519- Ferdinand Magellan sailed around tip of
  South America into Pacific his crew arrived back
  in Spain in 1522 the first people to
  circumnavigate the world

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Spanish Conquests in Mexico

• Spanish conquistadores (conquerors) looking for
  gold and silver were the first Europeans to
  settlers in the Americas
• 1519 Hernando Cortés lands in Mexico conquers
  the Aztecs with superior weapons, horses, help
  from other native groups who hated the Aztec
  (remember human sacrifices?), and disease
• Diseases eventually killed millions of native
  people of central Mexico

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Spanish Conquests in Peru

• 1532 Francisco Pizarro leads an army into Peru
• Meets the Incan leader, Atahualpa, who is
  kidnapped and then killed
• Pizarros army then conquers the Incan capital of
  Cuzco
• Spanish explorers also conquer the Maya
• By the mid-16th century, Spain had created an
  empire in the Americas

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Spains Pattern of Conquest

• Spanish settlers were called peninsulares
• Descendants of the peninsulares and native women
  were mestizos (mixed Spanish and native American)
• Spanish settlers imposed their culture on the
  native population
• System of encomienda in which natives farmed or
  mined for Spanish landlords
• Native workers often worked to death

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The Encomienda System
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Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal Colonists
began growing sugar which was in great demand in
Europe
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Opposition to Spanish Rule

• Priests accompanied most conquistadors, hoping to
  convert the native population
• Many priests spoke against the cruel treatment of
  natives
• The Spanish government abolished the encomienda
  system in 1542 the colonies then looked to
  African slaves for labor
• There were some scattered resistance attempts
  throughout the Americas against the Spanish

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The Atlantic Slave Trade
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The Causes of African Slavery

• Slavery had existed in Africa (and elsewhere) for
  centuries increased in Africa with spread of
  Islam in 7th c.
• As native Americans began dying by the millions,
  Europeans turned to Africa. Why?
• Some immunity to European diseases
• Many Africans had experience in farming
• Less likely to escape (didnt know the new land)
• Color made them easy to identify
• The African slave trade (buying and selling of
  slaves for work in the Americas) lasted

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

• The Atlantic slave trade (buying and selling of
  Africans for work in the Americas) resulted in
  the import of 9.5 million Africans by the time it
  ended in 1870
• Spain and Portugal led the way later the English
  dominated the slave trade

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The Triangular Trade

• Triangular Trade a transatlantic trading
  network
• Leg 1 European transported manufactured goods
  to the west coast of Africa traded goods for
  captured Africans
• Leg 2 Africans were transported across the
  Atlantic (The Middle Passage) and sold
• Leg 3 - Sugar, coffee, rum, and tobacco are
  shipped to Europe

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The Middle Passage
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Consequences of the Slave Trade

• Impact on Africa
• Numerous cultures lost their fittest members
• Families torn apart
• Many African societies devastated by the
  introduction on guns
• Impact on Americas
• Growth of the colonies
• Economic AND cultural

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The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
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The Columbian Exchange

• Columbian Exchange the global transfer of
  foods, plants, and animals during the
  colonization of the Americas
• Ships from the Americas (the New World) brought
  many items that people in Europe, Africa, and
  Asia (the Old World) had never seen
• Ships to the Americas brought livestock and
  foods, but also diseases such as smallpox and
  measles which led to the deaths of millions of
  Native Americans

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Corn and Potatoes

• Most important items to travel from the New World
  to the Old
• Inexpensive to grow and nutritious
• Both became an important and steady part of diets
  around the world
• Boosted the worlds population

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Global Trade

• Establishment of colonies in the Americas led to
  new wealth in Europe
• Dramatic growth of overseas trade
• Both contributed to new business and trade
  practices during the 16th and 17th centuries

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The Rise of Capitalism

• Capitalism an economic system based on private
  ownership and the investment of resources, such
  as money, for profit
• Governments no longer the sole owner of great
  wealth
• Businesses grew and flourished as merchants
  became wealthy and invested their money in trade
  and overseas exploration
• The more money they made, the more they
  reinvested in other enterprises

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The Growth of Mercantilism

• A new economic policy was mercantilism
• A theory that a countrys power depended mainly
  on its wealth, so the goal of every country
  became the attainment of as much wealth (gold) as
  possible

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Balance of Trade

• According to the theory of mercantilism, a
  country could increase its wealth in two ways
• Obtain as much gold as possible
• Establish a favorable balance of trade in which
  it sold more goods than it bought
• Colonies were vital to mercantilism
• Source of silver and gold
• Provided raw materials not found in home country
• Provided a market for for home countrys goods

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COLONY
HOME COUNTRY
RAW MATERIALS
MANUFACTURED GOODS
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Changes in European Society

• The economic revolution spurred the growth of
  towns and the rise of wealthy merchant class
• However, the majority of Europeans remained poor
  and lived in rural areas
• The wealth of European nations increased
• Contributed to the creation of national
  identities
• Expanded the power of European monarchs