New Technologies for Challenging Situations

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New Technologies for Challenging Situations
Perennial and Nursery Crops in California

• S. Schneider, T. Trout, J. Gerik
• USDA ARS, Parlier, CA
• H. Ajwa, B. Westerdahl
• U C, Davis

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Challenging Situations

• Field Nursery Crops
• strict nematode control regulations in California
• efficacy needed to 150 cm
• crop rescue if nematode management fails

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Challenging Situations

• Perennial Crop Replant
• roots from previous crop can harbor nematodes
  deep in the soil
• management is needed for more than one season
• minor failures compound over the life of the
  vineyard or orchard

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Challenging Situations

• Ornamental Crops
• diversity of cropping systems
• 145 crops/grower at one time
• short cropping cycle
• residual activity of pesticides
• proximity to urban areas

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Common Issues

• diversity of soil types
• diversity of climates
• diversity of pests pathogens
• dependence on methyl bromide

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Potential Solutions

• new materials
• new application technologies
• rescue technologies
• site-specific management
• innovative combinations of all tools available

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New Materials

• covered previously by Dr. Rodriquez-Kabana
• Performance in perennial, nursery, and
  ornamental systems will be presented

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Application Technologies

• Drip Irrigation Systems as a delivery vehicle
  for fumigants
• closed system
• use water to move emulsified materials
• adapt to distribution pattern needed
• bed vs. broadcast
• shallow vs. deep
• post-plant applications of supplemental materials

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Optimization of Drip Fumigation
Dr. Husein Ajwa

• application rate minimum efficacious rate for
  drip fumigation vs. shank injection
• amount of irrigation water needed for optimum
  distribution of fumigants in various soils
• drip tape configurations (emitter discharge rate,
  emitter spacing, and drip tape spacing)
• combination of fumigants at reduced rates
• impermeable film (VIF) vs standard PE mulch
• pre-irrigation, initial soil water content

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Drip Application Equipment
Flow meter
Nitrogen cylinder
Injection port
Water meter
Static mixer
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Micro gas chromatograph with a multi-port
sampling valve
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InLine (1,3-dichloropropene chloropicrin)

• Monitor 1,3-D distribution in soil when applied
  in different amounts of irrigation water (26, 43,
  61 mm)
• Monitor 1,3-D distribution when applied under
  standard PE mulch and VIF

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30 cm
0 cm
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Metam Sodium (MITC)

• Monitor MITC distribution in soil when applied as
  metam sodium using three different drip tape flow
  rates
• low, lt 0.34 gpm/100 ft
• med, 0.67 gpm/100 ft
• high, gt 1.00 gpm/100 ft

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Recommendations for drip fumigation

• To achieve greater fumigant distribution
• uniformity
• increase the amount of irrigation water
• 1.5-2 inches for loam and sandy loam soils
• 2-2.5 inches for loamy sand and sandy soils
• use medium flow rate drip tape (soil type?)
• 0.5-.67 gpm/100 ft for sandy loamy soils
• use impermeable film
• if it is available or affordable

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Field Trials
Vineyard Replant 3 years after treatment
Grape Nursery
Rose
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Grapevine Nursery Trial - 2001
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The California Code of Regulations

• makes it mandatory that nursery stock for farm
  planting be commercially clean with respect to
  economically important nematodes.

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Experimental Design

• 85-year-old nematode-infested Thompson Seedless
  vineyard
• 11 treatments
• 5 replications

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Treatments

• Untreated Control
• Methyl Bromide (448 kg/ha), Treated Control
• Shank Iodomethane Pic (224 224 kg/ha)
• Shank Propargyl Bromide (202 kg/ha)
• Drip Iodomethane Pic (224 224 kg/ha), water
  cap
• Drip Propargyl Bromide (202 kg/ha), water cap
• Drip InLine (468 L/ha)
• Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap
• Drip Pic (448 kg/ha)
• Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap
• Drip Azide (336 kg/ha), tarped
• Drip Azide (336 kg/ha), water cap
• Microspray Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha)

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Shanked Treatments

• Shanks 45 cm deep
• Shanks 1.8m apart
• tarped

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Drip Treatments

• Broadcast
• Drip tape
• 25 cm deep
• 60 cm apart
• Medium flow
• 90 cm water

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Caps on Drip Treatments

• Applied through microsprays
• 2.4m x 4.6m spacing
• Water (15 cm)
• Metam sodium (Vapam 243 L/ha)

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Nematode Populations at Planting
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Nematode Populations after One Growing Season
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Thompson Seedless Fall 2001
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Vineyard Replant TrialPlanted 1998
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Experimental Design

• 65 year-old nematode-infested Thompson Seedless
  vineyard
• Randomized complete block, 5 reps

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Treatments

• Untreated Control
• Methyl Bromide, 448 kg/ha
• Shank Iodomethane, 448 kg/ha
• Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 60 mm water)metam
  sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap
• Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 100 mm
  water)metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap
• 1-Year Fallow
• 1-Year Fallow sudac cover crop

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Variety/Rootstock

• Thompson Seedless,
• own-rooted
• Merlot on Harmony
• Merlot on Teleki 5C

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Nematodes 3.5 years after treatment
Shank Treatments applied Apr 1998. Drip
Treatments applied Jan 1998. Samples collected
Oct 2001.
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Long Term Fallow/ Vineyard Replant TrialPlanted
in 2000
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Experimental Design

• Vines Removed
• Winter 1999 untreated control
• Winter 1998 1 year fallow
• Winter 1997 2 year fallow
• Winter 1996 3 year fallow
• Vines replanted June 2000

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Effect of Long-term Fallow on Rootknot Nematode
in a Vineyard Replant
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Effect of Long-term Fallow on Citrus Nematode in
a Vineyard Replant
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Rose Nursery Field TrialJackson Perkins

• Wasco
• Initiated Fall, 2001

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Rose Nursery Treatments

• Controls
• Untreated control
• Methyl bromide check 392 kg/ha
• Shanked Treatments
• MIDAS - 30 Iodomethane/70chloropicrin, 448
  kg/ha
• Telone C35 with tarp 449 L/ha
• Telone C35, no tarp 449 L/ha
• Dripped Treatments
• InLine, 468 L/ha
• Telone EC, 327 L/ha
• Chloropicrin high rate, 448 kg/ha
• Chloropicrin low rate, 224 kg/ha
• Chloropicrin, split application - 224 kg/ha 224
  kg/ha 7 days later
• MIDAS - 30 Iodomethane/70chloropicrin, 448
  kg/ha
• MIDAS - 50 Iodomethane/50chloropicrin, 336
  kg/ha
• Metam sodium, drip, 701 L/ha
• Iota (a biological)

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Rose Nursery Trial Soil pH
30
60
90
120
150
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Rose Nursery Trial Nematodes - 0-30 cm
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Rose Nursery Trial Nematodes 60-90 cm
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Rose Nursery Trial Nematodes 120-150 cm
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How do you save the nursery crop if your nematode
management wasnt perfect?
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Rescue Technologies
Dr. Becky Westerdahl

• Hot water dips for dormant perennial and bulb
  crops

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HOT WATER TREATMENTS FOR NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN
FRUIT TREE ROOTSTOCKS

• 1997 - 2001 TREATED 6 ROOTSTOCKS
• MYROBALAN 29C, MARIANNA 2624, LOVELL, NEMAGUARD,
  PARADOX, ENGLISH
• 5 TEMPERATURES
• 43.3, 46.1, 48.9, 51.7, 54.4 C
• 5 LENGTHS OF TREATMENT PLUS UNTREATED
• 5 REPLICATES
• EVALUATE
• SURVIVAL, VIGOR, TRUNK CIRCUMFERANCE
• PLANTED AT USDA STATION

B. Westerdahl, UC Davis
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1998 - 2001 TREATMENTS
B. Westerdahl, UC Davis
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1998 Hot Water Treatment Paradox Walnut
TRUNK DIAMETER INCREASE (INCHES) in 2000
B. Westerdahl, UC Davis
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Effect of Hot Water Treatments on Rootknot
Nematode
120
MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA
100
43.3C
80
46.1C
48.9C
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PERCENT MORTALITY
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ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD ERROR
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0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
MINUTES
B. Westerdahl, UC Davis
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Conclusions

• Good distribution of effective concentrations of
  emulsified formulations of fumigants can be
  achieved using drip application technologies

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Conclusions

• Drip applied 1,3-D and shank applied iodomethane
  have controlled rootknot nematode as well as
  methyl bromide up to 3.5 years after treatment
• Efficacy of long term fallow is dependent on the
  nematode genera present in the field

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Conclusions

• Efficacy of resistant rootstock depends on the
  diversity of the nematode population
• Drip application of some currently available
  materials and shank and drip application of some
  new materials achieved nematode control to a
  depth of 150cm
• Field conditions at the time of application will
  influence efficacy

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Conclusions

• Rescue technologies, such as hot water dips, are
  an important tool in the production of clean
  planting material from field grown nurseries

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Conclusion

• Integrated management strategies that make use
  of innovative technologies, new materials,
  resistant rootstocks, cultural practices and
  post-plant introductions of beneficial organisms
  offer hope for addressing Challenging Situations

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Acknowledgements

• California Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine
  Improvement Advisory Board
• Sunridge Nursery
• Jackson Perkins Roses
• L.E. Cooke Nursery
• Tri-Cal
• Tomen Agro
• Dow Agro Sciences
• AmVac
• Albemarle
• Cal Agri Products
• HarborChem

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Thank you!