2003 Research Update For 2004 Symposium Sports Nutrition With Strength and Conditioning Exercise Physiology and Spine/General Studies with Practical Application

1
2003 Research UpdateFor 2004 Symposium Sports
NutritionWith Strength and ConditioningExercise
Physiology andSpine/General Studies with
Practical Application

• G. Douglas Andersen, DC, DACBSP, CCN

2
FREAK NOT, MY BROTHERS SISTERS ON THE BOARD
3
THE ANDERSEN PLAN FOR IMPROVING OUR MEETING

• A chiropractic sports science symposium that is
• BIGGER
• BETTER
• LESS EXPENSIVE
• GREATER PROFIT

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BIGGER

• More people equals more networking
• More networking equals greater draw
• Greater draw equals more opportunity
• More opportunity equals more official team docs
• More team docs equal better meetings
• Better meetings mean more non sports docs will
  check it out
• (at Full Fees!)

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BETTER SEMINAR

• Reduce theme hours
• One hour of the most interesting studies in the
  previous 12 months
• General/spine studies with practical application
• Strength and conditioning
• Exercise physiology/rehabilitation
• Sports Nutrition
• The central focus of these 1 hour lectures
• is to insure that yearly attendance will keep
• you on the cutting edge.

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BETTER

• Peripheral focus CEU workshops.
• Technique CPR HIV/AIDS
• X-ray Ethics
• Jurisprudence
• Seminar chairmans 1 goal is getting as many CE
  nuances from as many states as possible.
• Emphasis should be
• 1. State of that years seminar
• 2. States with the most DCs NY, NJ, TX, FL, CA
• Why? - Because we want 500 DCs

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BETTER

• In 1 stop we will
• Stay current
• Get state CEUs
• Get sports CEUs
• Get CPR
• Get as much misc nit pick credits as possible

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LESS EXPENSIVE

• Everyone who has attended a sports science
  symposium in the last 10 years, including this
  year, will be invited
• Attend in 2005 20 off
• Repeat in 2006 30 off
• Repeat in 2007 40 off
• Everyone who attends the next 3 meetings will
  maintain 40 fee reduction if they return every
  other year.
• Docs whose first meeting is 2005 and beyond get
  the same plan

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LESS EXPENSIVE

• More people equal more money
• More people equal better hotel deals
• Better hotel deals equal lower room costs
• Lower room costs equal more people
• More people equal lower seminar costs

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GREATER PROFITS

• More people equal more exhibitors
• More exhibitors equal greater seminar income
• Greater seminar income equals lower seminar cost
• Lower seminar cost equals greater attendance

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GREATER PROFITS

• Do the math
• 100 additional doctors at full 40 off this year
  equals 18,000
• 100 additional doctors at 30 off this year
  equals 21,000
• 100 additional doctors at 20 off this year
  equals 24,000

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HOW WE SPEND OUR GREATER PROFITS

• Establish a reserve fund
• Market the meeting
• Excess money NOT blown on
• Hotels
• Perks
• Speakers
• Once reserve fund is full, say - 30 K ALL MONEY
  after expenses (office, accreditations fees, and
  marketing the annual meeting) should be returned
  to the docs by additional deduction off next
  years seminar.

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INFLUENCE OF DEHYDRATION AND REHYDRATION ON
BASKETBALL FREE THROW ACCURACY

• Methods
• 16 males performed four 90-minute sessions
• 1. Control played cards
• 2. Basketball with no fluids
• 3. Basketball with water
• 4. Basketball with sports drink
• After 90 minutes subjects then shot 20 free
  throws
• Results
• When players were dehydrated, free throw
  accuracy was 58.
• When players were rehydrated with sports
  drink, accuracy was 71
• Solera, A., Salazar, W. Influence of Dehydration
  and Rehydration on Basketball Free Throw
  Accuracy. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S29.

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EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING INTENSITY AND AMOUNT
ON VISCERAL, SUBCUTANEOUS AND TOTAL ABDOMINAL
FAT STRRIDE

• Methods
• 111 overweight adults, ages 40-65, 8 month
  study
• Results
• Activity Visceral Fat Change Abdominal Fat
  Change Body Weight
• Control 10 4.7 2.4 pounds
• Walk 12 mi/wk 3.3 1.9 -2.9 pounds
• Jog 12 mi/wk -5.9 -3 -2.4 pounds
• Run 20 mi/wk -10 -8.9 -7.7 pounds

Slentz, C.A., Duscha, B.D., Aiken, L.B., Jonhson,
J.L., Ketchum, K.J., Tanner, C.J., Kelly, L.K.,
Houmard, J.A., Kraus, W.E. Effects of Exercise
Training Intensity and Amount on Visceral,
Subcutaneous and Total Abdominal Fat Strride.
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S34.
15
SWEAT AND SODIUM LOSSES IN NCAA DIVISION I
FOOTBALL PLAYERS WITH A HISTORY OF WHOLE-BODY
MUSCLE CRAMPING

• Methods
• 10 Division I football players, 5 with a
  history of cramping
• Studied on a pre-season practice day, 2.5
  hour AM and 2.5 hour PM practice in
• full gear
• Results
• Never Cramp Cramp
• Fluid Intake 2.8 L 2.6 L
• Sweat Loss 3.5 L 4 L
• Sweat Na 2.4 gm 5.2 gm
• Net Loss 23 oz 46 oz
• Stofan, J.R., Zachwieja, J.J., Horswill, C.A.,
  Lacambra, M., Murray, R., Eichner, E.R.,
  Anderson, S. Sweat and Sodium Losses in NCAA
  Division I Football Players with a History of
  Whole-Body Muscle Cramping. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May
  2003 35(5) S48.

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HYPONATREMIA AND SODIUM LOSS

• Methods
• 111 marathoners from 4 races volunteered for
  pre- and post-race
• testing
• Results
• Hyponatremics drank more fluid and lost more
  sodium in sweat.
• No differences between genders
• Chorley, J.N., Cianca, J.C., Divine, J.G., Hew,
  T. Hyponatremia and Sodium Loss. Med. Sci. Sp.
  Ex. May 2003 35(5) S246.

HYPONATREMIA AND ADVENTURE RACING

• Methods
• Participants in an adventure race that ranged
  from 18 to 30 hours
• Results
• Average weight loss 2 of body weight
• 50 of participants were hyponatremic
• Abbott, K.D., Nichols, J.F. Hyponatremia and
  Adventure Racing. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003
  35(5) S246.

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SNAPPING HIP SYNDROME

• Type Cause Presenting Complaint Exam
  Tx
• External Posterior, proximal snapping
  lateral Patient lateral Soft tissue
• ITB or anterior to greater
  trochanter snapping side up mobilization,
• gluteous maximus Flex extend hip
  modalities,
• rubs over greater keep leg neutral
  stretch ITB
• trochanter palpate
• Internal Iliopsoas tendon snapping
  ant./medial Patient supine Stretch and
• rubs over anterior to greater
  trochanter Flex, abduct strengthen
• capsule or ilio- externally rotate hip.
  hip flexors.
• pectineal eminence As you return to
  Soft tissue
• neutral(Ext/add/ mobilization.
• int.rot.) palpate
• Intraartular Loose bodies, Deep
  snapping R/O Ext/int refer to ortho
• acetabular tear, X-ray, CT or MRI
• chronic subluxation or
• (in kids) dislocation

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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CHILDREN

• In children ages 9 to 16, as total physical
  activity (TPA) increased, fasting
• insulin decreased1
• TPA decreased between ages 9 and 161
• In children ages 6 to 8, TPA declined with
  age.2
• In children ages 7 to 10, TPA increase leads
  to increased bone mineral density,
• decreased blood pressure, decreased total
  cholesterol.3
• In children ages 5 to 12, as TPA increased,
  bone mineral density increased.4
• Children ages 8 to 9, were observed during
  recess on 4 consecutive days. As
• body mass index increased, activity
  decreased that is, the heavier the child,
• the less active.5
• 1Hurtig Wennlöf, A., Yngve, A., Sjöström, M.
  Fasting Serum Insulin as Response to Total
  Physical Activity in Healthy Children. Med. Sci.
  Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S64.
• 2Economos, C.D., Shea, K., Socorso, E. Age,
  Gender and Weight Status Predict Objectively
  Measured Physical Activity Levels in Early
  Elementary School Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May
  2003 35(5) S63.
• 3Mjaavatn, P.E., Aa, K., Gundersen, U., Segberg,
  L., Bjørkelund, L.A. Physical Activity and
  Health-Related Variables in 6-9-Year-Old
  Norwegian Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003
  35(5) S63.
• 4DiMarco, N.M., Greathouse, L.V., Essery, E.V.,
  Kallio, A.K., Nichols, D.L., Sanborn, C.F. Bone
  and Connective Tissue. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May
  2003 35(5) S76.
• 5Foley, J.T., Yun, J.K. The Effect of Body Mass
  Index Level on Physical Activity During Recess.
  Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S161.

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CHILDHOOD ACTIVITY, BOYS VERSUS GIRLS

• Boys, ages 6 to 8, are more active than girls
  of the same age.1
• Boys, ages 10 to 11, are more active than
  girls of the same age.2
• Boys, ages 9 to 16, are more active than
  girls of the same age.3
• 1Economos, C.D., Shea, K., Socorso, E. Age,
  Gender and Weight Status Predict Objectively
  Measured Physical Activity Levels in Early
  Elementary School Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May
  2003 35(5) S63.
• 2Matsuzaka, A., Matsuzaka, K., Wilk, B., Bar-Or,
  O. Relationship Between Physical Activity and
  Aerobic Fitness in Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
  May 2003 35(5) S64.
• 3 Hurtig Wennlöf, A., Yngve, A., Sjöström, M.
  Fasting Serum Insulin as Response to Total
  Physical Activity in Healthy Children. Med. Sci.
  Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S64.

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CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

• Overweight adults have a stronger link to
  cardiovascular disease than adults
• who were unfit.1
• Adults with better cardiovascular fitness
  have lower levels of C-reactive
• protein.2
• Lower levels of fitness coupled with higher
  levels of abdominal fat lead to
• higher levels of insulin (even in
  90-year-olds!)3
• 1Christou, D.D., Gates, P.E., Seals, D.R. Is
  Fatness or Fitness the Best Predictor of
  Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile in Healthy
  Men? Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S67.
• 2Reis, J.P., LaMonte, M.J., Ainsworth, B.E.,
  Durstine, J.L. C-Reactive Protein and
  Cardiorespiratory Fitness in an Adult Population.
  Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S68.
• 3Racette, S.B., Evans, E.M., Villareal, D.T.,
  Holloszy, J.O. Fitness and Abdominal Fat Predict
  Insulin Action in Old Adults. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
  May 2003 35(5) S68.

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EFFECTS OF INCREASING FLUID MILK INTAKE ON BONE
MINERAL DENSITY IN RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE
TRAINING IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES

• Methods
• Girls, ages 12 to 17, given 24 ounces of milk
  for 12 weeks, or 24
• ounces of juice for 12 weeks.
• Results
• Milk group gained bone mineral density,
  especially in the lumbar spine.
• Gómez, A.L., Volek, J.S., Rubin, M R, French,
  D.N., Sharman, M.J., Ratamess, N.A., McGuigian,
  M.R., Scheett, T.P., Kraemer, W.J. Effects of
  Increasing Fluid Milk Intake on Bone Mineral
  Density in Response to Resistance Training in
  Adolescent Females. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003
  35(5) S76

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EFFECTS OF EXERCISE COMBINED WITH DIET ON BONE
MASSAND BIOCHEMICAL BONE MARKERS DURING WEIGHT
LOSS

• Methods
• Women, ages 35 to 48, went on a weight-loss
  diet for 14 weeks.
• Results
• In the non-exercise group, bone mineral
  density decreased.
• In the group that performed resistance
  exercise, i.e., weight lifting, bone
• mineral density loss was prevented.
• Nakata, Y., Ohkawara, K., Lee, D.J., Tanaka, K.
  Effects of Exercise Combined with Diet on Bone
  Mass and Biochemical Bone Markers During Weight
  Loss. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S80.

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ADDITION OF FAT TO POST-EXERCISE MEALS DOES NOT
ALTER THE EXERCISE-INDUCED REDUCTION IN FASTING
PLASMA TRIGLYCERIDES

• Methods
• On 2 occasions men biked 90 minutes including
  30 minutes of high
• intensity intervals, followed by a low or
  high fat dinner.
• Meal 1 12 gm of fat, Meal 2 165 gm of fat
• Carb content was the same.
• Pre exercise triglyceride .52 and .55 mm
  before LF and HF
• Next morning triglyceride .37 and .32 mm
  after LF and HF
• Conclusion
• In this study, a high-fat meal (165 gm) did
  not alter the benefits of exercise
• induced triglyceride clearance.
• Kaufman, A.E., Fox, A.K., Horowitz, J.F. Addition
  of Fat to Post-Exercise Meals Does Not Alter the
  Exercise-Induced Reduction in Fasting Plasma
  Triglycerides. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5)
  S85.

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EFFECTS OF EXERCISE INTENSITY ON POSTPRANDIAL
LIPEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA

• Methods
• Ten 40-year-old males were studied.
• Subjects jogged 1 hour at 40, 60, or 70 of
  maximum heart rate
• 12 hours before a meal containing 100 gm of
  fat was consumed.
• Results
• From blood draws 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours
  after eating.
• Triglyceride concentration mg/dl
• Control 369
• 40 jog 325
• 60 jog 316
• 70 jog 294
• Zhang, J.Q., Ji, L.L., Fretwell, V., Nunez, L.,
  Zhang, K.Y., Hart, C., Yao, W.X. Effects of
  Exercise Intensity on Postprandial Lipemia in
  Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia. Med. Sci. Sp.
  Ex. May 2003 35(5) S87.

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LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET INDUCES WEIGHT LOSS AND
CHANGES IN FUEL OXIDATION DURING EXERCISE IN
OBESE ADULTS

• Methods
• 13 obese young adults were put on a
  low-carbohydrate diet.
• Subjects were instructed what foods to avoid
  but were not instructed on
• quantities.
• The study was to test changes in fuel
  oxidation.
• Results
• Low carb, high protein, high fat diet did
  increase fat oxidation during
• activity.
• Analysis of diet diaries revealed an unusual
  finding. Calories before the
• study were 2599, calories during the study
  were 1473.
• Komorowski, J.I., Schuler, G., Murrin, J.,
  Farnoush, M., Doucet, E., Kerr, J. Low
  Carbohydrate Diet Induces Weight Loss and Changes
  in Fuel Oxidation During Exercise in Obese
  Adults. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S87.

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DOSE OF EXERCISE TO PROMOTE LONG-TERM WEIGHT
LOSS IN OVERWEIGHT ADULTS

• Methods
• 184 obese women were in a 12-month program.
• Subjects were divided into 3 groups, all of
  which exercised 5 days a week.
• Groups were prescribed exercise ranging from
  30 to 60 minutes a day.
• Results
• No group completely met their requirements.
  The 60-minute group averaged
• 265/300 minutes per week. The 45-minute
  group averaged 173/225 per week.
• The 30-minute group averaged 113/150 per
  week.
• The 60-minute group lost 15, the 45-minute
  group lost 10, and the 30
• minute group lost 7 bw.
• Jakicic, J.M., Gallagher, K.I., Ferguson, E.,
  Marcus, B.H., Napoitano, M. Dose of Exercise To
  Promote Long-Term Weight Loss in Overweight
  Adults. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S106

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EXERCISE HEMATOLOGY

• Study
• 280 boys and girls, ages 16 to 19, were
  tested.
• 55 of the girls were iron deficient, 29 of
  the boys were iron deficient,
• and 3 of the entire group was anemic.
• Serum ferritin less than 16 mcg/dl was
  defined as iron deficient. Serum
• ferritin less than 20 mcg/dl was defined as
  probable iron deficient.
• Landahl, G., Börjesson, M., Rödjer, S. Exercise
  Hematology. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5)
  S126

28
PREVALENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY AND ANEMIA IN
TOP-LEVEL BASKETBALL PLAYERS

• Study
• 103 teenage boys and girls and adults rated
  as top-level basketball
• players.
• Testing revealed iron deficiency in 15 of
  the males, 35 of the females.
• Anemia was present in 18 of the males, 38
  of the females.
• Iron-deficient anemia (both) was present in
  5 of males and 22 of females.
• Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin
  less than 20 mcg/dl. Anemia
• was defined as hemoglobin less than 14 gm/dl
  for boys and less than 12 gm/dl
• for girls.
• Constantini, N.W., Dubnov, G. Prevalance of Iron
  Deficiency and Anemia in Top-Level Basketball
  Players. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S126.

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THE RELATION BETWEEN TRUNK STRENGTH MEASURES AND
LUMBAR DISC DEFORMATION DURING STOOP TYPE LIFTING

• Methods
• 12 50-year-old males under lateral video
  fluoroscopy lifted
• ?No load 4 times a minute for 15 minutes
• ?A 25-pound milk crate 4 times a minute for 15
  minutes
• Subjects were also measured for strength of
  trunk flexion and extension via a
• dynamometer and abdominal endurance by the
  number of curl-ups performed in
• 60 seconds.
•  
• Results
• Subjects with greater abdominal strength
  showed less shear deformation when
• the trunk was flexed with a load.
• Subjects with greater abdominal endurance
  show less shear deformation when
• the trunk was erect.
• Subjects with greater spinal erector muscle
  strength showed less shear
• deformation when the trunk was erect.
• DeBeliso, M.A., OShea, J.P., Harris, C., Adams,
  K.J. The Relation Between Trunk Strength Measures
  and Lumbar Disc Deformation During Stoop Type
  Lifting. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S134.
  

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THE EFFECT OF AN ACUTE DOSAGE OF AN ANTIOXIDANT
MIXTURE UPON FATIGUE DURING INTERMITTENT WORK

• Study
• 25,000 IU beta carotene, 400 IU vitamin E,
  500 mg vitamin C taken in a
• single dose did not improve work capacity.
• Guillory, I., Nelson, A.G., Glickman, E. The
  Effect of an Acute Dosage of an Antioxidant
  Mixture Upon Fatigue During Intermittent Work.
  Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S145.

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EFFECT OF VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION ON IMMUNE
PARAMETERS FOLLOWING INTERMITTENT SHUTTLE RUNNING

• Methods
• 7 days of 800 mg of vitamin C or placebo
  followed by a vigorous shuttle
• run.
• Results
• No differences in immune or inflammatory
  response (equally increased in
• both groups).
• Hurst, T.L., Bailey, D.M., Williams, C., Powell,
  J.R. Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation on
  Immune Parameters Following Intermittent Shuttle
  Running. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S156.
  

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ANTIOXIDANTS DO NOT ATTENUATE THE RISE IN LIPID
HYDROPEROXIDES OBSERVED AT 4300 M ELEVATION

• Methods
• 3 weeks of 10,000 IU beta carotene, 200,000
  IU vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin
• C, 50 mcg selenium, and 15 mg of zinc.
•  
• Results
• Did not prevent an increase in lipid
  peroxidation at high elevation
• compared to placebo.
• Friedlander, A.L., Subudhi, A.W., Hagobian, T.A.,
  Jacobs, K.A., Fattor, J.A., Stone, K.S., Rock,
  P.B., Muza, S.R., Fulco, C.S., Hoffman, A.R.,
  Cymerman, A. Antioxidants Do Not Attenuate the
  Rise in Lipid Hydroperoxides Observed at 4300 M
  Elevation. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5)
  S163.

33
 ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT REDUCE
INCIDENCE OR SEVERITY OF ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS
AT 4300 M

• Methods
• 3 weeks of 10,000 IU beta carotene, 200,000
  IU vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin
• C, 50 mcg selenium, and 15 mg of zinc.
•  
• Results
• Did not reduce incidence of acute mountain
  sickness.
•  
• Jacobs, K.A., Muza, S.R., Pidgeon, S., Hagobian,
  T.A., Subudhi, A.W., Stone, K.S., Fattor, J.A.,
  Fulco, C.S., Rock, P.B., Cymerman, A.,
  Friedlander, A.L. Antioxidant Supplementation
  Does Not Reduce Incidence or Severity of Acute
  Mountain Sickness at 4300 M. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
  May 2003 35(5) S164.

34
ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION HAS NO EFFECT ON
MUSCLE DAMAGE FOLLOWING AN ULTRAMARATHON RUN

• Methods
• 400 IU vitamin E and 1000 mg vitamin C 6
  weeks prior to and 1 week after a
• 31-mile run.
•  
• Results
• No effect on plasma markers of muscle damage.
  
• Mastaloudis, A., Widrick, J., Traber, M.G.
  Antioxidant Supplementation Has No Effect on
  Muscle Damage Following an Ultramarathon Run.
  Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S197.

35
DIETARY ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT
AFFECT CYTOKINE RESPONSE TO ECCENTRIC EXERCISE

• Methods
• 400 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E for 29
  days prior to and 6 days after a
• 20 minute eccentric cycle exercise designed
  to damage muscles
•  
• Results
• Plasma creatine kinase increased 11 fold
  placebo, 3 fold antioxidant.
• All other markers including IL/TNF/mRNA were
  unchanged.
•  
• Condlin, M.L., Kellogg, M.D., Young, A.J. Dietary
  Antioxidant Supplementation Does Not Affect
  Cytokine Response to Eccentric Exercise. Med.
  Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S156.

36
ARE MENS PERCEPTIONS OF A DESIRABLE BODY IMAGE
RELATED TO THE ACTUAL PREFERENCES OF WOMEN?

• Methods
• 206 college males and females were shown 16
  male figures of varying body
• types.
•  
• Results
• The males perceived their current body to be
  less muscular than they would
• like.
• The body males thought females would prefer
  was more muscular.
• The most desirable male body picked by the
  women was less muscular than
• the males thought they would pick.
• Women knew that men thought they preferred a
  more muscular physique.
•  
• Downing, A.J., Giuliano, T.A., Smith, J.C. Are
  Mens Perceptions of a Desirable Body Image
  Related to the Actual Preferences of Women? Med.
  Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S140.

37
THE EFFECTS OF ECHINACEA ON THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE
RESPONSE AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

• Methods
• 32 adults, ages 19 to 46.
• A series of intense wingate tests known to
  decrease mucosal immunity were
• given (decreased mucosal immunity increases
  rate of upper respiratory tract
• infection).
• Results
• 4 weeks of echinacea or placebo revealed no
  change in the percentage of the
• number of upper respiratory tract infections
  caught by each group.
• There was a significant difference in disease
  length 1.7 days for echinacea,
• 5.4 days for placebo.
• Hall, H.L., Fahlman, M.M., Engels, H.J. The
  Effects of Echinacea on the Mucosal Immune
  Response and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections.
  Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S156.

38
DOSE-EFFECT RESPONSE OF 80 WEEKS OF RESISTANCE
TRAINING ON MUSCLE STRENGTH AND MUSCLE MASS OF
OLDER MEN AND WOMEN

• Methods
• 46 men and women, ages 60 to 70, in an
  80-week exercise program performed
• either 2 or 3 times per week, were divided
  into 4 groups.
• 2 high intensity weight lifting (80 of 1
  repetition max, 8 repetitions to failure).
• 2 low intensity weight lifting (40 of 1
  repetition max, 16 repetitions).
•  
• Results
• Gains were as follows
• Muscle mass and strength gains were the
  greatest in high intensity 3 times a
• week, followed by high intensity 2
  times a week, low intensity 3 times a week,
• and low intensity 2 times a week.
• Conclusion
• High intensity twice a week is more
  beneficial than low intensity 3 times a week.
• Bemben, M.G., Bemben, D.A. Dose-Effect
  Response of 80 Weeks of Resistance Training on
  Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass of Older Men and
  Women. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S171.

39
EFFECTS OF RED PEPPER INTAKE ON MUSCLE OXYGEN
CONSUMPTION IN HUMANS

• Methods
• 1 gm of dried, powdered, red hot pepper
  increased metabolic rate for 2-1/2
• hours.
•  
• Results
• The red pepper group had a 10 increase in
  pulmonary oxygen uptake and
• a 15 increase in muscle oxygen consumption.
•  
• Ueda, C., Hamaoka, T., Murase, N., Sako, T.,
  Murakami, M., Kime, R., Homma, T., Nagasawa, T.,
  Kitahara, A., Ichimura, S., Motobe, M., Nakagawa,
  N., Katsumura, T. Effects of Red Pepper Intake on
  Muscle Oxygen Consumption in Humans. Med. Sci.
  Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S248.

40
ACUTE EFFECTS OF TRANS-10,CIS-12 CONJUGATED
LINOLEIC ACID CONSUMPTION ON FUEL USE

• An acute (4.8 gm) dose of conjugated linoleic
  acid (CLA) 80 minutes before
• exercise was given to 13 participants.
• Results
• CLA was absorbed in 8/13 subjects.
• CLA did not affect resting metabolic rate,
  exercise metabolic rate, or fuel
• source indicators (glucose, glycerol,
  lipolysis).
• Conclusion
• Animal studies that show acute ingestion
  raises metabolic rate and fat
• oxidation. This was not seen in humans.
• Shute, M., Rankin, J.W., Herbein, J. Acute
  Effects of Trans-10,Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic
  Acid Consumption on Fuel Use. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
  May 2003 35(5) S248

41
THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE CITRUS AURENTIUM INGESTION
ON ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN MILDLY OBESE SUBJECTS

• 24 subjects mean age 25 - mean BMI 26.5
• 3 doses on day 1 am dose day 2 tested
  pre/post
• Results
• Day 1 Day 2
• Calorie Expenditure CA 1.18 kcal/min 1.26
  kcal/min
• placebo 1.26 kcal/min 1.24 kcal/min
• Oxygen update CA 230 mL/min 250 mL/min
• placebo 250 mL/min 250 mL/min
• CA (Synephrine) increased calorie expenditure
  8
• Seifert, J.G., Burke, E.R., Devonish, J., Nelson,
  A., Bacharach, D.W. The Effects of Acute Citrus
  Aurentium Ingestion on Energy Expenditure in
  Mildly Obese Subjects. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May
  2003 35(5) S248.

42
REPEATED EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND CAFFEINE
INGESTION

• Methods
• 9 male caffeine users were tested on 4
  occasions.
• Testing consisted of morning workout (80 VO2
  max ride to exhaustion)
• followed by a second bout 5 hours later.
• Results
• AM caffeine PM caffeine AM Times PM Times
• 5 mg/kg/bw 2.5 mg/kg/bw 24.9 minutes 21.5 minutes
• 0 mg/kg/bw 0 mg/kg/bw 18.0 minutes 18.3 minutes
• 5 mg/kg/bw 0 mg/kg/bw 21.8 minutes 21.0 minutes
• 0 mg/kg/bw 5 mg/kg/bw 17.7 minutes 22.4 minutes
• A single morning dose of caffeine has a
  carryover effect in exhaustive exercise 5
• hours later.
• Bell, D.G., McLellan, T.M. Repeated Exercise
  Performance and Caffeine Ingestion. Med. Sci. Sp.
  Ex. May 2003 35(5) S267

43
THE EFFECTS OF OXYGENATED WATER ON HEART RATE AND
ARTERIAL SATURATION RESPONSES DURING HYPOXIA

• Methods
• 20 subjects given 20 oz of oxygenated water or
  placebo water following an
• induced hypoxia.
•  
• Results
• There was no difference in heart rate or
  oxygen saturation between 2 types
• of water.
•  
• Porcari, J.P., Witt, L., Foster, C., Aiuppa, T.,
  Doberstein, S. The Effects of Oxygenated Water on
  Heart Rate and Arterial Saturation Responses
  During Hypoxia. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003
  35(5) S269.

44
THE EFFECTS OF HMB SUPPLEMENTATION ON INDICES OF
EXERCISE-INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGE IN MAN

• Methods
• 14 days of 3 gm of HMB or placebo followed by
  a single bout of 3 sets of
• 10 repetitions of eccentric arm curls
  designed to provoke muscle damage.
•  
• Results
• HMB had reduced DOMs 24 hours post exercise.
• HMB had lower levels of plasma creatine
  kinase activity.
•  
• Van Someren, K.A., Edwards, A.J., Howatson, G.
  The Effects of HMB Supplementation on Indices of
  Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Man. Med. Sci.
  Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S270.

45
EFFECTS OF ORAL D- RIBOSE SUPPLEMENTATION ON
ANAEROBIC CAPACITY AND SELECTED METABOLIC MARKERS
IN HEALTHY MALES

• 19 trained males
• Pre and post supplementation Wingate sprint
  (30sec) tests separated by 3
• minute recovery
• Placebo or Ribose 10gr/d for 5 days
• Ribose did not alter peak power, average
  power, torque, fatigue index,
• lactate, ammonia, glucose, uric acid or
  anaerobic exercise capacity.
• Kreider, R.B., Melton, C., et al Effects or Oral
  D-Ribose Supplementation on Anaerobic capacity
  and Selected Metabolic Markers in Healthy Males.
  International Journal of Sport Nutrition and
  Exercise Metabolism, 2003, 13, 76-86

46
REHYDRATION WITH FLUIDS CONTAINING BETAINE
RUNNING PERFORMANCE AND METABOLISM IN A 31C
ENVIRONMENT

• Betaine at 5 gm per liter when added to
  sports drink improved sprint time to
• exhaustion following 75 minutes of running
  in 88 weather.
• This improvement was not seen with a placebo
  beverage, or a placebo
• beverage and betaine. It was a greater
  improvement than 6 carbohydrate
• electrolyte drink
•  
• Conclusion
• Betaine added to a carbohydrate electrolyte
  drink may be synergistic.
•  
• Armstrong, L.E., Roti, M.W., Hatch, H.L.,
  Sutherland, J.W., Mahood, N.V., Clements, J.M.,
  Seen, A.D., Fiala, K.A., Craig, S.A.S., Casa,
  D.J., Maresh, C.M. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003
  35(5) S311.

47
INFLUENCE OF PRE-EXERCISE CARBOHYDRATE MEALS ON A
21-KM RUN

• Methods
• 8 endurance-trained male runners, averaging
  33 years of age, in a random,
• crossover study.
• Testing was performed on 2 occasions with a
  meal, 2 hours prior to testing,
• that provided 15 protein, 65 carbohydrate,
  and 20 fat, totaling
• approximately 580 calories. One meal
  contained high glycemic index
• carbohydrates (77), the other low glycemic
  index carbohydrates (37). Protein
• and fat sources were unchanged.
•  
• Results
• All 8 improved their time in a 21K (12.5
  mile) run following the low
• glycemic index meal.
• Average improvement was 98 minutes versus 101
  minutes.
• Low glycemic index also increased fat
  oxidation 17.9 and decreased
• carbohydrate oxidation 9.5.
•  
• Wong, S.H., Lok, A., Morris, J. Influence of
  Pre-exercise Carbohydrate Meals on a 21-KM Run.
  Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S298.

48
EFFECT OF MODERATE AND HIGH INTENSITY AEROBIC
EXERCISE ON BODY COMPOSITION IN OVERWEIGHT MEN

• Methods
• 16 overweight males in the military, ages 18
  to 33 years, were trained for 14
• weeks.
• All meals were consumed on the base.
• Training protocol was as follows 3 times a
  week for 5 weeks a 3K run (1.8
• miles), followed by 3 times a week for 9
  weeks a 4K run (2.4 miles).
• One group ran with high intensity (75-90 max
  heart rate), the other group
• with medium intensity (60-70 max heart
  rate).
• Results
• High intensity group lost 4.91 body fat.
• Medium intensity group lost 1.4 body fat.
• Marra, C.C., Bottaro, M.M., Oliveira, R.J.,
  Novacs, J.S. Effect of Moderate and High
  Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition in
  Overweight Men. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003
  35(5) S308.

49
THE EFFECT OF HIGH INTENSITY RESISTANCE TRAINING
ON BODY COMPOSITION AMONG COLLEGIATE FOOTBALL
PLAYERS

• Methods
• 40 Division I college football players were
  divided into 2 groups.
• Over 10 weeks subjects used 2 exercise
  protocols 1 set to failure 6-10 RM,
• versus 3 sets to fatigue 6-10 RM.
•  
• Results
• The 1-set high intensity group reduced body
  fat by 1.5.
• The 3-set medium intensity group reduced body
  fat by 0.45.
•  
• Fincher, G.E. The Effect of High Intensity
  Resistance Training on Body Composition Among
  Collegiate Football Players. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
  May 2003 35(5) S324.

50
INDUCTION OF LOW T3 SYNDROME IN FEMALE SWIMMERS
DURING A COMPETITIVE SEASON

• Methods
• 10 sub-elite adolescent female swimmers were
  evaluated during a 12-week
• period.
• Swimmers were divided into improved an
  unimproved groups. Results
• Testing revealed that the group that did not
  improve had signs of low T3
• syndrome. 
• VanHeest, J.L., Mahoney, C.E., Cappaert, J.M.,
  Hill, K.W., DeSouza, M.J., Rodgers, C.D.
  Induction of Low T3 Syndrome in Female Swimmers
  During a Competitive Season. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
  May 2003 35(5) S330.

51
THE EFFECTS OF CREATINE ON CAST IMMOBILIZATION
INDUCED MUSCLE ATROPHY AND DETRAINING

• Methods
• Subjects were given 20 mg of creatine, 5 gm 4
  times a day for 7 days,
• versus a placebo while 1 arm was in a cast.
• The study was then repeated with the opposite
  arm in a cast.
• Upon removal results were
• When subjects arms were in a cast and they
  consumed creatine, 0.17 lean
• mass was lost on the casted arms.
• Placebo beverage losses for the casted arms
  were 4.0.
• Single repetition strength was reduced 29
  with placebo and 6 with
• creatine.
• Maximum number of repetitions was reduced 46
  with placebo and 5
• with creatine.
•  
• Johnston, A.W., Burke, D.G., MacNeil, L.G. The
  Effects of Creatine on Cast Immobilization
  Induced Muscle Atrophy and Detraining. Med. Sci.
  Sp. Ex. May 2003 35(5) S401.

52
OXYGENATED WATER AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE

• Methods
• 5 brands of oxygenated water plus tap water
  were analyzed for their oxygen
• content.
•  
• Results
• Brands 1 2 3 4 5 Tap Water
• mL O2 per 355 mL (12 oz) 8.9 33.7 37.3 42.6 80.2 8
  .9
•  
• Hampson, N.B., Pollock, N.W., Piantadosi, C.A.
  Oxygenated Water and Athletic Performance.
  JAMA.2003 290(18) 2408-9.

53
OXYGENATED WATER AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE

•   Air contains 20.9 oxygen.
• Normal human breath contains 500 mL of air.
• .209 x 500 104.5 mL O2 average single
  breath
• Given that hemoglobin is already nearly
  saturated with oxygen during air
• breathing, and that only a small amount of
  additional oxygen can be
• dissolved in plasma, it is not surprising
  that oxygenated water did not
• improve maximal exercise performance.
  Hampson et al
•  
• Hampson, N.B., Pollock, N.W., Piantadosi, C.A.
  Oxygenated Water and Athletic Performance.
  JAMA.2003 290(18) 2408-9.

54
DOES REJECTION HURT? FMRI STUDY OF SOCIAL
EXCLUSION

• Methods
• 13 subjects from UCLA underwent MRI brain
  scans on 3 different
• occasions.
• 1 as bystanders
• 2 as participants in a virtual video game
• 3 as a participant in a video game where
  systematic exclusion resulted in a
• sense of social rejection
• Results
• As social isolation increased, so did blood
  flow to the anterior cingulate
• cortex.
• This is very similar to the blood flow
  pattern found in physical pain.
• Social and physical pain share common
  neuroanatomical brain blood flow
• patterns.
•  
• Eisenberger, N.I. Does Rejection Hurt? fMRI Study
  of Social Exclusion. Science. 2003 302 290-2.

55
A META-ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE DOSE RESPONSE
FOR STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT

• Methods
• 140 studies with a total of 1433 subjects
  analyzed.
•  
• Results
• Optimal Loads maximum strength gains
  attained
• Untrained subjects, 60 of 1-rep maximum.
• Trained subjects, 80 of 1-rep maximum.
• Frequency maximum gains attained (muscle
  group)
• Untrained subjects, 3 times per week.
• Trained subjects, 2 times per week.
•  
• Rhea, M.R., Alvar, B.A, Burkett, L.N., Ball, S.D.
  A Meta-Analysis to Determine the Dose Response
  for Strength Development. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2003
  35(3) 456-64.

56
EFFECTS OF GINSENG ON SECRETORY IGA, PERFORMANCE,
AND RECOVERY FROM INTERVAL EXERCISE

• Methods
• 400 mg a day of a standardized ginseng
  concentrate equivalent to 2000 mg
• of Panax ginseng powder or placebo was
  consumed for 8 weeks.
•  
• Results
• Ginseng did not enhance immune response,
  exercise performance, or heart
• rate recovery following repeated bouts of
  exhaustive exercise.
•  
• Engels, H.J., Falman, M.M., Wirth, J.C. Effects
  of Ginseng on Secretory IgA, Performance, and
  Recovery from Interval Exercise. Med. Sci. Sp.
  Ex. April 2003 35(4) 690-6.

57
 EFFECT OF ALPHA LIPOIC ACID COMBINED WITH
CREATINE MONOHYDRATE ON HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE
CREATINE AND PHOSPHAGEN CONCENTRATION

• Methods
• Experienced weight lifters with higher than
  normal levels of creatine who eat
• red meat on a regular basis were tested
  following 3 protocols.
• Creatine 5 gm, 4 times a day for 5 days
• Creatine 5 gm plus 25 gm of sucrose, 4 times
  a day for 5 days
• Creatine 5 gm plus 25 gm of sucrose plus 250
  mg of alpha lipoic acid, 4 times
• a day for 5 days
•  
• Results
• When lipoic acid was added to loading
  regimen, there was a significant
• increase in intramuscular phosphocreatine
  and total creatine compared to
• creatine and creatine with a small amount
  of sugar in trained participants who
• consumed red meat.
•  
• Burke, D.G, Chilibeck, P.D., Parise, G., et al.
  Effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid Combined with
  Creatine Monohydrate on Human Skeletal Muscle
  Creatine and Phosphagen Concentration. Int. J
  Sport Nutr. Ex. Meta. 2003 13(3) 294-302.

58
EFFECTS OF A CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT ON
ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE DURING EXERCISE OF VARYING
INTENSITY

• Methods
• 9 trained cyclists on 3 separate occasions
  rode 3 hours of variable intensity
• followed by an 85 VO2 max sprint to
  exhaustion.
•  
• Results
• Sprint to exhaustion times
• Placebo beverage 13 minutes
• Carbohydrate beverage (7.75 CHO) 20
  minutes
• Carbohydrate-protein beverage (7.75
  CHO-1.94 protein) 27 minutes
• Carbohydrate versus placebo Endurance
  improved in 10 of 12 subjects with
• carbohydrate
• Carbohydrate-protein versus carbohydrate
  Endurance improved in 10 of 12
• subjects with protein
•  
• Ivy, J.L., Res, P.T., Sprague, R.C., Widzer, M.O.
  Effects of a Carbohydrate-Protein Supplement on
  Endurance Performance During Exercise of Varying
  Intensity. Int. J Sport Nutr. Ex. Meta. 2003
  13(3) 382-95.

59
Vitamin D and Adolescents

• Methods
• 307 teens - mean age 15 were tested
• Results
• 40 insufficient
• 24 deficiency breaks down as follows
• 35 of Blacks 22 of Latinos 17 of
  Asians 6 Whites
• Summer levels are 20 higher than Winter and
  Spring
• 0/307 had excessive Vitamin D levels
• MacReady, N. Many Teens May Not Get Enough
  Vitamin D, Family Practice News, January 1 2004
  P77

60
New Side Effect of Iron Deficiency

• Study
• Women who complain of hair loss when compared
  to normal controls
• had much lower mean Ferritin levels.
• Kantor, J., Cotsarelis, G. Decreased Serum
  Ferritin Is Associated With Alopecia in Women, J
  Invest Dermatol, November 2003 121(5) P985-988

Restless Legs Syndrome

• 21/22 patients with normal serum iron had
  resolution after Fe
• supplementation
• When serum ferritin is at 15 or below 50
  mag/dl, a high percent
• respond to Fe.
• Earley, C.J. Restless Legs Syndrome. New England
  Journal of Medicine 348 (21) 2003 2103-9

61
Vitamin B-12 and Seniors

• 24 deficient over 60 32 deficient over 70
  37 deficient over 80
• B-12 in food is protein bound. GI
  inflammation and atrophy can not
• break the protein bonds.
• Vitamins that are not protein bound are
  absorbed.
• RX- Oral deficiency replacement 100-500
  meg/day (RDA 2meg/day)
• to insure enough gets absorbed.
• Consider referral for IM delivering.
• Zoler, MC. B12 Deficiency Can Escape Detection,
  Family Practice News, January 1 2004, P25

62
EFFECT OF POST-EXERCISE ETHANOL INTOXICATION ON
THE FREE TESTOSTERONE RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE
EXERCISE IN MEN

• Methods
• 9 physically fit subjects (10.81.8 body
  fat), ages 21 to 34, on 3 different
• occasions performed each of the following
• 1. Resistance exercise 45 minute whole
  body circuit weight training with
• a heavy load (5-RM).
• 2. The same resistance workout followed
  by ethanol ingestion to a blood
• alcohol level of 0.10 g/dL.
• 3. No exercise or alcohol.

63
EFFECT OF POST-EXERCISE ETHANOL INTOXICATION
CONTINUED

• Results
• Getting intoxicated following exercise not
  only prevented a post-resistance
• testosterone decrease, but actually
  increased testosterone 25 over resting
• conditions. This increase was present
  beginning at 60 minutes post exercise.
• Free testosterone continued to be elevated
  over the 5-hour period of
• monitoring.
•  
• Recommendations
• This study must be repeated with a much
  larger sample size and a much
• longer time period before the American Board
  of Chiropractic Sports
• Physicians can issue a position statement
  recommending that our patients
• get hammered following workouts.
• Vingren, J.L., Koziris, L.P., Ben-Ezra, V.,
  Kraemer, W.J. Effect of Post-Exercise Ethanol
  Intoxication on the Free Testosterone Response to
  Resistance Exercise in Men. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May
  2003 35(5) S330.

64
FOOD PSYCHOLOGY BONUS SLIDE

• Carrots Study
• Popcorn Study
• Glass Size Study
• MMs Study
• Hershey Kiss Study