Title: Research Update 2005 Chiropractic Sports Sciences Symposium Sports Nutrition With Strength and Conditioning Exercise Physiology and Spine/General Studies with Practical Application
1Research Update2005 Chiropractic Sports Sciences
Symposium Sports NutritionWith Strength and
ConditioningExercise Physiology
andSpine/General Studies with Practical
Application
- G. Douglas Andersen, DC, DACBSP, CCN
2Sugar Utilization During Exercise
- Sucrose (S), fructose (F), maltodextrin (MD), and
glucose (G) are, in part, absorbed by different
transport mechanisms - CHO oxidation during cycling exercise peaks at 1
gr/min for G1 and MD2 - SG or FG peak at 1.25 g/min1
- MD F (67-33) reached 1.5 g/ min during
exercise2 - A GSF mix (50 25 25) reached 1.7 g/min
during exercise1 - Endogenous CHO oxidation 25 lower with 3 sugar
mix1 - 1Jentjens, R.L., Achten, J., Jeukendrup, A.E.
High Oxidation Rates from a Mixture of Glucose,
Sucrose and Fructose Ingested During Prolonged
Exercise. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S19 - 2Wallis, G.A., Rowlands, D.S., Shaw, C. et al.
Oxidation of Comined Ingestion of Maltodextrins
and Fructose during Exercise. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
2004 37(3) 426-432
3CHO in Simulated Team Sport Conditions
- No debate on CHOs ability to improve endurance
performance - Growing evidence that CHOs help intermit high
intensity exercise as well - This study showed 6 CHO solution superior to
placebo after 4-15 minute quarters of shuttle
drills ranging from running, sprinting, repeated
jumps, to walk/jog, stops/starts, and skill test - Compared to placebo, CHO drink resulted in faster
20m sprint time, higher average jump height,
better motor skills and improved mood in the 4th
quarter - This study showed 6 CHO drink preserves both
physical and central nervous system function late
in the game - Winnick, J.J., Davis, J.M., Welsh, R.S., et al.
Carbohydrate Feedings during Team Sport Exercise
Preserve Physical and CNS Function. Med. Sci. Sp.
Ex. 2005 37(2) 306-315
4Carbo Mouthwash
- 9 endurance cyclists (7 M, 2 F) completed 2 set
workloads as fast as possible - On 8 occasions during the ride, subjects rinsed
for 5 seconds with a 6.4 maltodextrin carb drink
(C) or a zero carb placebo (P) - They were not allowed to swallow either solution
- 7 days later they rode again with the opposite
solution - Results
- Power output was greater in 8/9 subjects when
they gargled with CHO drink versus the placebo
drink - Ave power output C-259 W P-252 W
- Performance times C 59.571.50 min vs. P
61.371.56 min - Are there oral C receptors that stimulate reward
or pleasure centers in the brain? - Carter, J. M., Jeukendrop, A.E., Jones, D.A. The
Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on 1-h Cycle
Time Trail Performance. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004
36(12) 2107-2111
5Placebo Sports Drink
- 16 runners randomly ran 5k time trials
- They consumed water or water falsely labeled as a
new ergogenic aid sports drink. They also viewed
a video about how great the product was.. - 12/16 ran faster with the placebo. (2140 248
vs. 2154 320) although statistical
significance was not achieved - The final 400 meters were run 2.5 seconds faster
with the placebo - Foster, C., Felker, H., Porcari, J.P, et al The
Placebo Effect on Exercise Performance. Med. Sci.
Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S171
6CHO/Protein Fluid Replacement Drink Improves
Speed Reaction in Ice Hockey
- Methods
- 1 goalie and 4 skaters were NCAA Div 1 hockey
players - Blinded/counter balanced treatment
- Consumed 1 quart during two 90 minute practices
- Placebo and 8 CHO/P drinks were reversed 1 wk
later - Shooting drills, sprints, and reaction times were
measured - Results
- Skating speed improved 8 (23 vs. 25 seconds)
- Scoring improved from 3.25 to 3.5 goals
- Goalie skate time was faster (4.34 vs. 4.38
seconds) - Goalie reaction time was faster (R L) .126/.126
vs. .138/.146 - Olson, B., Seifert, J. The Effects of a
Carbohydrate/Protein Dink on Skating Performance
in Collegiate Hockey Players. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
2004 36(5) S13
7CHO Protein drink vs. CHO drink on time to
Fatigue Muscle Damage
- 15 cyclists rode exercise bike to exhaustion at
70 VO2 max and repeated ride 12-15 hr later at
85 VO2 max - They consumed either 7.3 CHO drink or 7.3 CHO
drink with 1.8 whey protein at a rate of 4oz
per 15 min - 14 days later the test was repeated with the
other solution - Results CHO CHO P longer CHO P
- Ride 1 82 min 106 min 29
- Ride 2 31 min 44 min 40
- Adding P to CHO beverage improved performance in
both rides regardless of what order the subjects
got the CHO P drink
8CHO/P drink vs. CHO drink Cont
- Time of exhaustion with CHO drink was 82 min.
- At 82 min., CHO calories ingested were 186 CHO
P calories ingested were 232 - At 106 min. total caloric intake for CHO P
riders was 325 kcal - Total calories expended at end of CHO P ride
were an additional 318 kcal more than the CHO
ride - but only 139 more calories were ingested - Previous studies have shown CHO P accelerates
glycogen resynthesis1 and storage2 - Thus, ride
one improvement may be explained via increased
resynthesis while the ride two benefit is likely
due to greater storage of glycogen - 1Lvy, et al. J Appl. Physiol. 93 1337-44, 2002
- 2Willaims, et al. J Strength Cond. Res. 1712-19,
2003
9CHO/P drink vs. CHO drinkcont on Muscle Damage
- Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is a good indicator
of muscle damage - CPK was measured 30 min prior to the 1st ride to
exhaustion and again 12-15 hrs later - Pre ride CPK levels were the same in both groups.
Post ride levels averaged 1318 u/L for CHO and
216 u/L for CHO P were 83 less - This indicates 1.8 P added to a 7.3 CHO drink
reduced post exercise muscle damage and increased
time to exhaustion (in both rested and recovering
rides) when compared to a 7.3 CHO only drink. - Saunders, M.J., Kane, M.D., Todd, M.K. Effects of
a Carbohydrate-Protein Beverage on Cycling
Endurance and Muscle Damage. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
2004 36(7) 1233-1238
10Glycemic Index Meals Low vs. High
- 8 21 23 yr old males preformed a treadmill run
for 90 minutes at 70 VO2 max - 8 g/kg/bw CHO for 24 hrs was either low or high
GI Index - Following overnight fast, 70 VO2 max run to
exhaustion - Average time to exhaustion, Low GI 108 min. Hi
GI 96 min. - Comments
- - Results suggest improvement was due to greater
fat oxidation during the run to exhaustion on an
empty stomach 24 hrs later - - Pearl Hi GI carbs for 1st 2-4 hrs post
exercise, then low GI foods for the next 20-22
hours - Stevenson, E.J., Willaims, C., McComb, G., et al.
Improved Recovery from Prolonged Exercise
Following the Consumption of Low Glycaemic Index
Carbohydrate Meals. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004
36(5) S21
11Omega 3 Fatty Acids
- 7 men (23-24 years old) participated in 4
treatment conditions and then were tested with a
glucose challenge 15 hours later - 1. 3 days of rest
- 2. 3 days of a brisk 1 hour walk
- 3. 3 days of rest after 5-6 weeks of 4.5 gr/d of
omega 3 fatty acid supplements - 4. 3 days of brisk 1 hour walk after 5-6 weeks of
4.5 gr/d of omega 3 fatty acid supplements
12Omega 3 Fatty Acids Cont
- Insulin (uU/ml) response to glucose challenge (15
hrs post ex) - Rest Rest Sup. Walk Walk Sup
- 5805 4961 4403 4194
- Exercise reduced insulin levels 24 vs. rest
- Rest and Omega 3s reduced insulin 14.5 vs. rest
- Exercise and Omega 3s reduced insulin 15.5 vs.
exercise - Ben-Ezra, V., Clark, S.J., Wooten, J.S., et al.
The Independent and Combined Effects of n-3
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Exercise on
Insulin Responses. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5)
S173
13Protein Strength
- 51 subjects, 18-25 yrs. old (28 M, 23 F) were in
a 6 month strength and conditioning program - They received either a - 42 gr protein, 24 gr
carb, 2 gr fat drink twice daily or a 70 gr carb
drink twice a day for 6 months. The calories,
vitamins and minerals were the same in both
drinks - Training was 3 d/wk weight training and 3 d/wk
running - Diet records done at baseline, 3 and 6 months
indicated no difference in calories between the
groups - Protein intake was 2.2 g/kg/bw in protein group
and 1.1 g/kg/bw in carb group
14Protein Strength Cont
- Baseline 3M 6M
- Placebo
- Bench Press, kg 55.8 7.2 70.0 8.4
75.2 7.8 - Hip Sled, kg 156.2 14.9 205.9 18.8
231.4 18.8 - Protein
- Bench Press, kg 53.5 5.9 71.8 6.9
80.8 7.1 - Hip Sled, kg 141.0 12.8 194.9 12.8
216.2 12.4 - Protein improved bench press but not the hip sled
- (GDA Study should be repeated with more
subjects) - Vukovich, M.D., Tausz, S.M., Ballard, T.L., et
al. Effect of Protein Supplementation During a
6-month Strength and Conditioning Program on
Muscular Strength. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5)
S193
15Raisins vs. Sports Gels
- 8 trained cyclists did a 45 minute exercise bike
ride followed immediately by a 15 minute
performance trail - 45 minutes before the ride, 1 g/kg/bw of a sports
gel or raisins were consumed - The experiment was repeated with the opposite CHO
source - Raisins are considered to be a moderate glycemic
index (GI) food sports gels are high GI index
foods - There was no difference in performance
- Following exercise, free fatty acids were
elevated in the raisin group but not the gel
group - This study was funded by the California Raisin
Marketing Board - Kern, M., Heslin, C.J., Rezende, R.S. Metabolic
and Performance Effects of Raisions Versus Sports
Gel as Preexercise Feedings in Cyclists. Med.
Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S174
16Ergogenic Aids TCA Intermediates
- 3 Tricarboxylic-Acid-Cycle intermediates
(pyridoxine-alpha-ketogluterate, malate and
succinate) with low dose vitamins, minerals,
amino acid, and accessory nutrients (L-Carnitine,
CoQ10, lipoic acid, inosine, TMG, glutathione) - Cyclists took the supplement or placebo 2x/d for
3 weeks - Following 1 week break, cyclists took the
opposite treatment for 3 weeks - Placebo time to exhaustion was longer (but not
statistically significant) - Brown, A.C., MacRae, H.SH., Turner, N.S.,
Tricarboxylic-Acid-Cycle Intermediates and Cycle
Endurance Capacity. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Ex. Meta.
2004 14(6) 720-729
17Endurox
- Endurox is standardized ciwujia extract
(pronounced su-wah-ja) - Ciwujia comes from a root grown in NE China
- Product claims include studies that show
- Up to 43 in fat metabolism
- Up to 33 reduction in lactic acid
- Heart rate during recovery is 20
- www.endurox.com does not reference the studies
18Endurox vs. PowerAde vs. Water
- 18 subjects (20-40 9 male 9 female)
- 45 minute ride at 65 followed by 2 minute sprint
increments to fatigue - After 15 minutes of rest, a second incremental
ride to fatigue was done - 1st bout E 50.8 minutes PA 51.9 minutes W
52.0 minutes - 2nd bout differences were non-significant
- Bergen, J.L., McDaniel, K.O., Willhoit, K., et
al. Effect of Endurox on Exercise Time to
Fatigue, Recovery, and Recovery Exercise
Performance. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S174
19 Iron Deficiency in Female Athletes vs. Non
Athletes
- 55 High school seniors in sports and 92 non
participants were tested - 29/55 athletes (53) and 43/92 general population
(47) were iron deficient - Authors state no statistical difference between
athletes and non athletes - The percent of iron deficient women in studies
does vary - Pearl low energy, sleepy after workouts, cant
get in shape, little or no red meat think iron! - Landahl, G., Börjesson, M., Rödjer, S. Iron
Deficiency-More Common among Female Athletes than
Non-athletes? Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S120
20High Dose Vitamin E Triathlon
- 38 athletes got either 800 IU of Vitamin E (d
alpha tocopherol) or placebo for 8 weeks prior to
competing in a 3.9 km swim, 180 km bike, and 42
km run - The hypothesis was with severe exertion, Vitamin
E would attenuate exercise induced increases in
inflammation, oxidative stress and post race
immune suppression - Plasma alpha tocopherol was 75 higher in the
Vitamin E group - Plasma oxidative stress markers were 181 higher
than pre race baseline after the race in the
Vitamin E group but only 97 higher in the
placebo group - Vitamin E neither helped or harmed performance.
To the authors surprise, high dose E appeared to
increase oxidative insult - Nieman, D.C., Henson, D.A., McAnulty, S.R., et
al. Vitamin E and Immunity after the Kona
Triathlon World Championship. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
2004 36(8) 1325-1335
21Antioxidant Food
- Athletes underwent two high intensity run to
exhaustion (40 min) treadmill tests - The exercise test were done after 2 weeks of a
diet high in antioxidants (HAD) and (after
washout) repeated the test, following 2 weeks of
a low antioxidant diet (LAD) - Blood tests revealed increased markers of oxidant
stress after the LAD following sub maximal (38)
exhaustion (45) and 1 hr of recovery (31) - Authors Conclusion
- These deficiencies in antioxidant capacity can be
resolved with food alone - There is no need for supplements if the diet is
adequate - Watson, T.A., Callister, R., Taylor, R.D., et al.
Antioxidant Restriction and Oxidative Stress in
Short-Duration Exhaustive Exercise. Med. Sci. Sp.
Ex. 2005 37(1) 63-71
22Antioxidants Post Exercise Oxygen Stress
- 18 obese untrained women ages 19-31 were enrolled
in a dbl blind study - 9 took 400 IU E, 1000 mg C, 90 mcg Se for 14
days prior and 2 days following eccentric tricep
exercise, 9 took placebo - Eccentric exercise increased the biomarkers of
protein oxidation 200 from baseline in the
placebo group but only 50 with antioxidants - This protection was maintained at 2, 6, 24, and
48 hours following the workout - Goldfarb, A.H., Bloomer, R.J., McKenzie, M.J.
Combined Antioxidant Treatment Effects on Blood
Oxidative Stress after Eccentric Exercise. Med.
Sci. Sp. Ex. 2005 37(2) 234-239
23Carnitine
- A dipeptide synthesized from lysine and
methionine - 20 mildly overweight college students took 1 gram
TID of carnitine (C) for one month or placebo (P) - They were further divided into exercise (Ex) and
non exercise groups - Comparison of C, C Ex, P Ex and P, revealed
that C did lower cholesterol, triglycerides and
LDL but had no effect on body fat, endurance,
anaerobic threshold or peak VO2 - Choi, E.S., Bae, Y.J., Kim, C.K. Effects of
Carnitine Intake and Aerobic Exercise on Blood
Lipid Levelsand Physical Performance. Med. Sci.
Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S176
24CLA
- Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) research has been
quite successful in reducing fat and increasing
lean mass in animals - Human research has been generally unimpressive
- 77 young (average age 25) subjects (37 M, 40 F)
took 5 grams of CLA/d or placebo for 7 weeks - Both groups followed the same strength program
(3d/wk 12 exercises 3-4 sets)
25CLA Cont
- Results
- CLA Placebo
- Lean mass 1.4 kg 0.2 kg
- Fat mass -0.8 kg -0.4 kg
- No differences in leg press, knee extension or
bench press in women - Males on CLA increased bench press 31 kg vs. 22
kg for placebo - 17 subjects volunteered to crossover for 7 more
weeks - The CLA had greater loss of fat mass 0.2 kg vs.
1.5 kg fat gain - Males who crossed over did not duplicate bench
press gains seen in the initial phase - Pinkoski, C., Chilibeck, P.D., Candow, D.G., et
al. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation
During Strength Training. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004
36(5) S284
26Glutamine Endurance
- Glutamine is used for the critically ill and
immune suppressed to maintain muscle mass and/or
slow muscle loss in these groups - Glutamine is the most abundant AA in the human
muscle - It regulates protein balance in skeletal muscle
(high levels increase protein synthesis low
levels cause proteolysis) - Endogenous levels are depressed in cases of
overtraining - Glutamine sales are based on extrapolation of the
above - The limited studies on athletic use have been
generally unimpressive
27Glutamine Endurance Cont
- 12 male cyclists aged 19 - 31
- Protocol Wingate test - exercise to exhaustion
- wingate test 2 - 24 hrs rest -wingate test 3 - Following exercise they were divided into 2
groups CHO glutamine (.3 g/kg/bw) or CHO drink
for 6 days - On the 7th day, a wingate test and exercise to
exhaustion was repeated. - Results Time to exhaustion increased 3 minutes
in glutamine group after one week use. - Piattoly, T., Welsch, M.A. L-Glutamine
Supplementation Effects on Recovery from
Exercise. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S127
28Rhodiola Rosea Endurance
- AKA Golden Root
- Grown in the mountains of Europe, Asia, and
America - Claims include CNS stimulation, increased work
performance, increase muscle strength, also anti
cancer cardio protective - Dbl. Blind study compared one acute dose (200 mg
1 hr prior to exercise) with 30 days of 200 mg
doses and retested - Results- time to exhaustion increased 24 seconds
16.8-17.2 min with a single pre event dose, all
other tests - ability to sustain attention,
visual reaction time, speed of limb movement, and
muscular strength were negative. After 30 days,
retesting the results were unchanged. - Conclusion 4 weeks of 200 mg/d was no different
than a single dose - De Bock, K., Eijinde, B.O., Ramaekers, M., et al.
Acute Rhodiola Rosea Intake Can Improve Endurance
Exercise Performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Ex.
Meta. 2004 14(3) 298-307
29Cordyceps Sinensis Rhodiola Rosea
- 17 competitive cyclists were tested, randomized
and given either 3 capsules containing 1000 mg
CS, 300mg RR, and 800 mg of a blend of pyruvate,
Na and K phosphate, chromium, ribose and
adenosine - No difference in Peak VO2, time to exhaustion,
peak power, or peak heart rate - Blood lactate, ventilatory threshold and
respiratory compensation were also unaffected in
either a positive or negative way - Earnest, C.P., Wyatt, F., Lucia, A. Effects of a
Cordyceps Sensis and Rhodiol Rosea Based Formula
on Exercise Performance in Cyclists. Med. Sci.
Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S171
30Oral ATP
- 27 males who lift weights completed a dbl. blind
trial - Randomly they received 150 mg ATP, 225 mg ATP, or
placebo - Testing was done at
- 1. Baseline
- 2. 7 days later -75 minutes after the first dose
- 3. Following 14 days of dosing
- No change in total work, average power or peak
power output in Wingate testing - Authors conclusion may provide small ergogenic
effect on muscular strength under some treatment
conditions is based on a 1.5 rep bench press
increase from baseline in the 1st of 3 sets. This
followed a 1 rep max which declined 2 kg and
preceded the 2nd and 3rd sets which were
unchanged - Jordan, A.N., Jurca, R., Abraham, E.H., et al.
Effects of Oral ATP Supplementation on Anaerobic
Power and Muscular Strength. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
2004 36(6) 983-990
31Creatine, Endurance Exercise Followed by
Resistance Exercise
- 14 College age women (age 19-23) took Creatine or
placebo - Creatine 20g/d x 5 then 3g/d x 7 (12 days total)
- Baseline Leg Press
- Pre Creatine Pre Placebo
- 1 rep max 190 kg 179 kg
- 3 sets (reps) 9.4 - 10.0 - 9.3 8.9 - 8.4 - 8.6
- reps 80 of 1RM, 2.5 minute rest between sets
- Then 12 days of creatine or placebo
32Creatine, Endurance Exercise Followed by
Resistance Exercise Cont
- An aerobic task (maximum distance in 20 minutes)
was preformed followed by a one rep maximum test
in leg press and then 3 sets -
- 12d Creatine 12d Placebo
- Aerobic task 3140 244 meters 3420 394 meters
- 1 rep max 191 kg 181 kg
- 3 sets (reps) 10.1 - 9.6 - 9.9 7.1 - 4.7 - 4.4
- Creatine reduced the effect of fatigue on
strength loss - Aoki, M.S., Gomes, R.V., Raso, V. Creatine
Supplementation Attenuates the Adverse Effect of
Endurance Exercise on Subsequent Resistance
Exercise Performance. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004
36(5) S334
33Acid Buffers
- Energy from continuous high intensity activity
causes intra muscular acidity leading to fatigue - Hydrogen ions, not lactate ions, cause acidosis
- Improving the capacity to buffer will retard acid
accumulation - Theoretically this will delay fatigue and
lengthen time to exhaustion - The most common substances are Na bicarbonate, Na
citrate, and Na lactate - 16 trained runners compared these buffers and a
placebo (Na chloride)
34Acid Buffers Cont
- Na bicarbonate was dosed at 300 mg/kg/bw
- The other substances were dosed at an equal
osmotic strength to Na bicarbonate to control for
nausea or GI discomfort - Na citrate 525 mg/kg/bw, lactate 400 mg/kg/bw,
chloride 209 mg/kg/bw - Subjects ingested 20 to 60 capsules depending on
bw over a 90 minute period - 90 minutes later a performance test was done
- The protocol was repeated every 2-5 days until
treadmill runs were complete (one with each
treatment) - Time to exhaustion bicarbonate 82.3 seconds,
lactate 80.2 seconds, citrate 78.2 seconds,
chloride (placebo) 77.4 seconds - 12/16 runners best time was with Na bicarbonate
- Van Montfoort, M.C.E., Van Dieren, L., Hopkins,
W.G., et al. Effects of Ingestion of Bicarbonate,
Citrate, Lactate, and Chloride on Sprint Running.
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(7) 1239-1243
35DHEA
- Dehydroepiandrostevone (DHEA) and DHEA-Sulfate
are cursors to both testosterone and estrogen. - 15 men (ages 20-45) took 100 mg DHEA or placebo
for 1 month. Following a 3 week washout,
treatments were reversed for another month - No differences were found on stair climbing,
treadmill, pull-ups, or grip strength - Testosterone was not elevated
- Exercise induced blood glucose was significantly
increased- it was a completely unexpected
finding that needs more research - Deuster, P.A., Sutton, E., Criqui, M., et al.
DHEA Effects on Metabolism and Exercise
Performance in Men. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004
36(5) S176
36Nandrolone Excretion
- Nandrolone (19 nor-testosterone) AKA Deca or
Deca Durobolin is statistically the most common
positive found by doping labs - It has been used for decades and has been banned
by the IOC since 1976 - Positive tests are declared when its metabolite,
19-norandrosterone (19-NA) exceeds 2000 pg. ml in
the urine - 32 males consented to be studied they all denied
steroid use - Within 3 hours of severe musculoskeletal injury
urine was analyzed for 19-NA - 19-NA levels ranged from 2 pg. ml to 2800 pg.ml
- 6 weeks after injury subjects underwent a second
UA - 19-NA ranged from 0-540 pg.ml
- Kohler, R.M., Lambert, M., Hall, K. et al. The
Effect of Musculoskeletal Injury on Endogenous
Nandrolone Metabolism. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004
36(5) S171
37Nandrolone Elimination
- 24 subjects received 50 mg radio-labelled
C13-Nandrolone 12 get a placebo - Participants then exercised to exhaustion
- The pattern of the radio-labelled steroid showed
commonly measured metabolities are not accurate
due to a large individual variation from exercise
induced synthesis - Along with the previous study it appears both
exercise and injury can cause a wide range of
endogenous production - In some people markers of exogenous nandrolone
(juicing) may exceed IOC levels without
administration - Baume, N., Avois, L., Cauderay, M., et al.
C13-Labelled Nandrolone Excretion in Trained
Athletes Effect of Exercise. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
2004 36(5) S170
38Second Day Effect of Exercise in Heat
- Over 2000 cases of exertional heat illness (EHI)
from 1979-1997 were retrospectively analyzed from
U.S. Marine Corps records - In addition to heat at the time of the event,
analysis yielded many cases of EHI on days with
temperatures well below the 80F and above,
classified as high risk conditions - Further research reveled that the hotter the
previous day was, the greater the risk of EHI,
even with moderate temperatures on the following
day - An odds ratio was published. For example the
risk of EHI on an 85 day is the same as a 75
day if the previous day was 90 - Wallace, R.F., Kriebel, D., Punnett, L., et al.
The Effects of Continuous Hot Weather Training on
Risk of Exertional Heat Illness. Med. Sci. Sp.
Ex. 2005 37(1) 84-90
39Heat Stress Football Helmets
- Football players were studied in preseason hot
conditions - Sensors were placed on the head
- Esophageal probe measured core temp
- Heart rate monitors were worn
- Intermittent sprints in the heat were preformed
on consecutive days with and without helmets - Helmets significantly increased thermal load
including core temp and heart rate - Pearl in hot conditions remove helmets when not
playing - Brothers, R.M., Mitchell, J.B., Smith, M.L.
Wearing a Football Helmet Exacerbates Thermal
Load During Exercise in Hyperthermic Conditions.
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S48
40Kids Dehydration
- 58 12 year olds (34 boys, 24 girls) were
monitored during a 4 day summer soccer camp - Boys had three 2 hour sessions a day Girls had
three 1.5 hour practices per day - Fluids were available at all times. Coaches
encouraged kids to drink both during frequent
breaks or anytime during practice - Hydration status was measured by urine specific
gravity (USG)
41Kids Dehydration Cont
- Boys () Girls ()
- Hydration Status Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 - Minimal DHY 15 24 16 9 18 13
- Significant DHY 44 43 37 26 37 40
- Serious DHY 25 24 22 52 18 30
- Total 84 91 75 87 73 83
- Urine Specific Gravity tests (USG) were done in
the AM before practice. - Minimal Dehydration USG 1.020 1.024
- Significant Dehydration 1.025 1.029
- Serious Dehydration 1.030 or greater
- Walker, S.M., Casa, D.J., Levresult, M.L., et al.
Children Participating in Summer Soccer Camps are
Chronically Dehydrated. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004
36(5) S180
42Obesity Research
- Fitness reduces the rates of coronary artery
disease and cardiovascular event1 - The longer immigrants live in the US the fatter
they get. By 15 years or more they exceed US
natives classified as overweight and are within
3 of obese US natives (19 vs. 22)2 - Higher consumption of sugar sweetened beverages
is associated with weight gain and type 2
diabetes3 - 1.Wessel, T.R., Arant, C.B., Olson, M.B., et al.
Relationship of Physical Fitness vs Body Mass
Index With Coronary Artery Disease and
Cardiovascular Events in Women. JAMA 2004
292(10) 1179-1187 - 2 Goel, M.S., McCarthy, E.P., Phillips, R.S., et
al. Obesity Among US Immigrant Subgroups by
Duration of Residence. JAMA 2004 292(23) 2860
-2867 - 3Schulze, M.B., Manson, J.E., Ludwig, D.S., et
al. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and
Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and
Middle-Aged Women. JAMA 2004 292(8) 927-934
43Obesity Research Cont
- Even with CDC obesity deaths overestimated, at
current rates of weight gain, mathematical
demographers expect a potential lifespan decline
within the next 50 years unless the population
can find the discipline to reduce consumption and
increase activity or a significant medical
breakthrough occurs1 - The 2005 USDA dietary guidelines for exercise
have changed from the 2000 guide. Rather than
attempt to accumulate 30 min. of activity per
day, the 2005 recommendations state 60 min. of
moderate to vigorous exercise on most days while
not exceeding calorie requirements is the amount
needed to lose weight.2 - 1Olshansky, S.J., Passaro, D.J., Hershow, R.C.,
et al. A Potertial Decline in Life Expectancy in
the United States in the 21st Century. N. Engl.
J. Med. 2005 352(11) 1139 1145 - 2Kuehn, B.M. Experts Charge New US Dietary
Guidelines Pose Daunting Challenges for the
Public. JAMA 2005 293(8) 918 - 921
44Diet, Exercise Kids
- 10 kids ages 10-14 spent 2 weeks in a Pritikin
residential program - Foods were high fiber, very low fat, low
cholesterol and consumed ad libitum - Aerobic exercise daily
- Results Pre Two weeks later
- Total Cholesterol 164 mg/dl 117 mg/dl
- LDL 124 mg/dl 79 mg/dl
- Triglycerides 141 mg/dl 80 mg/dl
- CRP 4.15 mg/L 1.90 mg/L
- Insulin 22.6 uU/ml 15.5 uU/ml
- Chen, A., Roberts, C., Barnard, R.J., Effect of a
Short-term Diet and Exercise Intervention on
Serum Insulin, Lipids, Oxidative Stress,
Inflammation, and Adhesion Molecules in Children.
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S82
45Protein Weight Loss Bone Mineral Density
- 52 (21 M, 31 F) middle aged (mean 48) overweight
(BMI 33.7 4.5) subjects - 4 months - 1700 cal/d F - 1900 cal/d M Active
lifestyle - HI PRO 1.6 g/kg 30 P 40 C 30 F
- CHO 0.8 g/kg 15 P 55 C 30 F
- Results PRO CHO
- Ave Wt loss -19 lbs -16 lbs
- Fat loss -13 lbs -10 lbs
- BMD 3.0 0.9
- BMC 3.7 1.5
- in lumbar spine
- Evans, E.M., Heinrichs, K.L., Layman, D.K. Does
Protein Intake During Weight Loss affect Bone
Mineral Content and Density? Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
2004 36(5) S96
46High Carb, Low Protein Beats High Protein, Low
Carb
- 164 women average age 37 BMI 32.5 4
- 1 year - 1200-1500 cal/d - Group sessions and
phone calls to maintain compliance were preformed
regularly - Questionnaires on food and activity were done
throughout the year - Divided into High PRO P 20 C 45 F 35 1437 583
cal/d - High CHO P 13 C61 F26 1305 604 cal/d
- Exercise High CHO 220 100 min/wk High PRO
160 116 min/wk - Wt loss High CHO 22 lbs High PRO 13.4 lbs
- Authors state no statistical difference in
energy intake or activity - Mohr, C.R., Jakicic, J.M., Gallagher, K.I., et
al. Effect of Macronutrient Composition on
12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Women. Med.
Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S97
47Fitness Bodyweight Disease
- Results of 24 year follow-up of The Nurses Health
Study, 116,500 women between 30 and 55 in 1976 - Modest adult weight gain increases risk of
reduced lifespan - Physical inactivity (less than 3.5 hr/wk a.k.a.
30 min/d) reduces lifespan - Adiposity predicted higher death rate regardless
of activity - Activity was beneficial at all levels of
adiposity but could only reduce, not reverse, the
increased risk of death with obesity - Hu, F.B., Willett, W.C., Li, T., et al. Adiposity
as Compared with Physical Activity in Predicting
Mortality among Women. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004
351(26) 2695-2703
48Parents Obese Children
- 947 surveys to parents of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
graders in 5 NY schools - 127 surveys were completed
- 79 of overweight parents had overweight kids
- 88 of parents correctly classified their
children as normal or overweight - Of the 12 who misclassified their kids, 15/16
said their overweight child was normal weight - Pearl It is not normal to be overweight
- Keller, B.A., Miner, J.K., Wigglesworth, J.K. The
Role of Parents in Factors that Contribute to
obesity in Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004
36(5) S51
49Could the Obesity Problem be Caused by Food?
- 13 subjects (9 M, 4 F) mean age (23) BMI 23.2
were deceived into thinking they were in a taste
and food perception study - The study began with subjects getting a buffet
lunch which researchers then weighed and analyzed
for amount of energy they self selected. When
they finished lunch, any leftovers were again
analyzed - Monday Wednesday Friday
- Week 1 Buffet lunch Buffet lunch Buffet
lunch - Week2 Group A (100) Group A (150) Group A
(125) - Group B (125) Group B (100) Group B (150)
- Group C (150) Group C (125) Group C (100)
- Percentages refer to the average amount consumed
in the first week
50Could the Obesity Problem be Caused by Food?
Cont..
- In week 2 they were divided into 3 groups
- The self selected buffet meal was referred to as
100. - The self selected meals averaged 698 kcal
- The 863 kcal were consumed from the 125 plate
- The 971 kcal were consumed from the 150 plate
- Results
- The amount of food consumed was not associated
with hunger - The amount of food consumed was directly
associated with the amount served - Levitsky, D.A., Youn, T. The More Food Young
Adults Are Served, the More They Overeat. J Nutr.
2004 134 2546-2549
51Single vs. Multiple Sets
- 1 set of 10 reps of 10 different exercises was
compared to 3 sets ( same reps, same lifts) - Energy Expendative (EE) during and following was
measured - 1 set 3 sets
- During 75 kcal 208 kcal
- Post Ex 36 kcal 51 kcal
- Total 111 kcal 259 kcal
- kcal in 120 min post exercise. After 2 hours
both groups resting EE returned to baseline. - Henley, M.O., Irving, B.A., Gaesser, G.A. Effect
of Singles- and Multiple-Set Resistance Exercise
on Postexercise Energy Expenditure. Med. Sci. Sp.
Ex. 2004 36(5) S277
52EPOC, TRIMPS Intensity
- EPOC Excess Post-exercise Oxygen consumption
- TRIMPS The index of training load (calculated
from the relative duration and intensity
multiplied by a factor describing blood lactate
vs. relative intensity relation) - 8 men (28 yrs old 4) ran an inclined treadmill
on 3 occasions - EPOC TRIMPS Peak HR
- 1.21 min at 68 VO2 max 58 ml/kg 39 arb.
units 165 - 2.40 min at 68 VO2 max 115 ml/kg 48 arb.
units 177 - 3.21 min at 79 VO2 max 121 ml/kg 57 arb.
units 182 - Intensity increased training load more than
duration did - Rusko, H.K., Pulkkinen, A., Martinmaki, K. et al.
Influence of Increased Duration or Intensity on
Training Load as evaluated by EPOC and TRIMPS.
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004 36(5) S144
53Low Back Pain in Wrestlers
- This study begins with 3 references to support
this statement - 85 of male gymnasts, 80 of weightlifters, 69
of wrestlers, 58 soccer players, 50 of tennis
players, 30 golfers, and 40-60 of general
population were reported to have low back pain
54Low Back Pain in Wrestlers Cont
- 53 Collegiate wrestlers got x-rays, MRIs, and
then had trunk flexor and extensor muscle
strength tested at 3 angular velocities - Based on imaging, wrestlers were divided into a
radiological abnormality (RA) and non RA (NRA)
groups - 35/53 had RA (66) 18/53 (34) had normal
studies - 14/35 in RA group (40) had LBP 8/18 (44) in
NRA group had LBP - There was no correlation between trunk flexor
strength and LBP in either group - Weak extensors correlated to LBP in the NRA group
but not the RA group - Iwai, K., Nakazto, K., Irie, K., et al. Trunk
Muscle Strength and Disability Level of Low Back
Pain in Collegiate Wrestlers. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
2004 36(8) 1296-1300
55Low Back Braces
- Many companies advocate low back braces to
prevent injuries in repetitive lifting
environments - 12 subjects (average 50 yrs old) lifted a 25 lb
milk crate 4x per minute for 15 minutes on two
occasions with and without a back brace. They
also did a no load, no brace set. - 3 sets of fluoroscopic images were obtained no
load, load without brace, load with brace - Images were analyzed for joint angles and disc
deformation - Conclusion Compressive and shear disc
deformation was reduced with back braces in the
upright position. The reduction of forces in
flexed postures was insignificant. - Debeliso, M., O'Shea, P., Harris, C., et al. The
Effects of a Back-Belt on Lumbar Disc Deformation
During Stoop Type Lifting. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
2004 36(5) S348
56Chronic LBP Brain Atrophy
- 26 chronic low back (LBP) patients were compared
to matched controls - LBP were subdivided into neuropathic (sciatic
nerve damage) and non-neuropathic groups - MRI brain scan data, automated analysis
techniques voxel-based morphometry and non
parametric statistics technique were employed
57Chronic LBP Brain Atrophy Cont
- Results
- LBP patients shared 5-11 less neocortical gray
matter volume than control - This is equivalent to what is lost in 10-20 yrs
of normal ageing - Each year of chronic pain reduced 1.3 cm3 of gray
matter - The gray matter lost occurred in the dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex bilaterally and right thalamus - There were distinct patterns for neuropathic and
non-neuropathic LBP patients - Apkarian A.V., Sosa, Y., Sonty, S., et al.
Chronic Back Pain is Associated with Decreased
Prefrontal and Thalmic Gray Matter Density. J
Neuroscience. 2004 24(46)10410-10415
58Magnets Negative for DOMs
- 10 males 10 females aged 18 32
- Dbl blind placebo control
- 2 sets of 25 reps eccentric elbow flexion to
induce soreness - After exercise they were given armbands with
magnets or placebo and were worn 7 days - Magnets had no effect on reducing pain and
swelling, nor did they prevent strength loss - Mikesky, A.E., Hayden, M.W. Effect of Static
Magnetic Therapy on Recovery from Delayed Onset
Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2004
36(5) S16
59Testosterone Works!
- 60 young men (average age 26, range 18-36) and 60
old men (average age 66, range 60-75) were
involved in a 20 week study and were randomly
assigned to one of five doses (20,50, 125, 300 or
600 mg/wk) of testosterone enanthate. - Results
- In both young and old men, there was a dose
dependant correlation between the amount of
steroid and the amount of muscle growth. - Pearl More roids bigger buff.duh
- Magliano, L., Woodhouse, L.J., Bhasin, S., et al.
Testosterone Dose-Dependently Increases Skeletal
Muscle Mass (SMM) in Healthy Men. Med. Sci. Sp.
Ex. 2004 36(5) S238
60American College of Sports Medicine Position
Stand Physical activity and Bone Health
- Exercise Rx
- Mode weight-Bearing endurance activities
(tennis stair climbing jogging at least
intermittently during walking), activities that
involve jumping (volleyball, basketball), and
resistance exercise (weight lifting) - Intensity moderate to high, in terms of
bone-loading forces (60 of 1 rep max) - Frequency weight-bearing endurance activities
3-5 times per week resistance exercise 2-3
times per week - Duration 30-60 mind-1 of a combination of
weight-bearing endurance activities,
activities that involve jumping, and resistance
exercise that targets all major muscle groups - NOTE Exercise programs for elderly women and men
should include not only weight-bearing endurance
and resistance activities aimed at preserving
bone mass, but also activities designed to
improve balance and prevent falls - Kohrt, W.M., Bloomfield, S.A., Little, K.D., et
al. Physical Activity and Bone Health. Med. Sci.
Sp. Ex. 2004 36(11) 1985 -1996
61Asplund, C.A., Brown, D.L. The Running Shoe
Prescription. Phys Sportsmed 2005 33(1) 17-24