Lijphart

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Lijphart

• C7 Exec-legislative relations
• C8 Electoral Systems

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Presidential V. Parliamentary

• Major Differences
• Separation and confidence
• Nature of election
• Collegial v. noncollegial
• Other Differences
• Separation of powers means that executive
  officers cannot serve in the legislature (there
  are some exceptions in some parliamentary
  systems)
• Presidents cannot dissolve the legislature
• Head of State v. Head of Government

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Veto Gates UK v. US

• UK One veto gate House of Commons
• (ignoring House of Lords, which is not powerless,
  but is definitely weaker than House of Commons)
• US has three elected veto gates
• Presidency
• House of Representatives
• Senate

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Veto Gates UK v. US

• US
• Separate origin and survival of each institution
• --must transact
• Inter-branch transactions, even if the same party
  has presidency and congressional majorities

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Parliamentary Systems with Minority or
Coalitional Governments

• Still hierarchical relationship of cabinet to
  parliament cabinet survives only so long as it
  does not lose the confidence of the
  legislative majority
• But absence of a majority means inter-party
  transactions (i.e., among multiple veto players)

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Presidential Systems US v. Brazil

• Compared to the US, Brazils presidency is
  stronger Decree power
• And weaker Veto can be overridden by 501
  (not two thirds)
• Note Lulas PT won 19.2 of the vote for
  Senate in 2006, electing 6 of the 27 senators up
  for election and 15 of the vote for deputies,
  winning 83 out of 513 seats

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Hybrid/Semi-Presidential/Mixed Systems

• President elected by the public
• Appoints a PM and Cabinet Subject to
  Parliamentary Approval
• Cohabitation
• Examples France, Russia (many others)

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Semi-Presidential Systems
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On Varieties of Semi-Presidentialism
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France (a Premier-Presidential System)

• France 1981 François Mitterrand, Socialist
  Party, elected President in May, 1981
• But National Assembly (474 seats, five-year
  term), elected in 1978
• Mitterrands alliance
• Socialists 102
• Communists 86
• Opposition
• Gaullists 178
• UDF 124

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France 1981 President Mitterrand exercised his
constitutional authority to dissolve parliament

• 1978 1981 (14 June)
• Mitterrands alliance
• Socialists 102 268
• Communists 86 43
• Opposition
• Gaullists 142 80
• UDF 124 59
• able to appoint a Socialist premier and cabinet
  (Pierre Mauroy)

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1986 National Assembly election

• Mitterrands alliance
• Socialists 198
• Communists 32
• Opposition
• Gaullists 146
• UDF 128

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Cohabitation!

• Mitterrand had to appoint a premier from the
  GaullistUDF alliance (Jacques Chirac)

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France 1988 Mitterrand reelected, dissolved
parliament again

• 1986 1988
• Mitterrands alliance
• Socialists 198 260
• Communists 32 24
• Opposition
• Gaullists 146 123
• UDF 128 130
• Mitterrand able to appoint a Socialist premier
  again (Michel Rocard)

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France 1997

• President is now Jacques Chirac, elected 1995
• Chirac dissolved parliament in 1997

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France 1997

• 1993 1997
• Chiracs alliance
• Gaullists 243 132
• UDF 209 161
• Left opposition
• Socialists 67 244
• Communists 24 35
• Chirac must appoint a Socialist premier (Lionel
  Jospin). Cohabitation again!

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Semi-Presidentialism in Poland is Confusing

• ? President Lech Kaczynski

PM Jaroslaw Kaczynski ?
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Electoral Formula Plurality/Majority Systems v.
PR

• Types of Plurality/Majority
• SMD/FPTP
• True majority systems
• 2-Round run-off systems
• often used in presidential races
• like in AL primaries
• French System
• Alternative Vote

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Electoral Formula Plurality/Majority Systems v.
PR

• PR Systems
• List PR
• lists are closed (signif?)
• differing PR formulae
• Mixed Member Proportional
• STV

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Political Effect of Electoral Rules

• Mechanical Effects how do the rules impact the
  translation of votes into seats?
• Psychological Effects how do those impacts
  influence the choices of voters?

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Duvergers Law Hypothesis

• Duvergers Law Plurality rule tends to reduce
  the number of parties to two, regardless of the
  number of issue dimensions (Taageperga and
  Shugart 198965)
• Duvergers Hypothesis PR rules tend not to
  reduced the number of parties, if the number of
  issue dimensions favors the existence of many
  parties (ibid., 65).

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Duvergers Law Hypothesis(Source Taagepera
and Shugart, 1989143)
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Duvergers Law Hypothesis(Source Taagepera
and Shugart, 1989144)
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Source Lijphart 1994154-155
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Source Lijphart 1994154-155
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Ballot Example Closed List-PR
Source http//www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/
BeginnningReading/PRsystems.htm
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Ballot Example Open List-PR
Source http//www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/
BeginnningReading/PRsystems.htm
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STV Example IrelandSource Mair 1986 292
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Ireland and STV

• See http//electionsireland.org/counts.cfm?elect
  ion2002cons57ref

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Mixed Member Systems
Source http//www.gnb.ca/0100/Doc/fact7mixed-e.p
df
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Mixed Member Systems

• German elections http//www.electionresources.or
  g/de/

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A MMP Sample Ballot
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German Bundestag Ballot
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Source Lijphart, et al. 1986160
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Sources

• Note material on veto gates and France via
  Matthew Shugart (personal correspondence)