Organic Chemistry carbon and macromolecules

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Chapter 4 5

• Organic Chemistry carbon and macromolecules

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Chapter 4 Carbon

• Organics contain carbon- consist mainly of
  carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
• may also have nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous
• Carbon is important due to its bonding behavior
• each carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
• makes large, complex molecules possible
• carbon chains form a backbone (carbon skeletons)

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• Carbon skeletons may vary in
• Length
• Shape
• number and location of double bonds
• other elements covalently bonded to available
  sites

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Hydrocarbons

• molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen
• major components of fossil fuels
• components of biological molecules
• nonpolar molecules

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Isomers

• Compounds with the same molecular formula but
  with different structures
• Three types of isomers
• structural isomers
• geometric isomers
• enantiomers

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Structural Isomers

• H H H H
• H C C C C H
• H H H H
• H
• H C H
• H H
• H C C C H
• H H H

Isomers of butane and iosobutane Both have the
chemical formula C4H10
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Geometric Isomers

• X X
• C C
• H H
• H X
• C C
• X H

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Enatiomers mirror images
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Functional groups

• small characteristic groups of atoms bonded to
  the carbon skeleton of organic molecules
• have specific chemical and physical properties
• chemically reactive regions of the organic
  molecules
• behave consistently from one organic molecule to
  another
• determine the unique chemical properties of
  organic molecules

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Chapter 5 - Organic Compounds

• Small organic molecules can be combined to form
  large molecules called macromolecules
• polymers
• Dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
• Polymerization reactions
• Hydrolysis reactions
• Decomposition reactions

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• 4 Types of Macromolecules
• 1. Carbohydrates
• 2. Lipids
• 3. Proteins
• 4. Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in a 121 ratio
• Types of Carbohydrates
• 1. Monosaccharides
• 2. Disaccharides
• 3. Polysaccharides

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• Functions of Carbohydrates
• readily and easily used source of cellular fuel
• structural components of cell
• cell identifiers
• building blocks of nucleic acids

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Lipids

• Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, non-polar
  hydrophilic molecule
• Types of Lipids
• 1. Neutral Fats glycerol and a fatty acid
• Saturated fats
• Unsaturated fats
• Triglycerides three fatty acid chains
• 2. Complex Lipids contain elements like
  phosphorus, nitrogen or sulfur

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• Phospholipids have a phosphate in place of the
  third fatty acid chain
• important part of the cell membrane lipid bilayer
• amphipathic hydrophilic head and hydrophobic
  tails
• Steroids Contain no fatty acids consist of
  rigid carbon ring structures which are fused
  together
• important in the cell membrane of eukaryotes
  (cholesterol)
• provide rigidity
• sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone

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• Functions of lipids
• structural components of cells
• fuel
• chemical messengers

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Proteins

• Most diverse group contain carbon, nitrogen,
  hydrogen and Oxygen
• Amino acids building blocks of proteins
• only 20 different ones
• Small compounds consisting of
• 1. an amine group
• 2. a carboxyl group
• 3. an alpha carbon with a hydrogen
• 4. a functional group (R group)

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• Levels of Protein Structure
• 1. Primary structure
• 2. Secondary structure
• 3.Tertiary Structure
• 4. Quanternary Structure

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• Denaturation occurs when proteins encounters
  harsh environment
• increased pH, temperature or salt concentrations
• causes protein to unfold and become non
  functional
• STRUCTURE DICTATES FUNCTION
• Conjugated protein have an additional component
  like a lipid or metal
• ex. Lipoprotein and metalloproteins

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• Functions of proteins
• Catalyst (enzymes)
• Structural
• Carrier
• Movement
• Identifiers

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Nucleic Acids

• 2 types of Nucleic Acids
• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA ribonucleic acid
• Composed of nucleotides
• Each nucleotide consists of a pentose (5 carbon)
  sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base

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• Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and
  thymine (T) are bases of DNA
• sugar is deoxyribose
• occurs as a double stranded molecule
• only 1 type of DNA
• Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil (U) are
  bases found in RNA
• sugar is ribose
• occurs as a single stranded molecule
• 3 types of RNA messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer
  RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (mRNA)

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• Strands of nucleic acids are composed of a sugar
  phosphate backbone with the nitrogenous bases
  attached
• bases on strands are held together by hydrogen
  bonds
• pairing of bases is complementary meaning A only
  bonds to T and C only bonds to C
• In RNA A bonds only with U

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• nucleotides function to provide energy, act as
  enzyme components and act as chemical messengers
  ex. ATP, NAD, FAD
• ATP adenosine triphosphate
• energy is stored between the phosphate bonds
• Functions of nucleic acids
• provide information for protein synthesis
• direct all metabolic functions

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