Chapter 3 The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Chapter 3 The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules

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Lego Empire State Building. Lego Guitar. Carbon is the basic lego of life. Organic Chemistry ... Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell. Needs 4 more ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 3 The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules


1
Chapter 3 The Chemical Basis of Life
IIOrganic Molecules
2
Todays Outline
  • Carbon
  • Molecules of life
  • 1. Carbohydrates
  • 2. Proteins
  • 3. Nucleic Acids
  • 4. Lipids

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Lego Suspension Bridge
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Another Lego Suspension Bridge
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Lego Empire State Building
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Lego Guitar
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Carbon is the basic lego of life
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Organic Chemistry
  • Organic molecules contain carbon
  • Abundant in living organisms
  • Macromolecules are large, complex organic
    molecules

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Carbon
  • Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell
  • Needs 4 more electrons to fill the shell
  • It can make up to 4 bonds
  • Usually single or double bonds
  • Carbon can form nonpolar and polar bonds
  • Molecules with nonpolar bonds (like hydrocarbons)
    are poorly water soluble
  • Molecules with polar bonds are more water soluble

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Representations of Organic Molecules
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Variations in Carbon Skeletons
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Influence of Functional Groups
  • The different functional groups attached to the
    same organic molecule cause the molecules to
    behave differently.
  • Estradiol and testosterone are sex hormones found
    in vertebrates including humans.

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Primary Functional Chemical Groups
  • These groups have the tendency to function as
    units during chemical reactions
  • These groups give specific chemical properties to
    those molecules that have them.

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Four major types of organic molecules and
macromolecules
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids

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1. Carbohydrates
  • Function short-term energy storage
  • Simple carbs are also known as sugars
  • They are made of 1 or 2 units
  • Monosaccarides and disaccharides
  • Complex carbs (polysaccharides) are made of
    hundreds of units
  • Plants use several forms
  • Most common are
  • Starch energy storage
  • Cellulose structure
  • Animals can eat lots of starch
  • But we store
  • Glycogen

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Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
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2. Proteins
  • Function structure, enzymes
  • Made of units called amino acids
  • Each amino acid has 3 parts
  • Amino group,
  • Carboxyl (acidic) group
  • R group (20 different ones)
  • Strand of amino acids is called a polypeptide
  • Levels of structure
  • Primary order of amino acids
  • Secondary alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
  • Tertiary 3-D folding on top of Secondary
  • Quaternary Only if 1 polypeptide involved

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3. Nucleic Acids
  • Functions 1)genetic information, 2)energy
    currency
  • Genetic information carried in
  • DNA and RNA made of units called nucleotides
  • Each nucleotide has 3 parts
  • sugar
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base (1 of 4)
  • Energy currency molecule
  • ATP (adenosine 3 phosphate groups)

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4. Lipids
  • Functions various
  • Common trait dont dissolve in water
  • 3 main types
  • 1) Triglycerides fats (animals), oil (plants)
  • Glycerol 3 fatty acids
  • Saturated and unsaturated
  • 2) Phospholipids
  • structure of plasma membrane around cells
  • 3) Steroids cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

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Triglycerides
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Triglycerides
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Fatty Acids
  • Fatty acids
  • Saturated- all carbons are linked by single
    covalent bonds
  • Tend to be solid at room temperature
  • Unsaturated- contain one or more double bonds
  • 1 double bond- monounsaturated
  • 2 or more polyunsaturated
  • Tend to be liquids at room temperature (oils)

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Fatty Acids
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Fatty Acids
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Phospholipids
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Steroids
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Whats the question?
  • All of them.
  • None of them.
  • Carbohydrates and lipids.
  • Only nucleic acids.
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