Age of Exploration

1
Age of Exploration

• The First Global Age
• 1415-1796

2
Search for spices

• We take pepper for granted. To Europeans this
  spice was as valuable as gold. During the middle
  ages the pepper we buy in the grocery store could
  have paid a years rent.
• Europeans had traded with Asia long before the
  Renaissance the crusades introduced many luxury
  goods from Asia.
• After the Europeans recovered from the Black
  death. Their demand for traded goods grew. The
  most valued items were spices. The people used
  the spices to preserve food, add flavor to food,
  and used them for medicines.

3
Motives to trade

• The desire for wealth.
• There were several improvements to help these
  sailors travel. Cartographers or mapmakers
  created more accurate maps and sea charts. These
  sailors also used astrolabe instrument use to
  determine latitude at sea.
• Europeans also developed better ships. The
  caravel used square and triangle sails they also
  adapted the sternpost rudder. This made it easier
  to sail into the wind. They also improved their
  weapons including a studier cannon.

4
Portugal sails Eastward

• Portugal a small nation on the westward edge of
  Spain, led the way in exploration.
• Prince Henry embodied the crusading and sprit of
  exploration. He wanted to spread Christianity
  and find the source of African gold.
• Henry gathered scientist, cartographers, and
  other experts. They slowly set their way to
  explore the western coast of Africa.
• Henry died in 1460 but the Portuguese continued
  their quest. Dais rounded the southern tip of
  Africa the tip became to be known as the Cape of
  Good Hope and this opened the way of sea travel
  to Asia.

5
Vasco da Gama

• In 1497 Vasco da Gama led four ships around the
  Cape of Good Hope. After 10 months he finally
  reached the great spice port. The trip was very
  hard the Portuguese lost half of their ships.
  Also many sailors died from hunger, thirst, and
  scurvy a diseased caused by a lack of vitamin C.
• The venture was very profitable Gama had acquired
  a cargo of spices he sol for 3,000 percent profit.

6
Columbus

• Columbus had heard of the success that came from
  the voyages. Columbus wanted to sail West to the
  Indies. At this time he and most educated
  Europeans knew the Earth was a sphere.
• Columbus had made two huge mistakes first he
  underestimated the size of the earth and he also
  did not know two continents were in his way.

7
Voyage of Columbus

• Portugal refused to back Columbuss voyage.
  Columbus then persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella of
  Spain to finance his enterprise of the Indies.
  
• On August 3, 1492 Columbus set sail with three
  ships the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria.
• Columbus had good weather and favorable winds but
  it was still a long voyage. The crew became
  anxious and food began to get low. Finally on
  October 12, a lookout yelled land.

8
Columbus Voyage

• Columbus spent several months cruising the
  islands of the Caribbean. Since Columbus thought
  he reached the Indies he called the natives
  Indians. Columbus return to Spain in 1493 as a
  hero. Columbus still believed he had reached the
  coast of East Asia. However Columbus had found a
  route to continents previously unknown to them.

9
Line of Demarcation

• Spain and Portugal both wanted to make claims to
  the lands Columbus explored. In 1493 Pope
  Alexander VI stepped in to keep the peace. He set
  a Line of Demarcation dividing the non-European
  world into two zones. Spain has trading rights in
  any lands west of the line and Portugal had
  trading rights east of the line.
• In 1500 a Portuguese captain Cabral was blown off
  course and sailed around Africa. When he landed
  in Brazil he claimed the land for Portugal.

10
Naming the new world

• In 1507 a German cartographer read reports about
  the New World written by an Italian sailor
  Amerigo Vespucci. This mapmaker labeled the
  region America. The islands that Columbus
  explored were known as the West Indies.

11
Magellan

• On September 20, 1519 a minor Portuguese noble
  named Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with
  five ships. His crew included men from Europe,
  Africa, and Southeast Asia.
• It was a very rough trip there were many storms
  and attempts of mutiny.
• Then they reached the coast of South America
  there they explored each bay hoping it would lead
  them to the Pacific.

12
Magellan

• In November 1520 Magellans ships entered a bay
  at the southern tip of South America. Amid brutal
  storms, rushing tides, and unpredictable winds
  Magellan charted a passage which is now known as
  the Straight of Magellan. The ships then emerged
  in the pacific where he named it this because it
  was a peaceful ocean.

13
Circumnavigating the Globe

• Magellans mission was finished so his crew was
  ready to return home. However Magellan had
  another plan. He wanted to push across the
  Pacific to the East Indies to bring back spices
  he thought what is a three more weeks.
• Magellan had underestimated the Pacific ocean and
  for nearly 4 months he sailed until he reached
  the Philippines. There Magellan was killed by a
  local. On September 8, 1522 nearly three years
  after setting sail the survivors reached Seville.
  They were hailed as the first people to
  circumnavigate or sail around the world.

14
Search for a Northwest Passage

• The English, Dutch, and French explores all set
  out to find a Northwest passage to Asia from
  North America.
• In 1497 King Henry VII sent John Cabot to seek a
  more northerly route than Columbus. Cabot found a
  rich fishing ground off Newfoundland which he
  claimed for England. Later the French Cartier
  explored the Saint Lawrence river and Hudson
  sailing for the Dutch explored the Hudson river.
  None found the hoped route to Asia but the search
  for the Northwest Passage continued for centuries.

15
Southeast Asia

• Southeast Asia is made up of two major regions.
  The first region the mainland includes several
  peninsulas. Today this is Myanmar, Thailand,
  Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and part of Malaysia.
  The second part consist of more than 20,000
  islands scattered between the Indian Ocean and
  South China Sea. This is present day Indonesia,
  Singapore, Brunei, and the Philippines.

16
Southeast Asia Location

• The mainland is separated by mountains and high
  plateaus but this did not stop traders and
  invaders. This also separated them from the four
  main river valleys.
• The Islands of the Southeast Asia has been a
  strategic importance for trade between Asia and
  China. All trade had to pass through either the
  Malacca or Sunda straits. Who ever controlled
  these straits controlled the trade.

17
Early Traditions of Southeast Asia

• At Bang Chiang archaeologist found jars and
  bronze bracelets that were 5,000 years old.
• Over the centuries, diverse groups speaking many
  languages settled in Southeast Asia. They lived
  in isolated villages they followed their own
  religious and cultural patterns. Many societies
  were centered around a nuclear family rather than
  an extended family.

18
Early Traditions of women in Southeast Asia

• Women had greater equality in Southeast Asia than
  any where else in Asia.
• They became merchants and took part in trading.
  Some received fame form their skill in
  bargaining, finance, and language skills.
• In some port cities these women even gained
  enough money to become rulers.
• Matrilineal descent, or inheritance through the
  mother.
• Women also had some freedoms in choosing or
  divorcing marriage partners.

19
New Kingdoms and Empires

• The blend of Indian influences with local
  cultures produced a series of kingdoms and
  empires in Southeast Asia.
• Pagan- The kingdom of Pagan arose in the fertile
  rice growing Irrawaddy Valley. In 1044, King
  Anawrata united the region. He brought Buddhism
  to the Burman people. Anawrata made Pagan a major
  Buddhist center. Anawrata filled the city with
  magnificient stupas, or dome shape shrines.

20
Kingdoms and empires

• The Khnmer Empire- Indian influence also helped
  shape the Khnmer empire. The Khnmer people
  adapted Indian writing, mathematics,
  architecture, and art. Khnmer ruler became pious
  Hindus. Like princes and emperors of India, they
  saw themselves as god-kings.
• In the 1100s, King Suryavarman II built the
  great temple Angor Wat the ruins still survive
  today.

21
Kingdoms and Empires

• Strivijaya- Strivijaya controlled the Strait of
  Malacca.
• They became a blend of Indian beliefs into their
  own form of worship, based on nature spirits.
• Later Islam spreads to the region. This links
  them to other Muslim trading centers around the
  Indian Ocean.

22
Vietnam Emerges

• In most of Southeast Asia Indian influence
  outweighed Chinese influence. Indian traditions
  spread mostly through trade. China sent military
  forces to conquer their neighbors.
• The northern Vietnam was known as the Red River.
  There the river irrigated the fertile rice padis
  or fields.

23
Chinese Domination

• In 111B.C. Han armies conquered the region and
  China remained in control for 1,000 years. During
  this time Vietnam adopted Confucian ideas. They
  also adopted the Chinese civil service systems
  and built a government bureaucracy. The
  Vietnamese nobles learned to speak the Chinese
  language and read Chinese characters.

24
Resistance

• Despite these powerful Chinese influences the
  Vietnamese preserved a strong sense of their
  separate identity. In 39 A.D. two noble sisters
  Trung Trac and Trung Nhi led an uprising that
  briefly drove the Chinese occupiers out of their
  land. They tried to restore a simpler form of
  government based on ancient Vietnamese
  traditions. In 939 as the Tang dynasty collapsed
  in China, Vietnam was able to break free from
  China. The Vietnamese turned back repeated
  Chinese efforts but remained a tributary to the
  State of China.

25
Albuquerque

• In 1511 Afonso de Albuquerque and his fleet
  anchored in a port called Malacca. This was a
  Muslim trading port linking many countries,
  including India, Southeast Asia, and China.
• They said that they came for peace, but they
  really wanted to take over.
• After a few weeks the Portuguese started
  fighting.
• It didnt take long for the Portuguese to take
  control of the port.

26
Trading Outposts

• In 1510 they took over Goa, which is off the
  coast of India. Making this a military and
  commercial base.
• Albuquerque burned coastal towns and crushed the
  Arab fleets at sea. Then they attacked the Aden
  at the Red Sea and took Ormuz which was the
  gateway to the Persian Gulf.
• In 1511 Albuquerque took Malacca, massacring the
  citys Muslims making the Europeans hated.

27
Trading Outposts

• In less than 50 years, the Portuguese built a
  trading empire with military and merchant
  -outposts, distant areas under their control
  through out the world.
• For most of the 1500s Portugal controlled the
  spice trade between Asia and Europe.
• Portugal was a power at sea but not one on land.
  They did not conquer much territory.

28
Rise of the Dutch

• By the 1500s the Dutch used their sea power to
  set up colonies all around the world. They used
  these colonies to repair and re supply their
  ships.
• In 1602 a group of wealthy Dutch merchants formed
  the Dutch India Company. In 1641 the Dutch
  captured Malacca from the Portuguese and opened
  trading with China. It did not take long for them
  to have a monopoly on Spice trades.
• The Dutch used military force further their
  trades.
• The Dutch became very wealthy.

29
Spain Seizes the Philippines

• Spain conquered the land that Magellan had
  claimed easily since they were not united.
• The Spanish priests tried to convert the Filipino
  people to Christianity. Later missionaries from
  the Philippines tried to Spread Catholicism to
  China and Japan.
• The Philippines became a key link in Spains
  overseas trading empire.

30
Mughal India and European traders

• In 1526 Babur founded the Mughal dynasty.
• Besides producing spices India was the world
  leader in textile manufacturing( Silk and
  cotton). Handicrafts and ship building also added
  to their wealth.
• The Mughal dynasty was richer and more powerful
  than any kingdom in Europe.

31
Decline of the Mughal empire

• After Akbars policy of religious toleration
  ended civil wars broke out between the Hindu and
  Muslim princes. This drained their resources.
• Then rulers raised taxes. This sparked a peasant
  rebellion.
• Corruption became widespread, and the central
  government collapsed.

32
British- French Rivalry

• As the Mughal power faded the British and the
  French fought for their power.
• Both the French and the English formed alliances
  with the Indians. They both formed their own
  armies of Indian troops called sepoys.
• By the mid 1700s the British and the French were
  in a struggle for world power.

33
European Trade with China

• The Portuguese traders reached China in 1514.
  They had little to offer the Chinese. European
  textiles and metalwork were inferior to the
  Chinese. The Chinese demanded payment in sliver
  and gold.
• The Ming dynasty finally allowed the Portuguese
  to establish a trading post. The Ming allowed
  trade with the Europeans but it was very strict.

34
Scholars and Missionaries

• A few Jesuit priest such as Matteo Ricci made an
  impact on Ming China.
• Ricci learned to speak Chinese he also dressed
  like the Chinese. Ricci had little success but
  the Chinese used these priest to learn about the
  Europeans.

35
The Manchu Conquest

• By the early 1600s the Ming dynasty began to
  diminish. The Manchu invaders pushed through the
  great wall.
• In 1644 the Manchu seized Beijing and made it
  their capital.

36
Qing Rule

• The Manchu's set up a new dynasty named the Qing
  meaning pure. They wanted to keep their identity
  so they barred marriages between the Manchu and
  the Chinese. The Manchu did adopt the philosophy
  of Confucian ideas. Each top official office had
  a Manchu and a Chinese member. The local officer
  would remain the Chinese but the Manchu army
  would be there to ensure loyality.

37
Prosperity

• The Chinese economy boosted under the Qing
  dynasty. They began to get crops from the
  Americas that helped the population to grow.
• Peace and prosperity encouraged a growth in
  handicraft industries, including silks, cotton,
  and porcelain. Internal trade began and also did
  trade all over the world.

38
Response to Westerners

• The Qing stressed to remain isolated from foreign
  traders.
• In 1793 Lord Macartney brought British goods to
  show the Chinese the British advancements.
  However the Chinese ruler look at the items
  poorly.
• Macartney requested an audience. The Chinese told
  he would have to do the traditional kowtow(
  touching your head to the ground) ceremony.
  Macartney refused.

39
Responses to Westerners

• Later Macartney meets with the Chinese rulers but
  nothing is accomplished. Qianlong rejects the
  trade agreements.
• At the time this seemed justified. In the long
  run this proves to be disastrous.
• In the 1800s the Chinese learn about the Western
  advances the hard way especially in military
  advances.

40
Korea and Isolation

• Like China Korea restricted trade.
• Koreans also felt that Confucian ideas were the
  most advanced in the world.
• When the Manchu dynasty took over the Ming in
  China they became a tributary state that
  acknowledged Chinas supremacy.
• Koreans chose isolation, excluding all foreigners
  expect the Chinese and a few Japanese.
• When Europeans shipwrecked in Korea they were
  either killed or imprisoned so they were called
  the hermit kingdom.

41
Japan and Foreign traders

• Unlike Korea and China Japan welcomed western
  traders.
• The Japanese quickly acquired western firearms
  and built castles modeled on European design.
• They were also more welcomed to the European
  missionaries.

42
Tokugawa

• The Tokugawa were very hostile towards
  foreigners. When they heard of how the Spain
  seized the Philippines they looked at newcomers
  as an invading force.
• They also feared that Japanese Christians had
  alliances with the Pope who number over 300,000.
• The Tokugawa expelled the foreign missionaries
  and persecuted thousands of Japanese
  missionaries.

43
Tokugawa

• They barred all western merchants and forbidden
  Japanese travel abroad.
• They also outlawed large ship building