Age of Exploration

1
Age of Exploration

• A Changing World

2
Stop, Think Review!

• What are some push and pull factors causing
  individuals to migrate from one place to another?

3
Stop, Think Review!

• Need for Food
• Religious Beliefs/Persecution
• Desire for Conquest/Expansion
• Establish Trade Routes
• Hunger for Gold

4
The Middle Ages

• During the Middle Ages a period from about 500
  to 1350 A.D. many Europeans thought of the
  world as a disk floating on a great ocean.
• The disk was made up of three continents Europe,
  Africa and Asia.

5

• The World...

Europe
Asia
Africa

• so they thought...

6
The Middle Ages

• During the Middle Ages Europeans knew little
  about the lands beyond their small villages.
• But that was all about to change

7

• Toward the end of the Middle Ages, Europeans
  would begin to look beyond their borders.
• Religious Wars and the lure of new products from
  far away lands would bring major changes in the
  way Europeans lived

8
The Middle Ages

• But until then Back to the Middle Ages
• During the Middle Ages weak European kings and
  queens divided their lands among powerful nobles.
• These nobles, or lords, had their own armies
  (made up of knights) and courts but still owed
  loyalty to their king.

9

• Strict Class System

10
The Middle Ages

• This system of rule by lords who owe loyalty to a
  king is called feudalism.

11
The Feudal System Manors

• Most of life in Europe revolved around manors of
  these powerful lords.
• The manor included the lords castle, peasants
  huts, and surrounding villages or fields.

12
The Feudal System Serfs

• Most of the people on the manor were serfs, or
  peasants bound to the land for life.
• Serfs worked for the lord and could not leave the
  manor without the lords permission they gave
  their lord part of their harvest (taxes) in
  return for the use of land and other services
  they needed. In exchange the lord protected the
  serfs from attacks by outsiders.

13
The Feudal System Serfs

• Under feudalism there were few merchants and
  traders and few roads or towns existed.
• Almost everything made was used to pay taxes.
• To pay the crop tax, some crops went to the lord,
  and some they kept. To pay the bread tax, some
  bread they made went to the lord, and some they
  kept. To pay the coat tax, some of the warm coats
  they made went to the lord, and some they kept.

14
The Church A Powerful Force

• Most manors provided a place of worship.
• During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church
  remained the single most powerful organization of
  Western Europe.
• Why?

15
The Church A Powerful Force

• The Role of Faith
• Power and Wealth
• Learning

16
The Church A Powerful Force

• In time, Church teachings would lead Europeans to
  look beyond their manors

17
The Crusades

• As Christianity was spreading throughout Europe,
  Islam spread throughout the Middle East and
  Africa.
• European Christians feared losing access to the
  Holy Land the birth place of Christianity.
• Palestine was also sacred to the Muslims since
  Muhammad, their prophet, had also lived there.

18
The Crusades

• In 1095 the Europeans launched the first of nine
  expeditions, known as the Crusades, to regain
  control of the Holy Land from the Ottoman Turks.
• The Europeans were not victorious in regaining
  the Holy Land.

19
Search for New Trade Routes

• The Crusades did have lasting effects, however.
• For the first time, large numbers of Europeans
  traveled beyond their small towns.

20
Search for New Trade Routes

• New rulers of England, France, Portugal and Spain
  knew they could make huge profits by trading
  with China and other lands in Asia.
• However, Arab and Italian merchants controlled
  the trade routes across the Mediterranean Sea.
• If they wanted to share trade, European rulers
  had to find another route to Asia.

21
Rebirth of Knowledge

• European citizens wanted to improve their
  knowledge of past civilizations in order to
  understand their trading partners.
• Europeans started to use reason and science to
  create new technologies that would enable them to
  explore Asia.
• Scientific Revolution the Renaissance

22
Map Improvements

• Using reports of explorers and information from
  Arab geographers, European cartographers were
  able to create accurate land and sea maps.
• They also created maps that showed exact
  location.
• Better instruments were also developed for
  navigation.

23
New Navigation Technologies

• Magnetic Compass determined direction when far
  from land.
• Astrolabe measured position of the stars
  (determined latitude)
• Caravel sailed faster than earlier ships and
  carried more cargo and food supplies - floated in
  shallow water.

24
The Printing Press

• Invented during mid 1400s by Johannes Gutenberg
  of Germany.
• Before the printing press monks wrote down books
  by hand.
• As a result, only a few copies were available.
• Now large numbers of books could be printed at a
  low cost.
• More individuals had the opportunity to read
  about the world.

25
Spain vs. Portugal

• Why did Spain and Portugal want to find a sea
  route to Asia?

26
Spain vs. Portugal

• Both countries wanted to get in on trading in
  Asia and Africa.
• They wanted to bypass (avoid) Arab Italian
  merchants.

27
Portugals Interests

• Portugal was the first European power to explore
  the boundaries of the known world.
• Portugal lacked a Mediterranean port so they had
  to find a new route to China India.

28
Henry the Navigator

• Prince Henry of Portugal (Henry the Navigator)
  set up a center for exploration or school of
  navigation where astronomers, geographers and
  mathematicians shared their knowledge with
  Portuguese sailors and shipbuilders.

29
Portugals Interests

• In order to trade directly with India and China
  Portuguese ships moved south along the coast of
  West Africa.
• There they traded for gold and ivory, established
  trading posts and began buying enslaved people
  there as well.

30
Bartholomeu Dias

• 1487 King John sent Dias to explore the
  southernmost part of Africa and from there to
  sail northeast into the Indian Ocean.
• Around the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good
  Hope) Dias ran into a storm and was forced to
  turn back to Portugal.

31
Spain Joins the Race

• Queen Isabella, a devout Catholic, was finally
  persuaded by her husbands minister to finance to
  support the expedition for two reasons.
• Columbus promised to bring Christianity to the
  lands he found.
• If he found a way to Asia he bring wealth to
  Spain and trade would open up.

32
Spain Joins the Race

• December 1503 - Queen Isabella decreed that
  because Indiansrun away from the ChristiansI
  order youto compel the Indians to have dealings
  with the Christian settlersto work on their
  buildings, to mine and collect goldand to work
  on their farms and crop fields.

33
John Cabot follows Columbus

• Another Italian sailor Giovanni Cabata, had ideas
  much like Columbus. He too thought he could
  reach Asia by sailing west.
• He went to England dropped his Italian name and
  became John Cabot.
• Landed somewhere on the coast of Canada in 1497
  giving the English the right to settle in North
  America.

34
Vasco da Gama

• 1497 set out to India with four ships.
• His ships made a huge semicircular sweep through
  the Atlantic Ocean and rounded Cape of Good Hope
  safely.
• He reached India in May 1498.

35
Pedro Alvares Cabral

• Cabral followed da Gamas route 6 months later
  and swung so far west that he reached Brazil.
• Cabral claimed Brazil for his king and sent one
  of his ships back to Portugal to spread the good
  news while he continued on to India.

36
Portuguese Trading Empire

• Cabral not only gave Portugal a stake in the
  Americas but he returned home from India with
  cargoes of spices, porcelain and other goods.
• Portuguese fleets repeated Cabrals success, and
  established its first permanent forts in India.
• The Portuguese capital of Lisbon became the
  marketplace of Europe.

37
Columbus Discoveries

• He explored the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola
  (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic),
  Cuba and Jamaica.

38
Exploring America

• After Columbus, other voyagers explored the
  Americas.
• In 1502 Amerigo Vespucci sailed along South
  Americas coast. Vespucci concluded that South
  America was a continent, not part of Asia.

39
Sailing Around the World

• In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese seaman
  sailing for Spain, reached the southernmost tip
  of South America. He began in 1519.
• He sailed into what he later named the Pacific
  Ocean.

40
Sailing Around the World

• After he died in the Philippine Islands, his crew
  continued west arriving in Spain in 1522.
• They became the first known people to
  circumnavigate the world.

41
Analyzing the Columbian Exchange

• Was Columbus a Hero or Villain?

42
Columbus Hero or Villain?

• The 1492 encounter between Native Americans and
  Europeans started an exchange of goods and ideas
  that transformed peoples lives around the globe.
• The meeting between two old, very different
  worlds the Americas and Europe (and even Africa
  and Asia) led to the creation of one new world.

43
Columbus Hero or Villain?

• Christopher Columbus visit began this exchange
  of goods.
• Because it began with him, scholars refer to this
  transfer as the Columbian Exchange.

44
Columbian Exchange

• Native American Influences

• European Influences

• Food Farming Taught Europeans to eat corn,
  squash, beans and potatoes.
• Language Europeans adopted Native American words
  for animals, clothing and inventions they had not
  known before.
• Technology Helped European settlers survive in
  North America agricultural, medicinal,
  hunting skills.
• Other Influences pottery, leatherwork, lacrosse,
  Iroquois Political Structure League of the
  Iroquois (model of democracy).

• Food Livestock Introduced livestock (chickens,
  goats, horses), wheat, bananas, citrus fruit and
  sugar cane.
• Technology Europeans taught them how to use
  metals to make copper pots and iron knives.
• Diseases Native Americans had no such resistance
  to European diseases such as measles, smallpox
  or even influenza.
• Scholars estimate that between 50 percent and 90
  percent of Native Americans died of diseases
  introduced from Europe.

45
How does Columbus describe the islands he
discovered?

• Many havens on the seacoast incomparable to any
  other known in Christendom.
• Plenty of rivers, honey, many kinds of birds
  fruits.
• Many mines of metals, great mountains, hills,
  plains and fields.
• Rich land for planting and sowing, for breeding
  cattle and for building towns and villages.

46
How does Columbus describe the Taino Indians?

• The people of the island all go naked, men and
  women.
• They are artless and generous with what they
  have.
• No knowledge of arms and artillery
• They are the most timorous creatures in the world
  weak.

47
According to Columbus, why did he give the
Indians gifts?

• I gave gratuitously a thousand useful things
  that I carried, in order that they may conceive
  affection, and furthermore may be made
  Christians.
• Columbus thought by bribing them they would
  want to convert to Christianity.

48
What was Columbus goal?

• Columbus cared most about converting those who
  go naked to Christianity no matter the cost.
• Aware of his audience, Columbus made the
  Caribbean sound like a paradise he desired
  praise and did everything he could to portray
  himself as a just and strong leader.
• He portrayed himself as a crusader willing to
  bring profit and honor to Spain.

49
Stop Think

• How should Columbus journey be evaluated in the
  year 2008? Should Columbus be remembered as a
  hero or villain? Explain your answer

50
Columbus Hero or Villain

• For years, Columbus has been remembered as the
  bold sea captain who discovered America.

51
Columbus Hero or Villain?

• Hero

• Villain

52

• True, Europeans knew nothing of the Americas
  before Columbus brought them news of this new
  world.
• His journey brought the peoples of Europe into
  lasting contact for the first time in history.

• Hero

53

• Villain

• Native Americans paid heavily.
• Columbus and the Europeans who came after him
  forced native peoples to work in mines or on
  farms raising sugar cane and cotton.
• Over the next 50 years, hundreds of thousands of
  Caribbean Indians died from harsh working
  conditions and European diseases.
• Starting with Columbus, Europeans justified
  seizing Indian lands they believed they had the
  right because Indians were not Christians.

54

• Curious Europeans wanted to know more about the
  lands across the Atlantic.
• They saw the Americas as a place where they could
  trade and grow rich.
• Once Columbus reached the Americas, nothing could
  stop the flood of explorers and settlers who
  followed him.

55
Spanish Conquistadors

• Lords of the Spanish Main

56
The Spanish Main

• Consisted of the Mexican mainland and Central
  America, most of South America and much of
  Southwestern U.S.
• It included important waterways such as The
  Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and the Florida
  Straits.

57
Who were the Conquistadors?

• Throughout most of the 16th, 17th and 18th
  centuries Spanish conquistadors (conquerors),
  explorers, traders, and sea captains were lords
  of the Spanish Main.
• Spain gained this empire at a terrible cost the
  destruction of other peoples and civilizations.

58

• What are the characteristics of a civilization?
• Should the Aztecs be considered one? Explain your
  answer.

59
Characteristics of a civilization

• civilization a highly developed society that
  developed a complex, or highly detailed system
  for writing, counting and/or tracking time.

60
Characteristics of a civilization

• Usually includes
• Cities
• Well organized government
• Complex religion
• Social classes
• Specialized skills and jobs
• Some method of keeping records.

61

• Why were the first Europeans amazed by
  Tenochtitlan?

62
The Marvels of the Aztecs

• Tenochtitlan construction was a miracle of
  engineering and human labor.
• Created causeways or bridges of earth linking the
  island and shore. They filled parts of the lake
  with earth so they could grow crops.

63
The Marvels of the Aztecs

• Tenochtitlan was also a center of trade,
  attracting thousands of merchants to its outdoor
  markets.

64
Predict their fate!

• Why do you think the Spanish were able to defeat
  the Aztec warriors?

65
Why Spain Succeeded

• Spanish arrived with weapons guns and cannons.
• Spanish rode horses and had huge, ferocious dogs.
• To the natives, the Spanish seemed like gods.
• Some Aztecs in the region turned against the
  Aztec overlords and assisted the conquistadors.
• Disease With no immunity, their resistance to
  their invaders was weakened

66
Pizarro Conquers the Inca

• Having heard tales of the incredibly wealthy Inca
  Empire in what is now Peru, Francisco Pizarro
  sailed down the Pacific coast of South America
  with about 180 Spanish soldiers.

67
Pizarro Conquers the Inca

• In 1532 Pizarro captured the Inca ruler,
  Atahualpa, and destroyed much of the Inca army.
• The next year, the Spanish falsely accused
  Atahualpa of crimes and executed him the Inca
  were not able to fight effectively without him.
• Pizarro gained control of the Inca Empire.

68
Spain in North America

• Mexico and Peru were rich in silver and gold.
• Hoping to find similar wealth to the north,
  conquistadors explored the southeastern and
  southwestern parts of North America.

69
Whos Who?

• The Whos Who of our remaining conquistadors!

70
Who Am I?

• In 1513 I landed on the coast of present-day
  Florida, leading to the first Spanish settlements
  in what is now the U.S.
• I was looking for a fountain of youth!

71

• Juan Ponce de Leon

72
Who Am I?

• In 1521 I destroyed the Aztec capital of
  Tenoctitlan in Mexico.

73

• Hernan Cortes

74
Who Am I?

• In 1532 I captured the Inca ruler in present-day
  Peru gained control of Inca Empire.

75

• Francisco Pizarro

76
Who Am I?

• I was shipwrecked while trying to colonize
  Florida in 1528. Landing on an island off the
  coast of Texas, we were prisoners of the Indians
  foe several years.
• In about 1536 I arrived in Mexico and related
  tales about 7 cities of gold.

77

• Cabeza de Vaca

78
Who Am I?

• I was one of the many explorers who tried to find
  the Seven Cities of Cibola.
• I didnt find them but I became the first white
  man to explore what is now Arizona and New Mexico
  in about 1540.
• I opened the way for Spanish settlement.

79

• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

80
Who Am I?

• In 1541 I crossed the Mississippi River as part
  of 3 year exploration of the present day
  southeastern U.S.

81

• Hernando de Soto

82
Do Now

• Which do you think is more important to Queen
  Isabella converting the natives to Christianity
  or getting them to work? Explain your answer.

83
New Spain as a blending of cultures

• By the mid 1500s a new way of life took place in
  New Spain.
• Spanish settlers brought their own customs to the
  colonies their language, laws, religion, and
  learning.
• In 1539 first European book in Americas.
• 1551 Spanish founded University of Mexico.

84
New Spain as a blending of cultures

• Native Americans also influenced the culture of
  New Spain.
• Colonists adopted Indian clothing, new foods
  potatoes, corn, tomatoes and chocolate forever
  changing peoples diets in Europe, Asia and
  Africa.
• Indian labor made it possible for the Spanish to
  build libraries, theaters and churches (used
  adobe brick decorated the church walls).

85
A difficult life for the Natives

• The Spanish treated the Indians as a conquered
  people.
• Under Spains strict social system, Indians were
  kept in poverty for hundreds of years.

86
A difficult life for the Natives

• The colonists needed workers for their ranches
  and farms.
• The Spanish government helped by giving settlers
  encomiendas the right to demand labor or taxes
  from Native Americans living on the land.

87
The Mines and Plantation Life

• The Spanish forced native laborers to work in the
  mines rickety ladders, narrow tunnels where
  they hacked out rich ore many died.
• Spanish settlers also made large profits by
  exporting crops and raw materials West Indies
  main exports were tobacco and sugarcane.
• To raise these crops the Spanish developed the
  plantation system a large farm.

88
Bartholome de Las Casas

• A Spanish priest Las Casas condemned this cruel
  treatment of the natives and pleaded for laws to
  protect them.
• Las Casas suggested replacing the natives with
  enslaved Africans (he regretted it later)
• He thought the Africans could endure the labor
  better than the Natives could.
• RESULT Thousands of Africans from West Africa
  brought to the Americas. By late 1500s
  plantation slave labor essential to colonial
  economy.

89
1540 Las Casas reports to King Charles I

• The Spaniards enteredlike wolves, tigers, and
  lions which had been starving for many days, and
  since forty years they have done nothing
  elsethan outrage, slay, afflict, torment, and
  destroy. In this way they have cared for
  Indian lives and for their soulsthe reason
  why the Christians have killed and destroyed such
  an infinite number of souls is that they have
  been moved by their wish for gold and their
  desire to enrich themselves.

90
1540 Las Casas reports to King Charles I

• How does Las Casas describe the arrival of the
  Spainards in the New World?
• How does Las Casas describe the way that the
  Spaniards cared for Indian lives?
• According to Las Casas why did the Spaniards
  treat the Indians the way they did?