Results of Technical Review of USEPA 2001 Cadmium Criteria Document Basic Standards Workgroup Septem

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Results of Technical Review ofUSEPA 2001 Cadmium
Criteria DocumentBasic Standards
WorkgroupSeptember 10, 2004

• September 2004

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Review Process

• Technical review of 2001 Cadmium Updates
• Based primarily on USEPA criteria development
  guidance
• Stephan et al. 1985. Guidelines for Deriving
  Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the
  Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses.
• Literature search
• Critically reviewed 2001 EPA database
• Updated database
• Recalculated criteria with updated databases
• Developed use-specific criteria
• coldwater
• warmwater

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Existing Cadmium Criteria (1995 Updates)
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2001 Cadmium Criteria
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Literature Review

• Reviewed literature from 2001 Cadmium Update for
• quality of scientific methodology
• relevant toxicological data
• Determined 4 papers in document unsuitable
• Poor dose response (control higher concentration
  than LC50)
• Pre-exposed organisms
• Species not native to North America
• Unsubstantiated effects levels
• Reviewed cadmium papers since 2001 Criteria
  Document and earlier papers not included in the
  document
• 130 relevant papers reviewed
• Acute cadmium criteria
• 14 data points from 5 sources added
• Chronic cadmium criteria
• 12 data points from 6 sources added
• includes data from studies conducted by Chadwick
  Associates and unpublished data from CDOW

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Resultant Acute Database

• 2001 EPA acute cadmium database
• 55 genera
• 4 most sensitive genera
• Salmo (brown trout)
• Salvelinus (bull and brook trout)
• Morone (striped bass)
• Oncorhynchus (trout and salmon)
• CEC revised acute cadmium database
• 56 genera
• 4 most sensitive genera Salvelinus, Salmo,
  Morone, and Oncorhynchus
• i.e., same genera, slightly different order

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Resultant Chronic Database

• CEC revised and 2001 EPA chronic cadmium database
• 16 genera (deletions and additions balanced out)
• 4 most sensitive genera
• Hyalella (amphipod)
• Daphnia (cladoceran)
• Oncorhynchus (salmon and rainbow trout)
• Chironomus (midge)

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Acute Hardness Slope

• 2001 EPA acute hardness slope 1.0166
• 12 species
• Used only adult data for Pimephales promelas
  (fathead minnow)
• despite using only juveniles and fry for toxicity
  data
• CEC revised acute hardness slope 0.9059
• 13 species (added Oncorhynchus mykiss)
• Used juvenile and fry (not adult) data for P.
  promelas

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Chronic Hardness Slope

• 2001 EPA chronic hardness slope 0.7409
• 3 species
• Used only Chapman et al. manuscript data for D.
  magna
• CEC revised chronic hardness slope 0.7635
• 3 species (added O. mykiss and deleted D. magna)
• Used the revised data for S. trutta
• In both cases slopes based on limited data for
  only a few species and highly variable

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Acute-Chronic Ratio (ACR)

• No ACR reported in 2001 Cadmium Update
• EPA believed available data did not meet
  requirements
• Felt chronic database large enough to calculate
  criterion directly
• Chronic database still limited (only 16 genera)
• Just meets the 8 family rule
• sample size effect significant to criterion
  calculations
• CEC calculated ACR 2.7632
• Adding new species revealed a positive
  relationship between SMAVs and SMACRs (i.e., use
  of ACRs now possible)
• Calculated as the geometric mean of the 3 lowest
  SMACRs

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CEC Revised Cadmium Criteria
using GMAV for Salvelinus calculated with
the acute-chronic ratio
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Use-Specific Criteria

• Expanding site-specific concept to broader
  application as use-specific
• Simplest approach cold and warm
• Species in acute and chronic databases were
  identified as coldwater, warmwater or both
• Eliminates species from one or the other database
  that would not be expected given the use

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Warmwater Acute Criteria

• 52 genera
• More than eight families present
• 4 most sensitive
• Morone (striped bass)
• Hyalella (amphipod)
• Ptychocheilus (squawfish)
• Simocephalus (cladoceran)
• _at_ hardness 100 mg/L
• 13.809 ?g/L or
• 2.980 ?g/L
• adjusted with lowest GMAV

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Warmwater Chronic Criteria

• 13 genera
• More than eight families present, but key family
  absent
• Chronic calculated using ACR and warmwater acute
• _at_ hardness 100 mg/L
• 9.055 ?g/L (calculated w/ ACR) or
• 1.954 ?g/L (calculated w/ lowered FAV and ACR)
  
• adjusted with lowest GMAV

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Coldwater Acute Criterion

• 42 genera
• More than eight families present
• 4 most sensitive
• Salvelinus (trout)
• Salmo (trout)
• Oncorhynchus (salmon)
• Thymallus (artic grayling)
• _at_ hardness 100 mg/L
• 2.529 ?g/L or
• 1.790 ?g/L
• adjusted with lowest GMAV

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Coldwater Chronic Criterion

• 10 genera
• Database does not include eight families
• Must calculate with ACR
• _at_ hardness 100 mg/L
• 1.658 ?g/L (calculated w/ ACR) or
• 1.174 ?g/L(calculated w/ lowered FAV and ACR)
• adjusted with lowest GMAV

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Criteria Summary(all values _at_ hardness 100mg/L)
Acute (?g/L )
Chronic (?g/L )
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But, there are data limitations

• Revised databases and calculation of criteria
  equations were derived from best available data
• Still, data are often variable and dated
• Some data needs include
• Acute data for key fish groups
• GMAV of most sensitive species calculated from
  undefined values (brook trout) and data obtained
  from undesirable methodology
• Chronic data on key species
• For example, existing data on Daphnia varies 10
  fold
• Limited chronic database affect criteria need
  more chronic toxicity testing with more species

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But, there are data limitations

• Data needs - continued
• Hardness slope data
• Slopes now based largely on relatively few data
  from D. magna and P. promelas
• Need more testing on more species over wide range
  of hardness
• Paired acute and chronic testing for FACR
• Revised FACR calculated from three fish species
• Invertebrate data would be useful