LAND ADMINISTRATION: RECENT TRENDS AND ISSUES

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LAND ADMINISTRATION RECENT TRENDS AND ISSUES

• John McLaughlin
• Centre of Property Studies
• University of New Brunswick
• Fredericton, Canada

CPS
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PROPERTY

• Property rights are at the heart of the incentive
  structure of market economies.
• World Development Report 1996

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PROPERTY REGIMES
Intellectual
Business Assets
Intangible
Moveable
Fixtures
Land
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PEOPLE
Individuals and Communities
INTERESTS
Land Tenure
Rights Restrictions Responsibilities
LAND
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PROPERTY SYSTEMS
Property Formalization
Property Institutions
Markets
Property Infrastructure
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THE POST WAR PROPERTY CYCLE
1945
1965
1985
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WAVE 1
1965
1945
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WAVE 2
1965
1985
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WAVE 3
1985
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PROPERTY PROGRAMS

• Settlement
• Property Formalization
• Market-Oriented Land Reform
• Privatization

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FORMALIZATION METHODOLOGIES
Political Leadership Coordination
Comm. Education
Informal Sector Mobilization
Ins. Org. Reform
Titling Registration
Admin. Tech. Support
Property Infrastructure
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TITLING AND REGISTRATION

• Pro-active approach to titling
• Massive campaigns
• Large numbers of titles, maps and related
  documents
• Interactive and dynamic approach to titling and
  registration

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BUILDING THE SIMPLEST SYSTEMS

• Evolving markets
• Organic infrastructure

Concepts of Risk Management
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THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPERTY

• Traditional Arguments
• Social Stability
• Access to Credit
• Incentives to Improve the Land
• Others
• Property as a Meta Institution
• Role of Property in Social Development

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LIMITS TO THE ROLE OF PROPERTY

• Indigenous Property Systems
• Womens Access to Property
• Access to Credit
• Complementary Infrastructure
• Transaction Costs
• Education

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LAND ADMINISTRATION INFRASTRUCTURE
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Restitution Re-allotment of Interests
Regulatory Regimes
Creation Allocation of Interests
Registration
Valuation Taxation
Parcel Delimitation
Transaction Processes
Dispute Prevention and Resolution
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

• Legal and Judicial reforms
• Administrative reforms
• New organizational models
• Technical advances

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LEGAL REFORMS

• Standardized forms
• Compulsory registration
• State guarantees of titles
• Coordinating property related registration etc.

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JUDICIAL REFORMS

• Most appropriate role for the judiciary
• Concepts and procedures for accountability
• Alternative dispute resolution procedures
• Standardizing and formalizing judicial procedures

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ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS

• Simplifying procedures for receiving and
  examining documents
• Introducing risk management principles
• Minimizing duplication
• Employing professionals and support staff more
  effectively

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RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

• Avoidance
• Loss frequency reduction
• Loss severity reduction
• Risk distributing transference
• Risk shifting transference
• Retention

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ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS

• Reformed state agencies
• Government corporations
• Public/private partnerships
• Private utilities

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SERVICE NEW BRUNSWICK
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PUBLIC REACTION TO SNB SERVICES

• According to independent surveys, customer
  satisfaction improved from approximately 50 in
  the late 1980s to 93 in 2002
• 92 of NB citizens told IDC they were either
  satisfied or very satisfied with egovernment
  services
• 87 of NB businesses told IDC they were either
  satisfied or very satisfied with egovernment
  services

These satisfaction results have been achieved
against a background of consolidation which
transformed 1,600 government local offices into
36 one stop shopping regional centres
Source IDC Canada, 2003
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TECHNICAL ADVANCES

• Computer technologies
• Surveying and mapping technologies
• Storage technologies
• Communication technologies
• Standards and procedures

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COST OF SPATIAL POSITIONING
(after Dale and McLaughlin, 1999)
10
1.000
Accuracy (metres)
0.010
0.001
5,000
15,000
20,000
10,000
0
Price
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LAND REGISTRATION COMPONENT
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LAND REGISTRATION SYSTEM TRENDS
Emphasis on Public Policy
Emphasis on Information Management
Emphasis on Law
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LAND REGISTRATION
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IT EVOLUTION
Property Browser
Land Information Networks
Multipurpose Cadastre

• customized
• international
• public access
• participation

• distributed databases
• provincial scope
• exchange vs. duplication
• government access

• centralized databases
• parcel based
• system reform
• public participation

• spatial data infrastructure

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
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BEYOND E-SERVICE ADVANCING THE CITIZENSHIP
ON-LINE AGENDA
e-Citizenship
e-Government
Networking Databases
Records Automation
2000
1960
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Virtual Communities
Land Gazette
Property Browser
Parcel Databases
Other Databases
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Citizen Engagement
Citizen Access to
Information/Services
Citizen-Based Leadership
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CRITICAL ELEMENTS FOR SUCCESS

• Vision
• Leadership
• Community participation
• Simple, efficient methods
• Focus and discipline