MATTER ANYTHING THAT TAKES UP SPACE AND HAS MASS

1

• MATTER - ANYTHING THAT TAKES UP SPACE AND HAS
  MASS
• MASS - THE AMOUNT OF MATTER AN OBJECT REPRESENTS
• SOMETIMES WEIGHT IS SUBSTITUTED FOR MASS

2

• ELEMENT - A SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN
  BY A CHEMICAL REACTION
• COMPOUND - 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS IN A FIXED RATIO
• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF MATTER

3

• EMERGENT PROPERTIES - WILL BE A RECURRING THEME
  IN THIS COURSE
• 92 NATURALLY OCCURRING ELEMENTS
• 25 ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE
• 96 OF ALL LIVING MATTER IS MADE UP OF CARBON,
  HYDROGEN, OXYGEN AND NITROGEN

4

• REMAINING 4 - Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, and Mg
• TRACE ELEMENTS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE - B,
  Cr,Cu, F, I, Fe, Se, Zn

5

• ATOMIC STRUCTURE - DETERMINES THE ELEMENTS
  FUNCTION (BEHAVIOR)
• ATOM - SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER WHICH RETAINS THE
  PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENT.

6

• SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
• NEUTRONS
• PROTONS
• ELECTRONS
• ATOMIC NUMBER - PROTON NUMBER
• ATOMIC MASS - PROTONS NEUTRONS

7

• ISOTOPE - NEUTRON NUMBER CHANGES
• RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE - FIXED HALF-LIFE
• ONE ELEMENT MAY TRANSFER TO ANOTHER ELEMENT
• EX. URANIUM-LEAD

8

• HALF LIFE - TIME FOR 50 OF RADIOACTIVE ATOMS TO
  DECAY
• RADIOACTIVE TRACERS - LABELED CHEMICALS USED TO
  TRACE STEPS OF BIOCHEMICAL Rx. MAY BE EASILY
  DETECTABLE AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS
• EXAMPLE - DIAGNOSE DISEASE, TREAT CANCER,
  DETERMINE THE STRUCTURE OF DNA

9

• ELECTRONS - HAVE POTENTIAL ENERGY RELATIVE TO
  THEIR POSITION
• ELECTRO NEGATIVITY - THE TENDENCY FOR AN ATOM TO
  PULL ELECTRONS TOWARD ITSELF.
• QUANTIFIED BY LINUS PAULING

10

• NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND - BOND FORMED BY EQUAL
  SHARING OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN ATOMS.
• OCCURS WHEN E.N. IS ABOUT THE SAME
• POLAR COVALENT BOND - BOND FORMED FROM AN UNEQUAL
  SHARING OF ELECTRONS
• OCCURS WHEN E.N. IS DIFFERENT

11

• WATER
• POLAR COVALENT BOND
• WHY?

12

• ION - CHARGED ATOM OR MOLECULE
• ANION - GAIN ELECTRON
• CATION - LOSE ELECTRON
• IONIC BONDS - FORMED BY THE ELECTROSTATIC
  ATTRACTION AFTER THE COMPLETE TRANSFER OF AN
  ELECTRON FROM A DONOR TO AN ACCEPTOR
• (ELECTRON SHIFTING)

13

• QUANTA - DISCREET AMOUNTS OF STORED ENERGY FOUND
  IN ELECTRONS
• ELECTRON SHELLS - HAVE DIFFERENT POTENTIAL ENERGY
  BASED ON POSITION RELATIVE TO THE NUCLEUS
• FURTHER FROM NUCLEUS GREATER AMOUNT OF ENERGY

14

• ELECTRON SHELLS - HAVE DIFFERENT POTENTIAL ENERGY
  BASED ON POSITION RELATIVE TO THE NUCLEUS
• FURTHER FROM NUCLEUS GREATER AMOUNT OF ENERGY
• ELECTRON CONFIGURATION - DETERMINES THE CHEMICAL
  BEHAVIOR
• STRUCTURE FITS FUNCTION

15

• VALENCE ELECTRONS - OF ELECTRONS ON OUTER SHELL
• (CARBON VALENCE OF 4)
• OCTET RULE - 8 IN OUTER SHELL EXCEPT H _at_ He

16

• INERT - ATOM WITH A COMPLETE OUTER SHELL,
  UNREACTIVE,
• THE NOBLE ELEMENTS
• BONDING - ATTRACTION THAT HOLDS MOLECULES TOGETHER

17

• COVALENT - STRONG BONDS
• BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT WEAK BONDS
• HYDROGEN
• IONIC
• HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS
• VAN DER WAALS FORCES

18

• THE MOST IMPORTANT BOND

19

• JAMES BOND

20

• CHEMICAL Rx
• reactants ---- products
• CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM - WHEN THE RATE OF FORWARD
  Rx EQUALS THE RATE OF REVERSE Rx

21

• PH - NEGATIVE LOG OF THE CONCENTRATION OF H
  IONS EXPRESSED IN MOLES/LITER
• 7 NEUTRAL
• BELOW 7 ACID
• ABOVE 7 BASIC