Matter

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Matter
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Matter

• Anything that has mass and takes up space
  (volume)
• Examples
• A brick has mass and takes up space
• A desk has mass and takes up space
• A pencil has mass and takes up space
• Air has mass and takes up space

Mass vs. Weight
All of the above examples are considered matter
because they have mass and take up space. Can
you think of anything that would not be
considered matter?
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Atoms

• Smallest possible unit into which matter can be
  divided, while still maintaining its properties
• Over 100 different kinds of atoms exist ( 90
  occur naturally and 25 made in labs)
• Cannot be seen by the naked eye or even an
  optical microscope
• Can combine, or bond, to create additional types
  of matter
• Always moving when above the temperature of
  absolute zero

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For example, what is the smallest possible unit
into which a long essay can be divided and
still have some meaning?

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Taking a closer look will reveal that atoms are
composed of smaller parts
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Atoms are so small that

• it would take a stack of about 50,000 aluminum
  atoms to equal the thickness of a sheet of
  aluminum foil from your kitchen.
• if you could enlarge a penny until it was as wide
  as the US, each of its atoms would be only about
  3 cm in diameter about the size of a ping-pong
  ball
• a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms
  wide.
• a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion
  atoms.
• a speck of dust might contain 3x1012 (3 trillion)
  atoms.
• it would take you around 500 years to count the
  number of atoms in a grain of salt.

C-C-C-C-C- 999,995 more
1 trillion atoms ?
.
Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms
Just one of these grains
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Lets Experiment

• In order to try to gain an idea of how small an
  atom really is, you will complete the following
  activity.
• Cut a strip of 11 in. paper in half.
• Place one half on the table.
• Cut the remaining piece in half.
• Continue cutting and placing the strips on the
  table as many times as you can.
• Make all cuts parallel to the first one.

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Results

• How many cuts were you able to make?
• Do you think you could keep cutting the paper
  forever? Why or why not?

You would have to cut the paper in half around
thirty-one (31) times to get to the size of any
atom.
http//www.miamisci.org/af/sln/phantom/papercuttin
g.html
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Combining Atoms

• There are over one hundred different types of
  atoms and they oftentimes combine to make new
  substances known as molecules and compounds

Molecule Results from the bonding of two or
more atoms
Compound A substance that contains two or more
different elements (atoms)
Example Oxygen Gas (O2)
Example Water (H2 O)
Compounds are molecules but not all molecules are
compounds
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Building Molecules/Compounds

• Use the molecular model kit to build the
  following molecules/compounds

H O - H
O O
Structural Diagrams Show atomic arrangement of
molecule/compound
Water
Oxygen Gas
Which of these are molecules? Compounds? Both?
Chemical Bond Link holding atoms together
Chemical Symbol Abbreviation for the element/atom
Propane
Glucose
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Molecule, Compound, or Both?
N2 Nitrogen
Cl2 Chlorine
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
O2 Oxygen
CH4 Methane
H2 Hydrogen
NO Nitric Oxide
H2O Water
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Comparing Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, and
Elements
Molecule
Atom
Whats the matter?
Element
Compound (or molecule)
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Combining Molecules/Compounds

• a combination of two or more substances that do
  not combine chemically, but remain the same
  individual substances is known as a mixture
• can be separated by physical means
• two types
• Heterogeneous
• Homogeneous

Based on the prefixes hetero and homo, what
do you think are characteristics of these two
types of mixtures?
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Creating Mixtures Part 1

• Procedures/Questions
• Describe and draw what you see in the cups.
• Pour the contents of cups A and cup B into a
  beaker and mix with a glass stirring rod.
• Describe and draw what you see in the beaker
  after cups A and B are combined.
• Using any means necessary, try to separate the
  mixture back into its original parts. Was it
  possible to separate the mixture? Why or why not?

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Heterogeneous Mixture

• Hetero means different
• consists of visibly different substances or
  phases (solid, liquid, gas)
• a suspension is a special type of heterogeneous
  mixture of larger particles that eventually
  settle
• Example

Notice the visibly different substances
Trail Mix
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Creating Mixtures Part 2

• Procedures/Questions
• Describe and draw what you see in the cups.
• Pour the contents of cups C and cup D into a
  beaker and mix with a glass stirring rod.
• Describe and draw what you see in the beaker
  after cups C and D are combined.
• Using any means necessary, try to separate the
  mixture back into its original parts. Was it
  possible to separate the mixture? Why or why
  not?

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Homogeneous Mixture

• Homo means the same
• has the same uniform appearance and composition
  throughout maintain one phase (solid, liquid,
  gas)
• commonly referred to as solutions
• Example

Notice the uniform appearance
Salt Water
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Physical Properties of Matter

• any property of matter that can be observed or
  measured without changing the identity of the
  matter
• Examples
• color
• shape
• taste
• state/phase
• density

D m V
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Chemical Properties of Matter

• any property of matter that describes a substance
  based on its ability to change into a new
  substance
• Examples
• flammability
• reactivity with vinegar
• reactivity with oxygen

Iron Oxygen ? Iron oxide (rust) 4Fe 3O2 ?
2Fe2O3
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Chemical or Physical Property?

• Paper is white
• Boiling point of H2O is 100oC
• Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid and creates
  hydrogen gas
• Nitrogen does not burn
• Sulfur smells like rotten eggs

Physical Property
Physical Property
Chemical Property
Chemical Property
Physical Property
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Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties
Substance/Matter Physical Property Chemical Property
Helium Less dense than air Nonflammable
Hydrogen Less dense than air Flammable
Wood Grainy texture Flammable
Baking soda White powder Reacts with vinegar to produce bubbles
Powdered sugar White powder Does not react with vinegar
Rubbing alcohol Clear liquid Flammable
Red food coloring Red color Reacts with bleach and loses color
Iron Malleable Reacts with oxygen
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Physical Change

• a change in shape, size, color, or state
• a change without a change in chemical composition
• a change that is reversible
• The Mixtures Lab
• Examples
• tearing paper
• cutting your hair
• change in state

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Changes in States(Physical Changes)
Why do you think Bose-Einstein and plasma are not
equally distanced from the other three states of
matter?
Ionization
Plasma
Disposition
Recombination
Vaporization (Evaporation/Boiling)
Gas
Condensation
Liquid
Melting
Solid
Freezing
Sublimation
All changes in state require a change in energy
Bose-Einstein
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Phase Changes Simulation

• PhET
• Harcourt School
• Pearson
• This is what happens when energy is added and/or
  taken away from matter

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Chemical Change

• a change in which a substance becomes another
  substance having different properties
• a change that is not reversible using ordinary
  physical means
• Changes that usually cause heat, sound, light,
  odor, fizzing/foaming, color changes
• You usually need more than one of the above
  characteristics to be considered a chemical
  change!
• Examples
• combining sulfuric acid and sugar
• burning a piece of wood
• soured milk

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Chemical or Physical Change?

• Bending a Paper Clip
• Baking a cake
• The sublimation of carbon dioxide
• Crushing an aluminum can
• Vinegar and baking soda combining to create salt
  and water

Physical Change
Chemical Change
Physical Change
Physical Change
Chemical Change
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Mass vs. Weight

• Mass
• a measure of how much matter an object is made of
• does not change, regardless of where something or
  someone is

• Weight
• the force of gravity on an object
• equal to the mass of the body times the local
  acceleration of gravity

Why do you think the persons weight is less on
the moon?
Mass 59 kg
Mass 59 kg
Weight 579 N
Weight 96 N
http//www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.htm
l
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Element

• A pure substance made up of one kind of atom
• cannot be broken down or separated into simpler
  substances by physical or chemical means
• Over 100 kinds of elements exist
• 90 occur naturally on Earth
• 25 were made by scientists in labs

Element Song
http//www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
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5 Physical States of Matter

• Bose-Einstein
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

(Newest State)
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Bose-Einstein Condensate

• Exist at extremely cold temperatures (around
  absolute zero or -460 oF)
• Particles are super unexcited
• Particles lock or clump together so firmly that
  they move as a single unit
• Definite shape and volume (?)

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Solid

• Particles are tightly compact
• Particles vibrate without the ability to move
  freely
• Definite shape and volume
• Solid Animation

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Liquid

• Particles are tightly compact, but able to move
  around close to each other
• No definite shape, but definite volume
• Liquid Animation

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Gas

• Particles can easily spread out or move close
  together
• Particle move freely and with a lot of energy
• No definite shape or volume
• Gas Simulation

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Plasma
Why do you think this is the most common
form/state of matter in the universe?

• Exist at extremely high temperatures (several
  million degrees Celsius)
• Particles are broken apart
• Particles move freely and with extremely high
  energy
• This form is not too common on Earth, however it
  is the most common form of matter in the universe
• No definite shape or volume (?)
• Examples Florescent and neon lights, lightning,
  aurora borealis

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Energy and the States of Matter

• The physical states of matter result from the
  amount of energy the particles composing the
  matter have. Basically, more energy means more
  movement for the particles and less energy means
  less movement.
• Energy/Temperature and Matter Simulations
• PhET
• BEC Temperature and Absolute Zero

If you were to compare an ice cube and the steam
created from boiling water, which would you
think has more energy?
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States of Matter Continuum
What about this continuum could be considered a
little misleading?
Taken from http//www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_
becondensate.html
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Density

• a measure of the amount of matter present in a
  given volume of a substance
• typically expressed in the following units
• grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for solids
• grams per milliliter (g/ml) for liquids
• does not depend on how much of a substance you
  have (intrinsic property) in other words, the
  density of a gold bar would be the same as the
  density of a gold flake
• can change as temperature and pressure change

Which do you think is more dense? Why?
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Layering Liquids

• Using a test-tube and the eyedroppers, try to
  layer the four different
• colored liquids so that the colors dont mix and
  show distinct layers.
• Hold the test-tube in your hand at a 45 degree
  angle.
• Using the eyedropper from one of the colors,
  slowly place the
• liquid into the test-tube.
• Repeat step two using the other three liquids
  until you get them
• layered. Record the order of the colors.
• If you dont get clear separation of the colors,
  you should empty the
• contents of the test tube down the drain and
  start again. These steps
• may need to be repeated several times until you
  discover the correct
• order of the colors.
• Placing white paper behind the straws
  will help you
• see the divisions

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Layering Liquids - Discussion

1. Were you capable of layering the four liquids?
   If so, what was the correct order from the bottom
   up?
2. What difficulties did you experience when
   performing this activity?
3. Why do you think the liquids created layers when
   putting them in the test tube in the correct
   order?
4. Because these liquids are miscible, or partially
   miscible, they did not really create distinct
   layers. What do you think it means to be
   miscible?

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Calculating Density

• Density can be calculated by dividing the mass of
  an object by its volume

Sample Problem Timothy found a solid metal
block that has a mass of 100 grams and a volume
of 25 cm3. What would be the density of the
block?
D m V
4 grams cm3
100 grams
D
25 cm3
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Practice Problems

• Find the density of a substance with a mass of 27
  g and a volume of 7 cm3.
• 2. A block of maple has a mass of 20 grams and
  a volume of 26.5 cm3. What is the density of the
  block?

D m V
3.86 grams cm3
27 g
D

7 cm3
0.75 grams cm3
20 grams
D m V
D

26.5 cm3
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The Density Triangle
D m V
V m D
m
.
D
V