10th American History Unit VI Looking Toward the Future

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10th American HistoryUnit VI Looking Toward
the Future

• Chapter 23 Into the Twenty-First Century
• Section 3 How September 11, 2001, Changed
  America

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How September 11, 2001, Changed America

• The Main Idea
• A horrific attack on September 11, 2001, awakened
  the nation to the threat of terrorism and changed
  Americas view of the world.
• Reading Focus
• What happened on September 11, 2001?
• What was the background to the September 11
  attacks?
• How did the United States respond to the attacks?
• How did the 9/11 attacks eventually lead to war
  with Iraq?

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September 11, 2001

• A Deliberate Attack
• Terrorists hijack two planesAmerican Airlines
  Flight 11 and United Airlines flight 175and
  crash them into the World Trade Center.
• Terrorists hijack American Airlines Flight 77 and
  crash it into the Pentagon.
• Terrorists hijack United Airlines Flight 93,
  which crashes in southwestern Pennsylvania.
• In New York and Virginia, firefighters and police
  officers rush to the scene of the attacks.

• The Twin Towers Collapse
• Both the South and the North Towers of the World
  Trade Center collapsed.
• Fires caused by the planes full fuel tanks
  weakened the buildings structures.
• A stunned nation watches these events unfold on
  television.

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September 11, 2001

• The Death Toll
• All 265 people on the four airplanes were killed.
• Estimates of the deaths at the World Trade Center
  were in the thousands.
• After years of investigations, the New York death
  toll stood at 2,749.
• 125 people died in the attack on the Pentagon.

• The Nation Reacts
• People were sad and angry.
• Many admired New Yorks firefighters and mayor,
  Rudolph Giuliani.
• Americans reached out to the victims, donating
  blood and money.
• Rescue workers from around the country traveled
  to New York to help at Ground Zero.

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World Trade Center Attacked (0358)
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Background to the September 11 Attacks

• Osama bin Laden and his terrorist network, known
  as al Qaeda, planned and carried out the attacks.
• Bin Laden wanted to promote a worldwide Islamic
  revolution.
• He claimed this required the destruction of the
  United States.
• Al Qaeda terrorists began entering the United
  States in 2000 and were ready for the attack by
  September 11, 2001.

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September 11,2001

• Attack on the World Trade Center.
• Twin Towers, Pentagon and hijacked airliners.
  The purpose was to start a world wide
  confrontation between the true Muslims and the
  Heretics
• Death Toll- 2,749
• Osama bin laden
• Saudi, fought in Afghanistan
• Promoted world wide Islamic revolution- the U.S.
  must be destroyed.
• al Qaeda- the base, terrorist network.
• Osama linked to World Trade Center bombing in
  1993 and other bombings (such as the Cole)
• Some of the terrorist trained in America.

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September 11,2001
538 min.
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Background to the Attacks

• Osama bin Laden
• Member of a wealthy Saudi Arabian family
• Wanted to start a worldwide Islamic revolution
• Angry at the presence of American military in
  Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War
• Developed a terrorist network called al Qaeda, or
  the base
• Had links to a 1993 bombing at the World Trade
  Center
• Trained attackers that killed American soldiers
  in Somalia

• Al Qaeda
• Made a number of threats against the United
  States
• Connected to the bombings of the U.S. embassies
  in Kenya and Tanzania
• Clinton launched a missile attack into an al
  Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan.
• Carried out a bomb attack against the USS Cole
• Terrorists entered the United States in 2000 and
  enrolled in flight schools to learn to fly
  airplanes.

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The World Trade Center Disaster and Its Aftermath
(0253)
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Post 9/11
251 min.
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How did the United States respond to the attacks?

• War in Afghanistan
• A group known as the Taliban ruled in
  Afghanistan.
• Governed according to strict Islamic law
• Close relationship with bin Laden
• Bush demanded that the Taliban seize bin Laden
  and give him to the United States.
• The Taliban refused and so on October 7, 2001,
  the United States and Great Britain attacked the
  Taliban in Afghanistan.

• Results of the War
• U.S. and British troops relied on fighters of
  Afghanistans Northern Alliancea group that
  opposed the Taliban.
• The Taliban was defeated by early December.
• Bin Laden, however, managed to avoid being
  captured.

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Small Victories (0531) al Qaeda
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War in Afghanistan- Enduring Freedom

• Taliban- government of Afghanistan.
• Strict application of Islamic law with harsh
  punishment.
• Close relationship with Osama. Terrorist
  training camps.
• Bush puts pressure on Taliban to give up Osama.
• Oct. 7, 2001 U.S. and Great Britain launch attack
  against Taliban.
• Northern Alliance fighter help the U.S. and the
  Taliban are defeated.
• However, Osama hard to capture in mountainous
  regions.
• Afghanistan still has problems but has a
  Parliamentary government - freely elected.

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Fighting Terrorism at Home
Bush and Congress created the Department of
Homeland Security.
After 9/11 the nation experienced another type of
terrorist threat deliberate anthrax
poisoning. The crisis was limited to a handful
of specific locations, but it alarmed the
American people.
The White House proposed the USA PATRIOT Act,
which made it easier for law enforcement to
secretly collect information about suspected
terrorists. Critics claimed this act gave law
enforcement too much power and posed a threat to
basic freedoms.
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Homeland Security

• Department of Homeland Security- Anti-Terrorism
  bill. 180,000 employees and 22 agencies merged.
• Color coded warning system for terrorist threats.
• Biological agents- such as anthrax.
• Airport security.
• U.S. Patriot act
• Strengthen powers of law enforcement and collect
  secret information.
• Some believe this is a threat to basic freedoms.
• Axis of Evil- Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.

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• The National Strategy for Homeland Security and
  the Homeland Security Act of 2002 served to
  mobilize and organize our nation to secure the
  homeland from terrorist attacks.
• Critical Mission Areas
• Intelligence and warning
• Border and Transportation Security
• Domestic Counterterrorism
• Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key
  Assets.
• Defending against Catastrophic Threats.
• Emergency Preparedness and Response.

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Dept. of Homeland Security

• Strategic Goals
• Awareness -- Identify and understand threats,
  assess vulnerabilities, determine potential
  impacts and disseminate timely information to our
  homeland security partners and the American
  public.
• Prevention -- Detect, deter and mitigate threats
  to our homeland.
• Protection -- Safeguard our people and their
  freedoms, critical infrastructure, property and
  the economy of our Nation from acts of terrorism,
  natural disasters, or other emergencies.
• Response -- Lead, manage and coordinate the
  national response to acts of terrorism, natural
  disasters, or other emergencies.
• Recovery -- Lead national, state, local and
  private sector efforts to restore services and
  rebuild communities after acts of terrorism,
  natural disasters, or other emergencies.
• Service -- Serve the public effectively by
  facilitating lawful trade, travel and
  immigration.
• Organizational Excellence -- Value our most
  important resource, our people. Create a culture
  that promotes a common identity, innovation,
  mutual respect, accountability and teamwork to
  achieve efficiencies, effectiveness, and
  operational synergies.

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U.S. Patriot Act
224 min.
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Use of the Military

• According to President Bush our troops out to be
  used to fight and win war. Critical of Somalia
  and Haiti intervention.
• We need a military that is prepared to fight
  conflicts of the future.
• Keep troops in NATO and Korea not Haiti and
  Balkans.
• Patrol borders with free trade.
• Preemptive, unprovoked action against emerging
  threats.- Bush Doctrine.

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War in Iraq

• Bush declared a war on terror and listed Iraq as
  a possible foe.
• Iraq was to destroy its weapons of mass
  destruction after the Gulf War and allow UN
  weapons inspectors inside the country.
• Although Iraq allowed weapons inspections
  following 9/11, Bush insisted that Iraq had
  failed to account for weapons it was known to
  have possessed after the Persian Gulf War.
• Many of Americas longtime allies advised against
  going to war, but Bush insisted that Iraq was a
  threat and invaded Iraq in March 2003.

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Results of the Iraqi War

• Within a month, Saddams regime fell and Saddam
  was captured within the year.
• American forces remained in Iraq to help keep
  order and train a new Iraqi security force.
• Terrorists continued to take a terrible toll on
  American soldiers and Iraqi citizens.
• Bush faced criticism when no weapons of mass
  destruction were found.
• However, he was re-elected and made clear that
  U.S. forces would remain in Iraq for as long as
  necessary to ensure peace and order there.

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War in Iraq- Iraqi Freedom

• Iraq failed to account for weapons it was known
  to have possessed after the Persian Gulf War.
  WMDs???? UN inspections.
• New Iraqi weapons systems?
• March 2003- Allies storm into Iraq.
• Saddam was captured later in 2003- and stood
  trial
• New Iraqi government
• 2004- Interim Iraqi government and new security
  forces
• 2005- elections to create new constitution.
• Terrorists (insurgents) in Iraq- on going
  violence and suicide bombings.

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War in Iraq- Iraqi Freedom

• 5 Steps to help Iraq
• Transfer full sovereignty to a government of
  Iraqi citizens.
• Establish stability and security for Iraqi
  democracy.
• Rebuild Iraqi infrastructure.
• Enlist international support
• free national elections.

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The military objectives of Operation Iraqi Freedom

• First, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein.
• Second, to identify, isolate and eliminate,
  Iraq's weapons of mass destruction.
• Third, to search for, to capture and to drive out
  terrorists from the country.
• Fourth, to collect intelligence related to
  terrorist networks.
• Fifth, to collect such intelligence as is related
  to the global network of illicit weapons of mass
  destruction.
• Sixth, to end sanctions and to immediately
  deliver humanitarian support to the displaced and
  to many needed citizens.
• Seventh, to secure Iraq's oil fields and
  resources, which belong to the Iraqi people.
• Finally, to help the Iraqi people create
  conditions for a transition to a representative
  self-government.

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Operation Iraqi Freedom Reasons

• For
• Generally, Hussein is a proven threat to
  international security, he is interested in
  developing chemical, biological, and nuclear
  weapons and has shown a willingness to use such
  weapons on Iraq's neighbors but also against
  Iraq's Kurdish population.
• Alternatives to invasion won't solve the problem.
• If Iraq were to acquire Weapons of Mass
  Destruction it could threaten regional stability
  and deter any potential military action against
  Iraq.
• Winning the war would be easy and the costs would
  be minimal
• Removing Hussein would be consistent with the
  goals of the war on terrorism.
• The Iraqi people would support this action
• Toppling Hussein will have little or no negative
  impacts the region.
• If Hussein develops chemical, biological or
  nuclear weapons he could give the weapons to
  terrorist organization who could use those
  materials against the United States or its
  allies.

• Against
• Iraq is effectively contained.
• Inspections will work and were successful in the
  1990s.
• The United States' nuclear capability currently
  deters Hussein from using WMD on its neighbors.
• The costs of this war could be prohibitive.
  Reports indicate that over 200,000 troops could
  be needed and that the war could cost 80
  billion.
• Invading Iraq will hurt the war on terrorism. A
  US attack will alienate Muslim countries
  especially the Arab
• The conflict between the Israelis and the
  Palestinians centers on cultural and territorial
  issues that transcend political systems.
• Iran, fearing that it could be the next state to
  be attacked, could nuclearize.
• Fears that Iraq would give WMD to terrorists lack
  credibility.

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George W. Bush's Mission Accomplished (0433)