The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of

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The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th
century in European philosophy, and is often
thought of as part of a larger period which
includes the Age of Reason.
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• This movement advocated rationality as a means to
  establish an authoritative system of ethics,
  aesthetics, and knowledge.

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The Social Contract "Man is born free but
everywhere he is in chains."
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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John Locke

• "government with the consent of the governed" and
  man's natural rightslife, liberty, and estate
  (property)

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New York Skyline 1771
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• George
• Whitefield

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• George Whitefield
• mesmerizing the
• masses.

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John Wesley
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• Cotton Mather

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The New York Weekly written by James Alexander
but printed by John Peter Zengercritical of
Gov. Wm. Cosby for replacing NY Chief Justice
Lewis Morris
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The burning of Zenger's New York Weekly Journal
(Bettman Archive)
affect every free man that lives under a
British government on the main of America.  It is
the best cause.  It is the cause of liberty
Andrew Hamilton Atty for John Peter Zenger
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Fort Necessity
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Fort Duquesne
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Gen. Braddocks Death
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Meeting of the Albany Congress Issuance of the
Albany Plan
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The Declaratory Act

• The Declaratory Act asserted Britain's exclusive
  right to legislate on and tax its colonies. The
  taxes were mainly used to finance war debt which
  had been accumulated during a recent series of
  wars.

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• Sugar Act (Revenue Act of 1764) was intended to
  raise revenue to repay England's national debt.

The Sugar Act imposed duties on a number of goods
including molasses and other forms of sugar,
textiles and dye, coffee, and wines.
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The Sugar Act
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The Quartering Act

• Quartering Act, which required the colonies to
  provide barracks and supplies to British troops. 
• The Quartering Act was an indirect tax for the
  colonist.

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The Stamp Act

• The Stamp Act required all legal documents,
  licenses, commercial contracts, newspapers,
  pamphlets, and playing cards to carry a tax
  stamp.

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The Repeal of the Stamp Act, 1766 

• I rejoice that America has resisted. Three
  millions of people so dead to all the feelings of
  liberty as to voluntarily submit to be slaves,
  would have been fit instruments to make slaves of
  the rest.
• William Pitt, in the House of Commons, January,
  1766

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The Townshend Acts

• The act established a board of customs collectors
  in Boston.  The money collected from these import
  taxes  was used to pay the salaries of the
  British colonial officials.  This made them more
  independent of the colonial legislatures and more
  able to enforce the British orders and laws.
• In March, 1770, the Townshend Acts were repealed
  except for the tax on tea.

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• The Townshend  Acts called for new import taxes
  on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. .

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The Tea Act
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The Intolerable/Coercive Acts

• The British closed the Boston Harbor pending the
  people of Boston paying for the lost tea, and
  paying the required tax
• eliminated the Massachusetts elected government
  council
• gave the governor new powers, such as the ability
  to control public meetings
• changed the Justice Act so that people charged
  with violent crimes would be tried in England
• to prevent the colonies from growing bigger and
  stronger, they passed the Quebec Act which
  extended the Canadian border southward to the
  Ohio River eliminating the colonies claim to the
  land.

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Olive Branch Petition
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