The Enlightenment

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The Enlightenment
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Introduction to the Age of the Enlightenment

• 18th Century Europe
• England and France

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The Enlightenment
The Age of Reason
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What do you think the lightbulb represents?
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Defining the Enlightenment
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• Age of Reason
• (18th century Enlightenment)

• Natural laws apply to government as well as
  science!

• Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property

• A FAIR society is based on REASON, not Divine
  Right

REVOLUTION!!!
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The Age of Reason

• Scientific Revolution convinced many European
  thinkers about power of reason
• Scientific method and reason led to discoveries
  about physical world
• Wondered if reason could be used to study human
  nature, society
• New generation of philosophers, 1600s
• Viewed reason as best way to understand truth
• Concluded reason could be used to solve all human
  problems
• This time of optimism now called the
  Enlightenment

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What is the Enlightenment?

• THE ENLIGHTENMENT OCCURRED B/W 1650 -1789
• Thinkers believed reason could be used to uncover
  the laws that govern human life
• Once the laws were known people could make
  society better
• Believed that reason was a much better guide than
  faith or tradition

Reason is the light that reveals human error
and showed the way to truth
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Defining the Enlightenment Everything was
Questioned!

• What society worked best?
• Why were laws unjust?
• How did the universe operate?
• Was there a God?
• Was the Earth really 4,000 years old?
• Were there natural laws that governed people?
• Who had the power to rule?
• How did the human mind work?

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Defining The Age of Enlightenment

• A period of intellectual exchange in Europe
  during the 18th century
• Belief in the idea of progress
• A desire for political and social change

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Defining the Enlightenment

• These thinkers believed that human reason could
  be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and
  tyranny and to build a better world.

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Pair-Share

• For the Symbol Column, what would be THREE
  different ideas for symbols for the
  Enlightenment?
• Discuss and choose the one you like best.
• Draw it in.

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Beliefs of the Enlightenment
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Beliefs

• Belief in Progress
• Through reason a better society was possible
• through progress we would continue to expand our
  knowledge in the sciences
• Secular Outlook
• More worldly view of life
• church is continuing to lose power
• questioning of all church beliefs
• Importance Of the Individual
• own ability to reason
• importance of the in society
• Individual achievement

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Beliefs

• Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure
  conviction that humans could perfect society
  through the application of the intellect to human
  affairs
• Science takes its place for the first time

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Beliefs

• The intellectuals of the Enlightenment (called
  Philosophes) believed
• The universe could be understood through reason
• Everything in nature could be explained by
  natural lawsuniversal truths found through
  observation (Religion is not necessary to
  understand the world)

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Beliefs

• The belief in progressthe world can be improved
  upon perfected
• People have natural rightspersonal freedoms that
  allow people to enjoy liberty (no restrictions on
  speech, religion, or the economy)

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Central Concepts of the Enlightenment

• A. The methods of natural science should be used
  to understand all aspects of life - through the
  use of REASON
• B. Discover the natural laws of human society as
  well as the natural world (social science)
• C. The idea of progress - The confidence in human
  power, human reason to improve society

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Central concepts of the Enlightenment cont
Reason

• D. Rejection of superstition and tradition
• E. Tolerance and equality
• F. Deism - God does not intervene in the world
  through miracles he created the world, and then
  removed himself from it

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Pair Share Activity

• a period of intellectual growth that led to the
  development of new ideas on society, government,
  philosophy, economics, and religion.
• marks the beginning of the modern world.
• Can be captured in the words of Immanuel Kant
  Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own
  understanding is therefore the motto of the
  Enlightenment.

• Turn to your partner and discuss
• What do you think this motto means?
• Does this motto relate to our world today?
• Why or why not?

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Why do you think the man is naked, out in nature,
and also working on geometry with the protractor?
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Knowledge is Power!

• This year thus far we have learned about how the
  Catholic Church and Absolute Monarchs saw new
  ideas and education as threats to be suppressed.
  WHY?
• How does this tie in the Enlightenment?

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Defining The Enlightenment

• Principal targets Religion and the domination of
  society by hereditary aristocracy.
• In other words, the church and the state, who
  often worked hand-in-hand.

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Major Enlightenment Ideas

• Every social, political and economic problem
  could be solved through the use of reason
• Governments are created to secure an orderly
  society
• Separation of powers is the best way to protect
  human liberties
• All men are created free and equal
• A free market should be allowed to regulate trade

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Enlightenment Thinkers
The market price of every particular commodity is
regulated by the proportion between the quantity
which is actually brought to market, and the
demand of those who are willing to pay the
natural price of the commodity or the whole value
of the rent, labor and profit which must be paid
in order to bring it thither.
In republican governments, men are all equal
equal they are also in despotic governments in
the former, because they are everything in the
latter, because they are nothing.
Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws Bk. VI,
Ch.2
The reason why men enter into society is the
preservation of their property, and putting
themselves under government, is the preservation
of their property.
Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Vol.I, bk.1,
ch.7
John Locke Second Treatise of Government ChXIX,
Of the Dissolution in Government
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Causes/Origins of the Enlightenment
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Causes and Effects of the EnlightenmentAmerica
Europe

• Causes
• Religious Fanaticism
• Witch trials
• Beginning of a merchant classaka bourgeoisie
• Landed Aristocracy
• Monarchies
• Church State united
• Church Truth

• Effects
• Deismnatural law
• Rise of merchant classaka bourgeoisie
• Science/Logic/Reason Truth
• Rise of philosophers
• Revolution x 3
• The perfect society
• Separation of Church State
• Democracy

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Causes Influence of the Ancients and Medieval
Philosophers
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Origins of the Enlightenment Background in
Antiquity

• The application of Aristotelian logic by Thomas
  Aquinas, Scholasticism, in the 13th century set
  the stage for the Enlightenment.

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Origins of the Enlightenment Ancients Used
Logic to Defend Dogma

• Aristotles logical procedures were used to
  defend the dogmas of Christianity.
• Unfortunately for the Catholic Church, the tools
  of logic could not be confined to Church matters.

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Cause Renaissance
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Origins of the Enlightenment Renaissance

• From sciences, ideas of nature surfaced-
• study not only gravity or the circulatory system,
  but also human behavior
• New sciences of psychology and politics were
  developed-
• Social Sciences political science, geography,
  sociology, history, civics, economics, etc
• Advocates of Enlightenment claim governing laws
  dictate human nature, society and politics

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The EnlightenmentEarly Forms

• Renaissance Humanists (14th 15th cent.)
• Argued that proper worship of God involved
  admiration of his creation, notably His crown of
  creations humanity.
• Celebrating humans worships God better than
  gloomy priests who preached original sin and
  repentance
• Galileo Galilei (1632)
• Used logic and observation to argue that earth
  rotates around sun
• The Church (possessor of Truth) forced him to
  recant, objecting that Bible clearly stated that
  the sun moved through the sky.
• Led to the advancement of scienceIsaac Newton

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Origins of the Enlightenment The Renaissance
Humanists

• In the 14th and 15th centuries, "humanists
  celebrated the human race and its capacities.
• They argued they were worshipping God more
  appropriately than the priests and monks who
  harped on original sin and asked people to humble
  themselves.

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Origins of the Enlightenment Renaissance
Focused on Mans Creativity

• Some of them claimed that humans were like God,
  created not only in his image, but with a share
  of his creative power. The painter, the
  architect, the musician, and the scholar, by
  exercising their intellectual powers, were
  fulfilling divine purposes.

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Renaissance Thinker

• Michel de Montaigne (16th Century)
• Asked What do I know?
• We have no right to impose other dogmas which
  rest on cultural habit rather than absolute Truth
• New World new cultures
• Morals may be relative
• If we cannot be certain that our values are
  God-given, then we have no right to impose them
  by force on others
• Popes and kings had no right to enforce adherence
  to particular religious or philosophical beliefs
• Doubt is essential to sciencetest, challenge,
  askto get closer to truth. Authority is
  sciences enemy

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Origins of the Enlightenment Renaissance
Challenged Church Authority

• In the 16th century, various humanists had begun
  to ask dangerous questions.
• François Rabelais, a French monk and physician
  influenced by Protestantism, challenged the
  Church's authority, ridiculing many religious
  doctrines as absurd.

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Cause Scientific Revolution
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Origins of the Enlightenment The Scientific
Revolution
If I have seen farther than others, said
Newton, it is because I have stood on the
shoulders of giants. Who were the giants to whom
Newton was referring? Could this be said of any
scientific accomplishment? Explain.
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Giants were Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Yes,
scientific discoveries give scientists a clearer
understanding of how the world works. New
discoveries lead to further questions for
investigation and more discoveries.
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• During the Scientific Revolution, people began to
  believe that the scientific method allowed them
  to find answers to their questions

• As a result, new ideas began in areas outside of
  science
• Especially criticizing absolute monarchy think
  of new ideas about government

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Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment

• 1500-1700 European scientists using reason to
  discover laws of nature
• Very successful Planetary movements, chemistry,
  vaccine for smallpox, etc.
• Early 1700s If people used reason to find laws
  that governed the physical world, why not use
  reason to discover natural laws?
• Laws that govern human nature
• Reformers begin studying human nature and
  societal problems

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Cause Economic Changes
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• Political Economic Background
• Wealth from Asia Americas catapulted a new
  class of merchants into prominence, partially
  displacing the aristocracy whose power had been
  rooted in land ownership
• These bourgeoisie had their own ideas about the
  worldmain agents of change in the arts,
  government, and the economy
• Naturally convinced that their earnings were
  result of their individual merit and hard work
• Absolutist kings and dogmatic churches were the
  biggest obstacle to change for the merchant class

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Origins of the Enlightenment Economic Change

• During the late Middle Ages, peasants had begun
  to move from rural estates to the towns in
  search of increased freedom and prosperity.

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Origins of the Enlightenment Economic and
PoliticalChange

• As trade and communication improved during the
  Renaissance, the ordinary town-dweller began to
  realize that things need not always go on as they
  had for centuries. People could write new
  charters, form new governments, pass new laws,
  begin new businesses.

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Cause Social Changes
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Origins of the Enlightenment Economic and Social
Changes

• Wealth from Asia Americas catapulted a new
  class of merchants into prominence, partially
  displacing the aristocracy whose power had been
  rooted in land ownership
• These bourgeoisie had their own ideas about the
  worldmain agents of change in the arts,
  government, and the economy
• Naturally convinced that their earnings were
  result of their individual merit and hard work
• Absolutist kings and dogmatic churches were the
  biggest obstacle to change for the merchant class

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Origins of The Enlightenment Social Class
Changes

• Most important, the middle classesthe
  bourgeoisiewere painfully aware that they were
  paying taxes to support a fabulously expensive
  aristocracy that contributed nothing of value to
  society.

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Origins of the Enlightenment Social Class
Changes

• They were naturally convinced that their earnings
  were the result of their individual merit and
  hard work, unlike the inherited wealth of
  aristocrats.
• The ability of individual effort to transform the
  world became a European dogma, lasting to this
  day.

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Origins of the Enlightenment Social
ChangesImpoverished Masses

• They were to find ready allies in France among
  the impoverished masses who realized that they
  were paying higher and higher taxes to support
  the lifestyle of the idle rich at Versailles.

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Origins of the Enlightenment Social---Role of
the Aristocrats

• Interestingly, it was among those very idle
  aristocrats that the French Enlightenment
  philosophers were to find some of their earliest
  and most enthusiastic followers.

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Pair Share Activity

• For the all the causes covered up to this point,
  review your Powerpoint and Reading Notes and make
  any corrections.
• Then come up with symbols for each of the causes
  and draw them.

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Cause Political and Religious Repression and
Persecution
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Origins of the Enlightenment Political and
Religious Repression

• The 17th century was torn by witch-hunts,wars of
  religion, and imperial conquest.

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Religion Persecution

• The 17th century scene Dogma Fanaticism
• Witch-hunts and wars of religion
• Protestants Catholics denounced each other as
  followers of Satan
• People imprisoned for attending wrong church
• All publications censored by church and state
• Slavery widely practiced, defended by religious
  leaders
• Despotism of monarchsdivine right of kings
• Any opposition was imprisoned or executed
• Reason and Logic had no room for these matters

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Origins of the Enlightenment Religious
Intolerance

• Protestants and Catholics denounced each other as
  followers of Satan and people could be imprisoned
  for attending the wrong church or for not
  attending any.

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Origins of the Enlightenment Censorship

• All publications, whether pamphlets or scholarly
  volumes, were subject to prior censorship by both
  church and state.

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Origins of the Enlightenment Despotism

• The despotism of monarchs exercising far greater
  powers than any medieval king was supported by
  the doctrine of the "divine right of kings," and
  scripture quoted to show that revolution was
  detested by God.

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Pair Share Activity

• For under examples, select one of the two
  following primary source quotes to write down and
  analyze with your partner.
• What is the philosophe saying in modern day
  English?

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• The individual who persecutes another because
  he is not of the same opinion is nothing less
  than a monster.
• Voltaire

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If mens minds were as easily controlled as
their tongues, every king would sit safely on his
throne, and government by compulsion would cease.

• Baruch Spinoza
• 1670

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Cause Exploration
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Origins of the Enlightenment Exploration and
Slavery

• Slavery was widely practiced, especially in the
  colonial plantations of the Western Hemisphere,
  and its cruelties frequently defended by leading
  religious figures..

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Origins of The Enlightenment Exploration

• The Impact of Travel Literature
• Captain James Cook, Travels
• Literature on China

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Diderots Views on Mankind

• Attacked slavery and colonialism- We are a free
  people and now you have planted in our country
  the title deeds of our future slavery. You are
  neither god nor demon who are you, then, to make
  slaves? Orou! You understand the language of
  these men, tell us all, as you have told me, what
  they have written on this sheet of metal 'This
  country is ours.' This country yours? And why?
  Because you have walked thereon? If a Tahitian
  landed one day on your shores, and scratched on
  one of your rocks or on the bark of your trees
  'This country belongs to the people of Tahiti' -
  what would you think?" (from Supplement to
  Bougainville's Voyage)

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The Age of Enlightenment in Europe
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Five Key Ideas of the Enlightenment
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• Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in
  chains.
• Rousseau

What are examples of things that are enslaving
uswhat aspects of society according to
Rousseau? Give historical and current examples!
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Five Key Ideas of the Enlightenment

• The five important philosophical concepts are
• Reason
• Nature
• Happiness
• Progress
• Liberty

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Five Key Ideas of the Enlightenment

• Urged the use of
• Reason absence of intolerance, bigotry or
  prejudice in ones thinking beliefs should be
  rational and free of biases
• Nature natural laws exist w/out mans creation
  what was natural was good and reasonable God is
  found in nature
• Happiness a person who lives by natures law
  finds happiness argued against medieval notion
  that people should accept misery as part of
  lifes circle Philosophes believed in well-being
  on earth
• Progress Philosophes believed individuals could
  seek perfection and in return, society seek
  perfection looked at human being as capable of
  progress, making something better
• Liberty freedoms should not be merely granted,
  but expected beliefs that we are born with
  liberties in nature

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Reason
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Reason

• Belief in logic and science.
• Supported the application of the scientific
  method to all aspects of society.
• Government should be based on reason.
• It was a period of questioning---led to the
  development of Political Science.
• Importance of education and knowledge
• a)an understanding of human nature and how to
  apply that knowledge
• b)knowledge would conquer fear, superstition,
  and prejudice
• c)knowledge was key to improving society

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Reason

• Truth can be discovered through reason (logical
  thinking).
• Reason unbiased thinking open to new ideas

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Reason

• Enlightenment philosophers combined logic and
  reason
• Logic formal logic is the process(es) by which
  an argument can be determined as valid or not. An
  argument is valid if the premises are all true,
  then the conclusion must also be true.
• Example All humans have heart. Tom is a human.
  Therefore, Tom has a heart.
• Reason Enlightenment thinkers stated that it
  consisted of common sense, observation, and their
  own unacknowledged prejudices in favor of
  skepticism and freedom.

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Reason Cont.

• The greatest crimes are perpetuated in the name
  of religion and God.
• A fair, just, and productive society absolutely
  depends on religious tolerance.
• This means religious tolerance for all forms of
  Christianity and non-Christian faiths.

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Reason

• Issues of the 17th century scene that the idea of
  Reason attacked Dogma Fanaticism
• Witch-hunts and Wars of Religion
• Protestants Catholics denounced each other as
  followers of Satan
• People imprisoned for attending wrong church
• All publications censored by church and state
• Slavery widely practiced, defended by religious
  leaders
• Despotism of monarchsdivine right of kings
• Any opposition was imprisoned or executed
• Reason and Logic had no room for these matters

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• Denis Diderot - Encyclopédie 1766
• All things must be examined, debated,
  investigated without exception and without regard
  for anyones feelings
• - Summarize promote knowledge

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Nature
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Nature

• The belief that there were natural laws that
  govern the earth as well as man.
• Focused on the scientific discoveries and use of
  reason to examine the world.
• Deism---a religious philosophy that developed
  around the following concepts
• a)an impersonal deity (God)
• b)God is found in nature. You do not have to
  attend a formal church.
• c)There is a common morality amongst humans
  that is seen in the similarities between Judaism,
  Christianity, and Islam.
• d)It is a religion based upon REASON and not
  Faith.

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Nature Cont.
e)Goal was to humanize religion. f)Rejected
original sin. g)Attacked Christianity for the
persecution of other religions and abuses of
power. h)Believed society should exist without
religious supervision. i)It was their job to
discover how the world God created
worked. j)Rejected traditions and superstitions.
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Nature

• What is natural is good and reasonable
• Natural laws affect economics and politics just
  as natural laws guide science (ex motion).

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The Social Contract, 1762
How could this fraudulent contract of government
be made legitimate? Man is born free and
everywhere he is in chains. One thinks himself
master of others, and still remains a greater
slave than they. How did this change come about?
I do not know. What can make it legitimate? That
question I think I can answer.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778
The General Will
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Deism/Nature

• The word "Deism" is derived from the Latin word
  for God "Deus." Deism involves the belief in the
  existence of God, on purely rational grounds,
  without any reliance on revealed religion or
  religious authority.
• Deists
• Do not accept the belief of most religions that
  God revealed himself to humanity through the
  writings of the Bible, the Qur'an or other
  religious texts.
• Disagree with strong Atheists who assert that
  there is no evidence of the existence of God.

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Deism/Nature

• Deists regard their faith as a natural religion,
  as contrasted with one that is revealed by a God
  or which is artificially created by humans.
• They reason that since everything that exists
  has had a creator, then the universe itself must
  have been created by God.
• Thomas Paine concluded a speech shortly after the
  French Revolution with "God is the power of
  first cause, nature is the law, and matter is the
  subject acted upon.

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Growth of Deism/Nature

• Intellectuals believe in God but see him as a
  "watchmaker"
• Deists skeptical of organized religion
• Catholic Church was attacked
• Deists struggle with personal standards
• Denial of providence (Voltaire) disputed by
  others (Pope, Rousseau)
• Denial of evil

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The Wit and Wisdom of Voltaire
I have never made but one prayer to God, a very
short one Oh Lord, make my enemies ridiculous.
And God granted it.
Almost everything that goes beyond the adoration
of a Supreme Being and submission of the heart to
his orders is superstition. One of the most
dangerous is to believe that certain ceremonies
entail the forgiveness of crimes. Do you believe
that God will forget a murder you have committed
if you bathe in a certain river, sacrifice a
black sheep? Do better miserable humans, have
neither murders nor sacrifices of black sheep.
God is a comedian playing to an audience too
afraid to laugh. It is dangerous to be right
when the government is wrong. I may not agree
with what you have to say, but I will defend to
the death your right to say it.
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Example of Deism
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Happiness
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Happiness

• This was a time period of optimism.
• Believed every man had the right to develop his
  full potential.
• Focus on secular issues to make life better on
  earth.

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Happiness

• Living by Natures Laws brings happiness.
• Happiness for all is possible.

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Liberty
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Liberty

• Guaranteed freedoms/rights that everyone should
  have like press, speech, religion.
• Exploring the issues of equality amongst races
  and gender.
• Exploring what is the best form of government
  and why.
• Create a government that will help overcome
  human cruelty and violence by using its power to
  further social improvements.

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Liberty

• Envied liberties of English (Glorious Revolution
  Bill of Rights)
• Society could be set free through reason.

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• "The good of the people must be the great
  purpose of government. By the laws of nature and
  of reason, the governors are invested with power
  to that end. And the greatest good of the people
  is liberty. It is to the state what health is to
  the individual."
• - Diderot in L'Encyclopedie Article on
  Government, quoted in Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn
  to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p370.

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Progress
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Progress

• A SCIENTIFIC approach can lead to perfect
  humanity and science.

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Progress

• Progress
• The belief that man can improve and perfect
  society through education and scientific
  advances.
• Attack existing institutions and concepts of
• a)absolutism
• b)Christianity
• c)views on how the world works
• Belief in the importance of social reform
• By mastering both natural and human sciences,
  man can harness the natural world for its own
  benefit and learn to live peacefully with one
  another.

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Pair Share Activity

• Review all the five key ideas of the
  Enlightenment. Make any revisions to your notes.
• Compare your symbols with your partner and
  explain your choices.
• Of the five key ideas, which do you each think
  was the most important idea and explain why.

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Defining Philosophes
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The Philosophes

• Bourgeoisie well-educated middle class that
  emerged during era
• Philosophes writers within this class
• Advocated reason, science, education to build a
  stable and free society
• Concerned with solutions to social problems

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The Philosophes and Their Ideas

• France was the capital of the Enlightenment.
• Leaders of the Enlightenment were called
  Philosophes.
• Writers, professors, journalists, statesmen
  economists and social reformers.
• Came from both the nobility and middle class.
• Reason was to be used as a tool.
• Apply facts to experience to find the best way
  for society to operate.
• Secular movement focus was not on an afterlife,
  but on this world and how it could be improved
  and enjoyed.
• Everything should be questioned to determine
  whether it made logical sense and served society.

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The Philosophes

• Intellectuals who discussed ideas
• Used reason to explain their world
• Believed that reason could improve society
• Not satisfied with old ideas
• Believed in tolerance for all religions

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• The Philosophes
• The philosophes were French social critics in the
  mid-1700s.
• Paris becomes the center of the Enlightenment
  during 1700s.
• Paris is home to salons gatherings
  wherethinkers (philosophes) meet to discuss
  ideas.
• They valued reason, nature, happiness, progress,
  liberty.
• Some philosophes worked to bring attention to
  problems in society.
• For example, Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria
  worked to reform justice system by calling for
  speedy trials and greater rights for criminal
  defendants.

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The Enlightened Individual? The Philosophe

• Not really original thinkers as a whole, but were
  great publicists of the new thinking ? CHANGE
  PROGRESS!
• They were students of society who analyzed its
  evils and advanced reforms.

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What did the Philosophers Despise?

• Absolute Monarchs
• Land-Owning Nobles
• The Catholic Churchs Abusesf power

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The Philosophes and Society
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Thinkers called philosophes believed that the use
of reason could lead to reforms of government,
law, and society.
ROUSSEAU
VOLTAIRE
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
Believed that people were basically good.
Argued that government controls should be
minimal and should only be imposed by a freely
elected government. Felt the good of the
community should be placed above individual
interests.
Argued that a woman should be able to decide what
is in her own interest and should not be
completely dependent on her husband. Called for
equal education for girls and boys.
Defended the principle of freedom of
speech. Used wit to expose abuses and
corruption. Opposed the slave trade and
religious prejudice.
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Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment
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BARON de MONTESQUIEU
JOHN LOCKE
THOMAS HOBBES
People are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.
People entered into a social contract, in order
to live in an organized society. Only an
absolute monarchy can ensure an orderly society.
The separation of powers is the best way to
protect liberty. Each branch of government
should serve as a check on the others.
People are basically reasonable and moral.
People have certain natural rights. A
government has a duty to the people it governs.
If a government fails, the people have the right
to overthrow it.
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Centers of the Enlightenment
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Effects of the Enlightenment
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The Republic of Letters

• URBAN -- gathering of elites in the cities
  (salons)
• B. URBANE -- cosmopolitan, worldly -
  music, art, literature, politics - read
  newspapers the latest books
• C. POLITENESS -- proper behavior -
  self-governed

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Reading During the Enlightenment

• Literacy - 80 for men, 60 women
• Books were expensive (one days wages)
• Many readers for each book
• - novels, plays other literature -
  journals, memoirs, private lives -
  philosophy, history, theology -
  newspapers, political pamphlets
• - often censored by governments

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• Toleration Religious Minorities
• out of political necessity, toleration of certain
  creeds began by 17th cent.
• Louis XIV turned back the clock, persecuting
  Huguenots in the early 18th cent.
• Austria - Toleration Patent of 1781 recognized
  Catholic public practice granted right to
  private worship for Lutherans, Calvinists,
  Greek Orthodox
• in all other ways, Austrians were equal
• Toleration of the Jews
• remained the despised religious minority of
  Europe
• largest of Ashkenazic Jews lived in Eastern
  Europe
• restricted in movement
• forbidden to own land or hold jobs
• pay special taxes
• subject to periodic popular wrath
• Sephardic Jews - had been expelled from Spain in
  15th cent.
• settled in Turkish lands, also cities such as
  Amsterdam, Venice, London, Frankfurt where they
  were free to work in banking commercial
  activities
• many philosophes denounced persecution, but still
  ridiculed Jewish customs
• Austria eased restrictions on Jews, but still
  own land or worship publicly

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Impact/ Effects of the Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment birthed two revolutions
  imperative to Western Civilization
• American Revolution
• French Revolution
• The Enlightenment created an outlet for
  intellectuals/educated to openly debate issues
  w/in society
• This era allowed for a greater sense of
  universalism where peoples did not live for
  their own sake, but sought betterment for others

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England v. France

• The English and French Enlightenments exchanged
  influences through many channels.
• Because England had gotten its revolution out of
  the way early, it was able to proceed more
  smoothly down the road to democracy.
• But English liberty was dynamite when transported
  to France, where resistance by church and state
  was fierce.

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Progression Timeline
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Enlightenment in America

• Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, many of the
  intellectual leaders of the American colonies
  were drawn to the Enlightenment.
• Jefferson, Washington, Franklin, and Paine were
  powerfully influenced by Enlightenment thought.
• The God who underwrites the concept of equality
  in the Declaration of Independence is the same
  Deist God Rousseau worshipped.

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Why should we care?

• Because Thomas Jefferson totally ripped off of
  these guys!
• You remember that little paper he wrote? It was
  called The Declaration of Independence and signed
  on July 4, 1776.
• This paper summarized how the Enlightenment ideas
  influenced our American forefathers (Thomas
  Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, James
  Madison).

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American Revolution

• The language of natural law, of inherent
  freedoms, of self-determination which seeped so
  deeply into the American grain was the language
  of the Enlightenment.
• Separated geographically from most of the
  aristocrats against whom they were rebelling,
  their revolution was to be far less corrosive
  than that in France.

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Montesquieus 3 branches in Action
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Enlightenment Ideas in America

• Natural Rights life, liberty, and pursuit of
  happiness
• Separation of Power legislative, judicial,
  executive branches
• Social Contract
• Freedom of speech, press, and religion
• Purpose of Govt to serve the people
• System of Checks and Balances
• Capitalism
• Importance of Education
• Belief that science and eventually technology
  will solve most or all problems
• Idea of Human Rights
• Helping others---social services, etc.

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Pair Share Activity

• Complete the Sum It Up Activity that is the last
  page of the graphic organizer packet.
• Some pairs will be sharing them as closure to the
  lesson.