Improving the health and

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Improving the health and healthfulness of
beef J.M. Reecy, and D.C. Beitz Iowa State
University
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Overview

• Disease resistance
• Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctavitus
• Respiratory Disease
• Improving the Healthfulness of Beef

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Pink Eye

• Reported in the USA since 1889
• 45 of Missouri herds have endemic IBK
• Average prevalence 8
• More common in the young 10-60
• Immunity develops with age
• No gender affinity

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What Causes Pink Eye

• Moraxella bovis
• Brannamella ovis?
• High UV light
• Dust
• IBR infection
• IBR vaccination
• Mycoplasma infection Mycoplasma bovoculi
• Trauma
• Face flies- Musca autumnalis (since 1946)

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Options For Control/ Prevention

• Are the technologies up to the job?

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Options For Control/ Prevention

• Not up to the job
• Vaccines
• Fly control
• Dust control
• Pasture clipping

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What are the Future Options

• Genetic selection
• Improved vaccines
• Better treatment

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Requirements of the project

• Serve as a model for disease resistance/susceptibi
  lity research
• Internal parasites - nematodes
• Respiratory
• Use field records
• Need to develop data collection scheme

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Data Collection

• Two seasons
• When cases are actively observed
• Weaning
• Scoring system
• Data sheets

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Pinkeye Data Analysis

• 1823 head (Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin)
• Heritability
• MTDFREML
• Model Y ? CG animal PE error
• CG Sex-weaning group (4)
• PE permanent environmental
• h2 0.18

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Effect of Pinkeye/Corneal Abrasion on Weaning
Weight
Weaning Weight (Lbs)
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Additional Results

• No evidence of prior exposure to bovine
  rhinotracheitis as having an effect
• No evidence of Carrier status (M. bovis and B.
  Ovis) effecting incidence

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Tear Film

• Lipid layer Reduces evaporation , prevents
  contamination
• Aqueous layer Lubrication and protection
• Mucus layer Lubricates and protect the cornea.

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Ocular defense factors affecting susceptibility

• sIgA and Lactoferrin (Lf) as candidate factors in
  the tear film influencing susceptibility
• Antigen binding protection against invading
  microorganisms
• Hypothesis Cattle susceptible to pink eye
  produce higher levels of sIgA and lower Lf

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Probability of Corneal Scarring
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MARC Pinkeye data

• Gary Snowder (JAS 2005 83(3)507-18. )
• 19 years of data
• Calves listed as being treated in the herd book
• Number of records
• 907 to 10,947 head per breed
• 1.3 to 22.4 incidence

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Breed N N Incidence h2
Angus 6,347 3.7 3.7 0.25
Hereford 4,579 22.4 22.4 0.28
Red Poll 998 3.1 3.1 0.09
Charolais 2,878 6.5 6.5 0.00
Simmental 1,775 7.6 7.6 0.10
Limousin 961 3.4 3.4 0.11
Gelbvieh 2,391 2.1 2.1 0.05
Pinzgauer 908 1.3 1.3 0.02
Braunvieh 907 1.8 1.8 0.12
MARC I 4,336 3.9 3.9 0.03
MARC III 10,947 5.9 5.9 0.26
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Respiratory Disease

• Bovine Respiratory Disease is the most common and
  costly disease in the U.S.
• National mortality rate for bovine respiratory
  disease is 6 (NAHMS, 1997)
• Lung lesions are routinely observed in animals
  that exhibited no clinical signs

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Respiratory Disease

• Use field records
• Need to develop data collection scheme
• Treatment data
• Lung Score

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Designing Beef to Produce a Healthier Product
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Overview

• Goal of Research
• Develop the tools to allow breeders to select for
  healthier beef
• What does this mean to the beef industry?
• It will be able to actively address human health
  concerns with respect to consumption of beef

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Interaction of Genetics and Environment in
Causing Human Disease
PRIMARILY NATURE (Genetics)
PRIMARILY NURTURE (Environment)
Heart Disease
Motor vehicle accidents
Osteoporosis
Dwarfism
Stroke
Pneumonia, influenza
Diabetes
Obesity
Nutritional deficiencies, nutritional anemias
Colon cancer
Cirrhosis of the liver
Breast cancer
Lung cancer
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Two Leading Causes of Human Deaths in the U.S.

• Cause of death Rank1 Deaths
  Percentage
• All causes --- 2,443,387 100.0
• Diseases of heart 1 696,947 28.5
• Malignant neoplasms 2 557,271 22.8
• Cerebrovascular diseases 3 162,672 6.7
• Chronic lower respiratory distress 4 124,816
  5.1
• Accidents (unintentional injuries) 5 106,742
  4.4
• Diabetes mellitus 6 73,249 3.0
• Influenza and pneumonia 7 65,681 2.7
• Alzheimers disease 8 58,866 2.4
• Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and
  nephrosis 9 40,974 1.7
• Septicemia 10 33,865 1.4
• 1Rank based on number of deaths total 79 of
  all deaths.Source National Vital Statistics
  Report, Vol. 15, No. 17

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Obesity in U.S. in 2004
BMI gt 30, or 30 lbs. overweight for 5'4"
person 2004                                    
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
   
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What are Americans eating?
Calories from Fat SFA MUFA PUFA
An Average American Diet 34 16 11 7
What should Americans be eating?
Calories from Fat SFA MUFA PUFA
American Heart Association Step I Diet 30 9 14 7
American Heart Association Step II Diet 25 7 12 6
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• How Do We Name Fatty Acids?
• Carbon chain length and of unsaturated bonds
  (e.g. 180 or 181)
• Name
• Palmitic (160) or Palmitoleic (161)?9
• Stearic (180) or Oleic (181) ?9
• Linoleic (182) ?9,12

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Atherogenic index
The atherogenic index as proposed by Ulbricht and
Southgate, 1991
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Health Promoting Index
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How Does Beef Compare to Other Sources of Fat?
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Health-promoting index of several foods
Food HPI
Food HPI
Beef(NLMB) 1.43 Beef TG(Knight) 1.27 Extreme
milk fat 1.30 Beef(Beitz) 1.16 Tallow 1.12 Greate
st milk 0.94 Average milk fat 0.44 Low milk
fat 0.30 Palm kernel oil 0.15 Coconut oil 0.06
Soy oil 7.69 Olive oil 7.14 Beef
PL(Knight) 3.03 Chicken 2.27 Pork 2.13 Lard 1.92 B
eef(Eichhorn) 1.67 Margarine 1.61 Beef(Knight) 1.5
2 Beef(Garret) 1.49
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Genotype
Phenotype
Environment
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Feeding systems affecting fatty acid composition
Ruminant species - Rumen biohydrogenation -
Forage increases reductive potential of the
rumen - Rumen can be overloaded with PUFA
(CLA increase in pasture-fed cattle)
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Fatty Acid Synthesis and Modification
Fatty acid synthesis
160
180
140
161
181
141
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Sample
Processing
974 Steaks from beef cattle
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• Statistical analysis
• Steers and bulls slaughtered at normal finishing
  weight.
• Contemporary groups based on year, farm of
  origin, feedlot, and harvest date.
• 63 contemporary groups (1-65 cattle per group).
• 77 sires (1-40 progeny per sire).

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Variation in Health-Promoting Index of Beef
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Composite Fatty Acid Composition
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Composite Fatty Acid Indexes
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Does Breed to Breed Variation Exist in Fatty Acid
Composition

• Collaborative project with Larry Cundiff at Meat
  Animal Research Center
• 588 animals
• Sire Lines
• Angus BeefMaster
• Hereford Bonsmara
• Brangus Romosinuano
• Dam Lines
• Angus MARC III

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Significant Differences in Fatty Acid
Composition Exist Between Breeds
Fatty Acid Low High P-value
140 3.40 3.96 lt.0001
160 27.18 29.38 lt.0001
161 3.47 3.78 0.0075
180 12.51 14.31 lt.0001
181 33. 90 35.73 lt.0001
182 1.51 1.87 0.0007
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Significant Differences in Fatty Acid Indexes
Exist Between Breeds
Index Low High P-value
AI 0.87 1.01 lt.0001
161/160 12.51 13.78 lt.0001
181/180 240.05 274.77 lt.0001
x1/x0 88.07 96.41 lt.0001
16/14 706.97 802.43 lt.0001
18/16 43.49 51.34 lt.0001
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Significant Differences in Fatty Acids Exist
Between Breeds
Index Low High P-value
181t11 4.49 6.17 0.0016
181c11 1.05 1.25 lt.0001
183n3 0.20 0.24 lt.0001
CLAc9,t11 0.35 0.42 0.0133
225n3 0.16 0.25 0.0378
226n3 0.02 0.03 0.0073
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New Compounds

• Conjugated Linoleic Acid
• Anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic
• Heme and non-Heme Iron
• correlated positively with hematological status
• Spingolipids
• may inhibit colon cancer in humans
• Creatine
• improves muscle strength
• Vitamin E
• negatively correlated with risk of prostate
  cancer

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Are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated
with Fatty Acid Composition

• 172 purebred American Angus Bulls and Steers ISU
  Meat Quality Selection Herd
• Stearoyl-CoA Desaturease SNPs
• Enzyme responsible for desaturating fatty acids
• SCD 316, SCD536, SCD1278

Amino Acid Genotype Animals Percentage
VV CC 115 67
VA CT 57 33
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Effect of a Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase DNA
polymorphism
Lipid 161/160 161/160 P-Value
Lipid VA VV P-Value
Phospholipid 6.3 6.8 0.13
TAG 14.5 13.9 0.02
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• Summary
• Triacylglycerol fatty acid composition is more
  heritable than phospholipid fatty acid
  composition.
• Fatty acid desaturation is more heritable in beef
  cattle than is fatty acid elongation.
• Health Promoting index/AI is highly heritable.
• Differences in fatty acid composition exist
  between breeds.
• DNA markers can be used to identify more
  healthful beef.

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Conclusions Fatty acid composition is a
heritable trait. Lipid composition can be
improved with respect to human health by genetic
selection.
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Where Do We Go From Here?

• Obtain Research Funding
• Develop resource populations
• American Angus (have in hand)
• Meat Animal Research Center
• Correlation With Other Traits
• Identify Molecular Markers

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Where Do We Go From Here?

• Human Studies
• Taste Test Panels
• Feeding Studies
• Identification of Novel Health Compounds
• Development of New Analytical Techniques

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• Acknowledgements
• National Beef Cattle Evaluation Consortium
• USDA Center for Designing Foods to Improve
  Nutrition at the Iowa State University
• The Wise and Hellen Burroughs Endowment
• National Cattlemans Beef Association
• Collaborators