An Overview of

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16th General Session of AARDO
An Overview of Policies and Programmes Ministry
of Rural Development Government of India
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Mahatma Gandhis Talisman
"I will give you a talisman. Whenever you are in
doubt, or when the self becomes too much with
you, apply the following test. Recall the face of
the poorest and the weakest man woman whom you
may have seen, and ask yourself, if the step you
contemplate is going to be of any use to him
her. Will he she gain anything by it? Will it
restore him her to a control over his her own
life and destiny? In other words, will it lead to
swaraj freedom for the hungry and spiritually
starving millions? Then you will find your
doubts and your self melt away
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Challenges The Poorest and The Weakest 

• 15 of Worlds Population live on less than
  1/day
• 40 of Worlds Population live on less than
  2/day
• More than 850 million suffer from hunger
• One in 7 people go to bed hungry
• 17000 children die every day from hunger
• 25 of the worlds poor live in India
• 73 of Indias poor live in rural areas

Source Policy Research Working Paper World Bank
August 2008
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850 Million Hungry People
Where are they?
Who are they?
Others
Pastoralists/ Fishermen (8)
(30m, 4)
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Asia Pacific
Urban Poor (20)
(206m, 24)
(without India)
(312m, 37)
Marginal Farmers (50)
North East and North Africa, (38m, 4)
Latin America and Caribbean (52m, 6)
Landless Rural Poor (22)
India
(212m, 25)
Source FAO estimates of 2006
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Causes for Poverty and Vulnerability

• Little control over their own Life And Destiny
•   Employment Insecurity and Low Incomes
• Lack of Control over Common Resources
• Lack of Assets and Entitlements
• Low Productivity of Assets
• Illiteracy, Poor Health and Nutritional Status
• Lack of Access to Credit, Information
  Technology

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Poverty in India
Poverty Ratio
60
55
51
50
44
40
38
35
30
Poverty Ratio ()
27.5
20
10
0
1973-74
1977-78
1983
1987-88
1993-94
2004-05
Years
Absolute Poor in India
329
323
321
320
350
307
302
264
261
300
252
244
232
221
250
Poor in million
200
150
100
50
0
1973-74
1977-78
1983
1987-88
1993-94
2004-05
Years
Source As per NSSO rounds India
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Indias Vision for the future

• India has outlined targets based on the
  Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
• The first goal is to Eradicate Extreme Poverty
  and Hunger
• Inclusive Growth and Paradigm Shift in
  Approach are the Mainstay

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Inclusive Growth - The New Social Agenda
In order to bring about sustainable development
in the rural sector, the Prime Minister has time
and again emphasized the need for inclusive
growth. we have to ensure inclusive and
equitable growth, we need to knit and integrate
our rural areas. We cannot allow India to be
divided into two distinct zones.
Dr. Manmohan SinghPrime Minister, India
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Paradigm Shift in ApproachProgrammes of Rural
Development
are Demand Driven
aim at Universal Coverage
aim at Empowerment of the Poor
are Time Bound
follow Participatory Approach
have built in Transparency and Accountability
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Ministry of Rural Development Strategy and
Schemes
Guaranteeing Wage Employment National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
Promoting Self Employment Swaranjayanti Gram
Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
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Ministry of Rural Development Strategy and
Schemes
Ensuring Rural Connectivity Prime Ministers Gram
Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
Facilitating Rural Housing Indira Awaas Yojana
(IAY)
Providing Social Security National Social
Association Programme (NSAP)
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Ministry of Rural Development Strategy and
Schemes
Providing Safe Drinking Water Accelerated Rural
Water Supply Programme (ARWSP)
Improving Hygiene and Sanitation Total
Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
Enhancing Land Productivity Integrated Wasteland
Management Programme (IWMP)
Guaranteeing Land Rights National Land Records
ModernisationProgramme (NLRMP)
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Wage Employment National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act, 2005
An Act to provide for the enhancement of
livelihood security of the households in rural
areas of the country by providing at least one
hundred days of Guaranteed wage employment in
every financial year to every household whose
adults volunteer to do unskilled manual work
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Objectives National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act (NREGA)
Primary Supplement employment opportunities
Auxiliary Regenerate natural resource base for
sustainable development and enhanced rural
livelihood
Process outcomes Promote inclusive growth and
strengthen grass root processes of democracy
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National Overview-Outcomes
TOTAL DISTRICTS 615 Phase I NREGA(200)
(commenced 2.02.06) Phase II
NREGA(130) (extended on 1.4.07) Phase
III NREGA(285) (notified on 28.9.07)
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Impact on National Resource Base Regeneration
Rural connectivity, 15
Water Conservation, 45
Irrigation Facility for Weaker Sections, 18
Land Development, 22
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Promoting Inclusive Growth
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Strengthening Grassroot Processes of Democracy
Large Scale Capacity Building 0.714 million
PRIs functionaries trained
Financial Inclusion- 52.7 million bank / post
office accounts opened
Grievance Redressal Mechanism Helpline and Lok
Adalats
Social Audits Conducted -0.172 million GPs
IT based MIS 9.0 million Muster Rolls and 52
million Job Cards on website
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Impact on Poverty

• Major Increase in Wage Income
• Reduction in Distress Migration
• Enhanced Food Security
• Higher Land Productivity

• Increase in Wage Rates
• Equal Wages for Men and Women
• Improvement in Wage Negotiation Power

• Financial Inclusion
• Insurance of Wage Earners
• Major Safety Net

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Self Employment Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar
Yojana (SGSY)
Social mobilization of poor
Self Employment and Skill Development
Empowerment of Women
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Key Elements of SGSY
A Self Help Group (SHG) is formed with 10-20
members
Habit for saving is inculcated
Internal lending is encouraged
Group dynamism is strengthened
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Economic Activities under SGSY
Projects are decided in association with banks
Cluster approach is followed
Credit and subsidy are provided
Critical gaps in infrastructure are filled up
Market opportunities are explored
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Outcomes of SGSY
Investment on Programme 4571.6 million
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Marketing Rural Products

• Marketing is one of the crucial aspects of SGSY
  to ensure that products made by rural BPL
  families are sold at reasonable prices. This
  involves exploring new markets and constantly
  refining the product quality.

• Since 2003-04, SARAS Fairs have been organised in
  different parts of the country and more than
  30000 Rural SHGs/Artisans have benefited from
  these Fairs.

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Rural Connectivity Prime Minister Gram Sadak
Yojana (PMGSY)
A programme to provide good all-weather roads to
all unconnected rural habitations with a
population of more than
500 in plain areas
250 in hilly areas
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Status of Road Network

• Total length of the Road Network in India 3.2
  million km
• National Highways 65,600 km (2 )
• State Highways Major District Roads 0.43
  million km (14)
• Rural Roads 2.7 million km (84)
• Status in Year 2000 0.33 million (40) out of
  0.825 million rural habitations
  unconnected.

Rural Roads
State Highways Major District Roads
National Highways
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Key Interventions for Effective Programme
Management

• Systematic Network Planning
• Community and Stakeholder Participation
• Project Preparation and Selection Process
• Setting Standards and Transparency

• Standardisation of Bidding Process
• Quality Monitoring
• Online Monitoring
• Planned Maintenance of Road Assets

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Progress under PMGSY
Construction of Roads
Coverage of Habitation
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Transforming Rural Lives
Increased access to market, health and education
Investment of One Million Rupees enables 165
poor people to move above poverty line
Source IFPRI, Research Report 110, 1999
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Rural Housing Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)

• Main Features
• Grant of 700 in plain areas Rs. 770 in
  hilly/difficult areas provided for house
  construction
• Beneficiaries are selected according to their
  poverty status as determined by household survey

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Rural Housing Impact of IAY

• Since inception, 19.0 million houses have been
  constructed
• One of the popular schemes
• - Beneficiaries construct houses themselves
• - No contractor is involved
• - Sanction is in the name of the women
• Evaluation studies reveal
• - High level of satisfaction
• - Positive impact on health and hygiene
• - Reduction in poverty and vulnerability

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Initiatives and Reforms

• Earmarking for weaker section
• Ensuring accurate targeting
• - Permanent IAY Waitlists are prepared
• Draft National Rural Housing and Habitat Policy
• - Affordable Housing for All
• - Development for Sustainable and Inclusive
  Habitat

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Social Security National Social Assistance
Programmes

• The Constitution of India directs the State to
  provide public assistance in the case of

Old age
Disablement
Others cases of undeserved want
Sickness
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Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme
(IGNOAPS)

• Old age pension is provided to
• - All persons of 65 years or higher and
• - Belonging to a household below the poverty
  line
• Universal coverage is envisaged
• - All eligible are entitled to pension
• - Scheme is not limited by budget
• State Governments provide assistance for
• - Widows
• - Physically Handicapped

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Drinking Water Security in Rural
India Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
(ARWSP)

• Providing public drinking water source to access
  potable drinking water
• 40 litre per capita per day (lpcd)
• Additional 30 lpcd for cattle in desert areas
• Within 1.6 km in plains or 100 meter elevation
  in hill areas

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Moving towards Drinking Water Security

• Move from over-dependence on single source to
  multiple sources
• Reviving traditional water bodies and creating
  dispersed storage reservoirs

• Emphasis on recharge of tube wells and ground
  water sources
• Recycling of used water for a sustainable water
  supply system

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Moving towards Drinking Water Security

• Encouraging household and community Roof Water
  Harvesting
• Water Quality Monitoring Surveillance

• Focus on convergence of resources, investments
  schemes
• Investment in scientific engineering models for
  catchments treatment etc.,

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Drinking Water Security in Rural India
We believe users of waterare the best managers
of water
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Sanitation for all 2012 Total Sanitation Campaign

• Information, Education, Communication (IEC) to
  generate Demand
• Low cost options made available through chain of
  Sanitary Marts and Production Centers
• Catching them young - Toilets in all Schools and
  Child Care Centers
• Solid Liquid waste management

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Gender Sensitive Programme

• Women as prime movers towards total sanitation
• Involvement of women in all activities
• Campaign targeted to provide safety, pride,
  dignity of women
• Addressing sanitation needs of women

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Progress under Total Sanitation Campaign
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A Unique Initiative Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP)

• NGP is a unique tool for taking a difficult
  programme into a high gear
• NGP recognizes the contribution of grass-roots
  Panchayat leaders
• This motivation has galvanized the implementation
  of TSC
• It has led to declaration of Open Defecation Free
  Villages
• Honble President of India himself gives away
  awards under NGP

Nirmal Gram Puraskar Winners
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Achieving Sanitation Goals
58.75
53.81
60
44.79
50
37.66
40
30.59
27.35
22.86
22.38
30
21.92
Coverage of Household (percentage)
20
10
0
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-2009
Series1
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Development of Land Resources Integrated
Wasteland Management Programme

• Checks land degradation by treatment of
  wastelands on watershed basis
• Strengthens natural resources through community
  participation
• Provides for drought proofing and combating
  desertification
• Provides livelihood opportunities to landless
  people
• Focuses on poverty alleviation, and development
  of economic resources

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Ensuring Land Rights for the poor
Land Reform Acts
National Land Records Modernization Programme
(NLRMP)
National Rehabilitation Resettlement Policy,
2007
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Premier institutions of the Ministry

• National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)
  An Apex Institute
• Conducts training for rural development
  functionaries
• Carries out Research Studies
• Provides Consultancy Services
• Runs a PG Diploma Course in Rural Development
  Management
• In 2007-08, 277 training programmes were
  conducted for 7138 participants

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Premier institutions of the Ministry

• Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and
  Rural Technology(CAPART)
• Supports Non Governmental Organizations to
  implement rural development projects
• Promotes Appropriate Rural Technologies

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Lessons for Governance and Delivery Mechanisms 

• Create Rights and Legal Guarantees for rural
  poor
• Decentralise Planning and Implementation
• Set up well defined Systems with clear Guidelines
  
• Involve Partners and Stakeholders
• Converge Schemes with Common Objectives
• Incentivise Achievements
• Ensure Transparency and Accountability
• Use IT platform for effective Monitoring
• Establish Grievance Redressal Mechanism

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Moving Towards the Millennium Development Goals
Indicator MDG Target Status Value by
2015 Proportion of population 18.75() Latest
surveys show poverty at 27.50 () below poverty
line well on target to reaching the
goal. Literacy rate of 100.00 () Literacy has
gone up to over 76 ()15-24 year olds for this
age group. Infant Mortality rate 27.00
Indias rate already has come down from(per
1000 live births) 80 in 1990 to 58 in
2006. Population with access 80.5 () India
has already touched 82 percent. to water source
(rural) Population with access to 72 () It is
expected to achieve the target by 2012 sanitation
(rural) itself.
Source MDG India Country Report, M/o Statistics
Programme Implementation.
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Be the change you want to see in the world
Mahatma Gandhi 1927
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