paatt sa: Perman, R., Ma, Y. and McGilvray, J., 1996. Natural Resource and Environmental Economics.

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(No Transcript)
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?pa?a?t?t? ??????sµa        Perman, R., Ma,
Y. and McGilvray, J., 1996. Natural Resource and
Environmental Economics. Addison Wesley. ?ef.
2,3 (??ß??????? ?.?.?., 333.7???)      
Kolstad, C. D., Environmental Economics. London
Macillan. (??ß??????? ?.?.?., 333.7KOL)       
?? f??t?t?? ?a p??µ??e?t??? ??a a?t?t?p? t??
pa?a?t?µat?? t?? ß?ß???? "Blueprint for a Green
Economy", edited by D. Pearce, A. Markandya, and
E. Barbier. ?? pa???t?µa ??e? t?? t?t??
"Sustainable Development - A Gallery of
Definitions".
3
      ?? f??t?t?? ?a p??pe? ?a ?ateß?s??? ap? t?
d?ad??t?? Koundouri, P., 2002. A Social Time
Preference Rate for Use in Long-term Discounting.
Report to the Office of the Deputy Prime
Minister and the Department of the Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs (with Cameron Hepburn, Ben
Groom, David Pearce, Robin Smale). -      
?e???aµß??eta? st? HM Treasury, 2003. The Green
Book Appraisal and Evaluation in Central
Government. Treasury Guidance. London HM
Treasury. ??a??s?µ? st?? ?st?se??de?
www.hm-treasury.gov.uk ?a? http//greenbook.treasu
ry.gov.uk/annex06.htm -       ??a??s?µ? st?
www.odpm.gov.uk/about/discounting/index.html
      ?? f??t?t?? ?a p??µ??e?t??? ??a s????aµµa
t?? d?d?s???ta µe ??µa Case studies on European
Environmental Policy.
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• ??µ? t?? µa??µat?? ??a t?? p??te? 8 eßd?µ?de?
•  
•  
• 1. ???a ???pt???? ?e?f???a / ???s?µ?t?ta. G?at?
  e?d?afe??µaste ??a t?? ae?f???a
•  
• ? a????p?t?ta ??e? t?? ??a??t?ta ?a ep?t??e? t??
  ae?f??? a??pt??? ?a ??a??p???se? t?? a????e?
  t?? pa???t??, ????? ?a ?p???µe?se? t?? ??a??t?ta
  t?? µe????t???? ?e?e?? ?a ??a??p???s??? t?? d????
  t??? a????e?.
• ??e???? ?p?t??p? ??a t? ?e??ß????? ?a? t??
  ???pt???, ?? ????? µa? ??????, 1987, se?.8.
•  

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2. ??a ??tat??? Se??? ?a??µ?t?? sta ?fa?µ?sµ??a
??????µ??? t?? ?e??ß?????t??. -       
???te????t?te? ?a? ??????µ??? ?p?te?esµat???t?ta.
Bas???? ??????µ???? ?????e? ?a? ???sµ??, p??
apa?t???ta? ??a t?? ?ata???s? ?a? t?? ß??t?st?
efa?µ??? t?? pe??ßa????t???? p???t????. -       
?e?????? ??st?????s?? ????? t? ???s? t?? ?a?????
t?? a?????. ?as???? ??????µet????? te?????? ??a
?a ep?s??af???? t?µ?? st??? pe??ßa????t?????
p?????. ??t?? s?µpe???aµß????? (a) t? µ???d?
e?a?t?µ???? ap?t?µ?s?? (contingent valuation
method), (ß) t? µ???d? ta??d??t???? ??st???
(travel cost method), (?) t? µ???d? t?µ??
e??µe??a? (hedonic pricing method).
 -        ?fa?µ?sµ??? ?????s? ??st???-Of??e?a?
Applied Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA). ?e??????
?a? µe??d?????a. ? ????? t?? a????s?? ??st??? -
?f??e?a? st?? p?a?µ?t?s? t?? ??????µ????
pe?ßa????t???? p???t????.   
6
3. ? a????? ??a ???s? ??????? µetaßa???µe???
?????????? p??e??f??t???? ep?t????? st?? a????s?
??st???-?f??e?a? ?ta? ? ae?f???a ap?te?e? t?
st??? t?? p???t????. -        ? a????p?t?ta
??e? t?? ??a??t?ta ?a ep?t??e? t?? ae?f???
a??pt??? ?a ??a??p???se? t?? a????e? t??
pa???t?? ????? ?a ?p???µe?se? t?? ??a??t?ta t??
µe????t???? ?e?e?? ?a ??a??p???s??? t?? d????
t??? a????e?.-        ?p???e? ??t? t?
pe??e??? st? ?a p??e??f???µe t?? ?f??e?a p?? ?a
p?????e? µet? ap? ??a? a???a. ???µa ?a? ?p? ??a
µet???pa??? p??e??f??t??? ep?t????, ?aµ??
ep??d?s? de ?a fa?t??e? ???a ?????. The
Economist (1991), ???t??? 23, se?. 73.
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4. ????pa??? ?e??ßa????t??? ????t??? ??a se???
ap? µe??te? -        ?p????µµata ?a? ??µ?t???
??a?e???s? Ste?e?? ?p?ß??t?? -        ? ?????
????t??? ????t??? -        ? ????? ???e?t???
????t??? -        ?? ?????f???a??
???ß??µa -        ????a?a ?t???µata ?a? t?
???te???? ??st?? t?? ?etaf???? -       
??e??e?a?? ?p?te?esµat???t?ta -       
???p???µ??? ??a?e???s? ?d?t?? ??a t?? ?fa?µ???
t?? ????t???? t?? ?? st?? ??µ?a t?? ?d?t????
?????. -        ? p?a?µat?p???s?? t??
pe??ßa????t???? p???t???? se d?????t??? ep?ped?.
 
8
S?efte?te t??? f?s????? p????? t?? ??? sa? ??a
?????d?t?µa t? ?p??? d?deta? µ?a ?a? µ??? f???
ap? t? f?s? st?? ?????p?. ??? p??pe? t?
?????d?t?µa a?t? ?a ?ata?eµ??e? µ?sa st?
????? ??? µp??e? ? ?ata??µ? e??? p?????
?????d?t?µat?? µ?sa st? ????? ?a ep?te???e? µe
pa??????? ep?te??? t?? ae?f???a?  ??
e?d?af???? ??a t?? ?????a t?? ae?f???a? p??????e
???? t?? a??s???a? s?et??? µe t?? p??a??t?ta
s?????s?? t?? ??????µ???? a??pt???? µe t?
s?µe???? ep?ßa???t??? ??a t? pe??ß????? ???µ?.
?e???aµß??e? d?? ??????µ??? ??t?µata 1.        
Tet??? (Positive) ?e ß?s? t?? ?pa???
pepe?asµ???? ap??eµ?t?? e?a?t???µe??? p???? ?a???
?a? pe?????sµ?? p?? ep?ß?????ta? ap? t?? f?s????
pe??ßa????t???? d?e??as?e?, e??a? p??a?? ?a
ft?se? ? ??????µ?a se ??a st?d?? st? ?p??? ?
pa?a???? ?a? ? ?ata????s? ?a e?????aµµ?st??? se
µ? e?att??µe???? d??µ??? st? d????e?a a???st??
???????? pe???d?? 2. ?a????st??? (Normative)
?? µ??f? p??pe? ?a p??e? t? s?ed????aµµa t??
?ata??µ?? t?? p???? µ?sa st? ????? 
9
?S?????? ?e?aet?a 70 ?? e?d?af???? ??a t??
?e?f???a ????se ?a eµfa???eta? st?? e????? ?a?
d?e??? p???t??? at???ta. 1972 ???s?e?? t??
???µ???? ????? ??a t? ?????p??? ?e??ß????? st?
St?????µ?, ?at? t?? ?p??a ?ata?t?s???e t?
?e??ßa????t??? ?????aµµa t?? ???µ???? ?????
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
?a? d?µ?????????a? µ?a se??? ap? ???a??sµ???
p??stas?a? t?? pe??ß?????t?? se ??a? a???µ?
??at??. 1980 ? St?at????? t?? ?a???sµ?a?
??at???s?? World Conservation Strategy
d?µ?????????e ap? t? ??e??? ???s? ??a t?
??at???s? t?? F?s?? International Union for the
Conservation of Nature.  1983 ?a ???µ??a ????
e??a??d????? t? ?a???sµ?a ???s? t?? ?e??ß?????t??
?a? t?? ???pt???? World Commission on
Environment and Development (WCED). 
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1987 ???es? t?? WCED ?? ????? µa? ??????
p?? eµpe????e? t? ???st?te?? d?at?p?s? t?? ????
ae?f???a  ? a????p?t?ta ??e? t?? ??a??t?ta
?a ??a??p???se? t?? a????e? t?? pa???t?? ?????
?a ?p???µe?e? t?? ??a??t?ta t?? µe????t????
?e?e?? ?a ??a??p???s??? t?? d???? t???
a????e?. ??e???? ?p?t??p? ??a t? ?e??ß?????
?a? t?? ???pt???, ?? ????? µa? ??????, 1987,
se?.8. World Commission on Environment and
Development, "Our Common Future", 1987,
p.8.           
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??G?? ???S????S G?? ??? ???F???? ?????? ?????
? pa???sa ?e??? ??e? ????? ?p?????s? ap??a?t?
st?? ?e???? p?? ?a a???????s???. ?e? ?a p??pe? ?a
e?e??e? µe t??p??? p?? ??t??? se ???d??? t?? t???
t?? ep?µe??? ?e?e?? ??a ?s?t?µe? e??a???e? µe
a?t?? p?? ap??aµß????µe s?µe?a. ???????????
????? ? ??????µ??? d?ast????t?ta p??pe? ?a
???a???e? ?ts? ?ste ?a s??t???se? t?? ??????????
p??????a. ??????µ???? ????? G?a ?a a?apt??e?
??p???? µ?a ??????µ??? ?p??es?, ?a p??pe? ?a
?p?st????e? e?te ?t? ? ae?f???? ??????µ???
s?µpe??f??? e??a? p?? ap?te?esµat??? ap? t? µ?
ae?f???, e?te ?t? ? ae?f???? s?µpe??f??? e??a?
a?t? p?? µe??st?p??e? t? d?a??????? ?????????
e??µe??a.
12
???? ????? ? ??S? ??S ?????T?S?S ??? ? ??????S?
?????????? ???S????????? ??? ????? ???F???S ??
??µ?? t?? ?e?µ?d??aµ????1?? ??µ?? ? e????e?a
de? µp??e? ??te ?a d?µ???????e?, ??te ?a
?atast?afe?. 2?? ??µ?? ? s??????? p?s?t?ta t??
?f???µa s???e?t??µ???? e????e?a? se ??a
ap?µ???µ??? s?st?µa e??a? f?????sa st? ?????.
 ?a???a a?t? ? ?? de? ap?te?e? ??a ap?µ???µ???
f?s??? s?st?µa. ??ta???sse? e????e?a µe e??te????
s?st?µata. ??p??? ep?ped? a??a?? a?apa?a????s?µ??
???s?? f?s???? p???? e??a? p??a?? ?a ?f?stata? µe
t? ???s?µ?p???s? µe??d?? a?a?????s?? ?????? µe
???a?? e????e?a. ???a?, ???p??, ?? pa???te? ?a?
?? p??ß?ep?µe??? ???µ?? ??????µ???? a??pt????
f?s???? ae?f???? 
13
?? ??????????? a??s???e? e?s?????ta? ?t? t? pa???
ep?ped? ?a? ?p?de??µa t?? ??????µ????
d?ast????t?ta? ?s?? ?a µ?? e??a?
ae?f???       ? a????p??? ??? e?a?t?ta? ap?
??a ?d?a?te?a p???p???? ?st? t??f???? a??s?d??.
??t?? ?? t??f???? a??s?de? µp????? ?a
d?ata?a????? ? ?a ??p??? µe p??????
t??p???.      ?a ?????????? s?st?µata e??a?
d?ad??as?e? ?? ?p??e? a?apt?ss??ta? ?a?
µetaß?????ta?. ??µµ?t?a a?t?? t?? s?st?µ?t?? ?s??
?d??????? se d?ad??as?e? µe??s?? t?? p?s?t?t??
t???. ??t?? ?? µe??se?? s?????? ?a?a?t??????ta?
ap? t?? ?pa??? e??? ep?p?d??, st? ?p???
s?µßa????? ?atast??f???? ?a? µ? a?ast????µe?
µetaß????.      ?p?????? st???e?a p??
s????????? st? ?t? ta ap?? ?a? ?e?te?a
????s?st?µata te????? ?a e??a? pe??ss?te?? asta??
ap? ?t? ta p???p???a. ? a????p??? d?ast????t?ta
te??e? ?a ap???ste?e? ta ????s?st?µata ?a? ?a
µe???e? t? ß???????? p??????a, ?d????ta? ?ts? se
µ????te?? sta?e??t?ta t?? s?et????
????s?st?µat??. S??ep??, ? s??e????µe??
??????µ??? a??pt??? ?s?? ?d???se? st??
?atast??f??? ?at???e?s? ??p???? ????s?st?µ?t??,
?????ta? t?? ??????µ??? d?ast????t?ta µ? ae?f???
se ep?peda p?? d?af??et??? ?a eµfa?????t??sa?
ß??s?µa.
14
???S??? ??? ??????S ??S ???F????S 1.    
?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a ?
???s?µ?t?ta e??a? µ? f?????sa st? ?????.2.    
?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a ?
?ata????s? e??a? µ? f?????sa st? ?????.3.    
?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a ??
p???? d?a?e??????ta? ?ts? ?ste ?a d?at???????
pa?a??????? e??a???e? ??a t? µ?????.4.    
?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a t?
f?s??? ?ef??a?? de f???e? st? ?????.5.    
?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a ??
p???? d?a?e??????ta? ?ts? ?ste ?a d?at????e? µ?a
ae?f???? ap?d?s? t?? ?p??es??? t?? p????.6.    
?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? ? ?p??a
??a??p??e? t?? e????ste? s?????e? ???????????
sta?e??t?ta? ?a? a??e?t???t?ta? µ?sa st? ?????.
15
1.     ?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a
? ???s?µ?t?ta e??a? µ? f?????sa st? ?????. ??
1974 ? Solow ?p?st????e ?t? ae?f???? ?at?stas?
e??a? e?e??? p?? ??a??p??e? ??p??? s?et???
???t???? d?a???????? ?s?t?ta? a??µesa st??
?e????.  ?s????sµ?? ? ????? ?at? Rawls ?a
e?s?????ta? t?? ?ata??µ? t?? ???s?µ?t?ta? st?
????? ?ts? ?ste ?a ap?d??e? ?s? ???s?µ?t?ta se
???e ?e???. S?µp??asµa ? µ? p??e??f??tµ???
???s?µ?t?ta t?? ?at? ?efa??? ?ata????s?? p??pe?
?a e??a? sta?e?? st?? ?pe??? ?????. ??st????,
e??a? d?s???? ?a ???st??? eµpe????? ?? s?????e?
p?? ?a ?ta? apa?a?t?te? ? ??a??? ??a ?a
p??se???se? ?a? ?a d?at???se? ? ??????µ?a ??a
sta?e?? ep?ped? µ? p??e??f??t???? ???s?µ?t?ta?
t?? ?at? ?efa??? ?ata????s??. ? a????s? ???eta?
a??et? p?? e????? a? t? p??ß??µa µetaß???e? se
??a p?? ?a ???s?µ?p??e? t?? ?ata????s? a?t? t??
???s?µ?t?ta?.
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2. ?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a ?
?ata????s? e??a? µ? f?????sa st? ?????.?
Hartwick (1977, 1978) e???e? t?? ae?f???a se
????? µ? µe???µe??? ?ata????s??. ? ?a???a? p??
d?µ??????se pa???e? t?? s?????e? ??t? ap? t??
?p??e? ??a? t?t???? st???? ?a ?ta? ep?te???µ??.
?? ta e?????a (ta p?e??????ta ?s?da d?a t?
??st?? pa?a?????) p?? p????pt??? ap? t?? e?a????
µ? a?a?e?s?µ?? p???? ap?taµ?e???ta? ?a? µet?pe?ta
epe?d???ta? st? s????? t??? se a?apa?a??µe??
(f?s???) ?ef??a??, t?te, ??t? ap? s???e???µ??e?
p???p???se??, ta ep?peda t?? p?????t?? ?a? t??
?ata????s?? ?a pa?aµe????? sta?e?? st?
?????.?pa?a?t?te? s?????e? ?? p????
e?????ta? ap?te?esµat??? st? ?????. ?p???e?
epa???? ?p??at?stas? µeta?? µ? a?a?e?s?µ?? p????
?a? ?efa?a???.?d??aµ?a ? ?????a? de? ep?ß???e?
p???p???se?? ??a t? a????? µ??e??? t?? µ?
µe???µ???? ep?p?d?? ?ata????s??.
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??? ?a µp????se ?a efa?µ?ste? ? ?a???a? Hartwick
 ? Hartwick de???e? ?t? t? apa?a?t?t? ep?ped?
s?ss??e?s?? f?s???? ?efa?a??? ?a ?ta? ef??t? µ???
se µ?a ??????µ?a t?? a????? ?a? µ??? e?? ???? ??
a?µ?d??? f??e?? ???s?µ?p????sa? ??a s???e???µ???,
?????????-ß??t?st? p??e??f??t??? ep?t????.
 ?ed?µ???? ?t? a?t? s?ed?? s?????a de? ?a
s???ßa??e se ?p??ad?p?te ??????µ?a t?? a?????, ?a
?ta? apa?a?t?t?? ??a? ????? µ??a??sµ??.  G?a ?a
ep?t??e? t? ß??t?st? p?s? ap?taµ?e?s?? st? ?????
? ??ß????s? ?a µp????se ?a f???????se? ta
µ?s??µata t?? p???? ?a? ?a epe?d?se? t??
e?sp???e?? se f?s??? ?ef??a??.
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3. ?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a ??
p???? d?a?e??????ta? ?ts? ?ste ?a d?at??????? ??
pa?a??????? e??a???e? ??a t? µ?????.? d?at???s?
t?? pa?a??????? d??at?t?ta? t?? ??????µ?a? ?a
ep?te???e? a? t? ap??eµa ?efa?a??? e??a? µ?
µe???µe?? st? ?????.?? ta ep?µ????? st???e?a
a?t?? t?? ap???µat?? ?ta? ad??at? ?a
?p??atast?s??? t? ??a t? ???? ?a? ???e st???e??
?ta? apa?a?t?t? ??a t?? pa?a????, t?te ?
d?at???s? t?? pa?a??????? d??at?t?ta? ?a s?µa??e
?t? t? ???e st???e?? p??pe? ?a e??a? µ? µe???µe??
st? ?????.?? pe??ss?te??? ??????µ??????
t??????? ?t? ta d?af??et??? st???e?a e??a? se
??p??? ßa?µ? ?p??at?stata. ?? a?t? ?s??e?, t?te
de? ?p???e? ?a???a? ????? ???e st???e??
?efa?a?a??? ap???µat?? ?a pa?aµe??e? se ??a µ?
µe???µe?? ep?ped?.  
19
??? e?d?? ap?te??sµata ?p??at?stas?? e??a?
s?µa?t??? Dasgupta ?a? Heal (1974)?
pa?a?????? d??at?t?ta µp??e? ?a d?at????e? se ??a
?a?est?? µ? µe???µe??? d?a?es?µ?t?ta? t??
a?a??s?µ?? p????, a? a?t?? µp????? ?a
?p??atasta???? ap? a??a??µe?e? p?s?t?te? t??
f?s???? ?efa?a???. Solow (1986) ?a? Dasgupta
?a? Heal (1979)? ???s? fa??eta? ?a ap?te?e?
??a ?a?? ?p??at?stat? ??a t??? a?a??s?µ???
p?????. ?? µe???µe?e? p?s?t?te? a?a??s?µ?? p????
µp????? ?a ?pe??a??f???? ap? t?? a???s? t??
a????p???? ?a? p?e?µat???? ?efa?a???.
20
4.   ?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a
t? f?s??? ?ef??a?? de f???e? st? ?????. ?
ßa?µ?? st?? ?p??? t? f?s??? ?ef??a?? e??a?
?p??atast?s?µ? ap? ???e? µ??f?? pa?a???????
s??te?est?? e??a? ??a ??µa eµpe?????, ???
?e???t???. ???f???? s????afe?? ?p?st??????? ?t? ?
?p??atastas?µ?t?ta e??a? p??? ?aµ???te?? ap? ?t?
????µe s?µpe???e? µ???? s?µe?a. ?ed?µ???? ?t? ta
ap???µata f?s???? ?efa?a??? µe?????ta?, µp??e?
ep?s?? ?a µe???eta? ?a? ? ?p??atastas?µ?t?ta.
 ?p?µ????        ???µa ?? a? ß?e????
st???e?a ep?ßeßa??s?? t?? ?pa????
?p??atastas?µ?t?ta?, a?t? de? ap?te?e? apa?a?t?ta
???? ??a ?a p?st????µe ?t? ??t? t?t??? ?a
?f?stata? ?a? µe????t???.        ?e????? ap?
t?? ?e?t?????e? t?? f?s???? pe??ß?????t?? µp?????
?a e?te?es???? µ??? ap? ta ap???µata f?s????
?ef??a???. ??t?? ?? ?e?t?????e? e??a? t?t??e?
?ste ?aµ?a ?p??atastas?µ?t?ta ?a µ?? e??a?
ef??t?.        ? ??????µ??? p???d?? ?a?
a??pt??? µp??e? ?a ?d???s??? t?? ???????e? st? ?a
p??sd?s??? a??a??µe?? ?µfas? ?a? a??a st??
?ata????s? ?e??t???t?t?? p?? pa?????ta? ap? t?
f?s??? ?ef??a??.
21
5. ?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? st?? ?p??a ??
p???? d?a?e??????ta? ?ts? ?ste ?a d?at????e? ?
ß??s?µ? ap?d?s? t?? ?p??es??? t???. ? ae?f????
pa?a???? ????eta? ?? µ?a sta?e?? ?at?stas?
(steady state) st?? ?p??a t? ap??eµa e??a?
sta?e?? ?a? ap?d?de? µ?a ep?s?? sta?e?? ???
?p??es??? t?? p???? µ?sa st? ?????. ? µ???st?
ß??s?µ? pa?a???? e??? p???? e??a? ? ?????te??
ef??t? ??? ?p??es??? p?? µp??e? ?a d?at????e? st?
d????e?a t?? ??????.   ???ß??µata       
?ta? ??p???? a?af??eta? st? sta?e?? d?at???s?
e??? ap???µat?? p????, ? µ?a? ???? ?p??es??? t??
p????, t? s??ep??eta? a?t? st?? pe??pt?s? p?? t?
ap??eµa ?a? ? ??? ap?te????ta? ap? ete???e??
st???e?a        S?µa??e? ?t? ???e d?af??et???
st???e?? p??pe? ?a ??at??e? sta?e??, ? µ????? ?t?
p??pe? ?a d?at????e? ??p??? sta?µ?sµ??? ?????sµa
       ??? ep??e??e? ? te?e?ta?a e?µ??e?a, p??
?a ep??e??e? ? ßa??t?ta t?? ep?µ????? st???e???
?a? ?a e??a? a?t? ta ep?µ????? st???e?a sta?e??
22
6. ?e?f???? ?at?stas? e??a? e?e??? p?? ??a??p??e?
??p??e? e????ste? s?????e? sta?e??t?ta? ?a?
a??e?t???t?ta? t?? ????s?st?µat?? µ?sa st? ?????.
??? ?eµe???de?? ?????e? st?? ??????????
ep?st?µ?        Sta?e??t?ta e??a? ? ??p? e???
p????sµ?? p??? t?? ep?st??f? se ??p??a ?s????p?a
µet? ap? ??p??a d?ata?a??.        ?
a??e?t???t?ta e??a? pe??ss?te?? µ?a ?d??t?ta t??
????s?st?µ?t?? s??????? pa?? t?? µeµ???µ????
p????sµ??. ???a? ? ??p? e??? s?st?µat?? ?a
d?at???se? t?? ???a??t??? t?? d?µ? ?a? ?e?t?????a
?ste?a ap? µ?a s?µa?t??? d?ata?a??. Common ?a?
Perrings (1992) ?a????ste ??a s?st?µa ??
?????????? ß??s?µ? e?? e??a? a??e?t???.
?pa???????, ?p??ad?p?te s?µpe??f??? p?? µe???e?
t?? a??e?t???t?ta t?? s?st?µat??, e??a?
e?de??µ???? µ? ap?de?t? s?µpe??f???. ??st????, ?
aßeßa??t?ta e?s???e? st? s?µpe??f??? t??
??????????? s?st?µ?t??, ?a??st??ta? saf?? ?t? de?
µp????µe ?a ?????µe e? t?? p??t???? e?? ??p???
s?st?µa e??a? ? de? e??a? a??e?t???.
23
??p???? s????afe?? ????? p??te??e? ?t? µe?????
de??te? e??a? ???s?µ?? ?? µ??a??sµ?? e??????
       ???a??? st?? a???µ? e??e??? e?d??.
        ???a??? st? ß??µ??a µ???µ??
s????µ?d??.         ???a??? sta ????t?
ap???µata µ???????a??sµ??.
24
??????O????? ? ???????? S?? ??????????  St?
de?aet?a t?? '70 ? s???t?s? ??a t??
pe??ßa????t??? p???t??? ?????? a?a????ta? st??
a?t?pa???es? µeta?? ??????µ???? a??pt???? ?a?
pe??ßa????t???? p??stas?a?.  ? ßas??? ?d?a ?ta?
?t? ?a µp????se ? ?a ?p???e? ??????µ??? a??pt???
µet??µ??? ap? t?? a???s? t?? p?a?µat???? ?at?
?efa??? e?s?d?µat?? - ? a?t??eta ?a µp????se ?a
ße?t???e? ? pe??ßa????t??? p???t?ta.
 ?p???d?p?te µe??µa t?? d?? pe??e??µßa?e µ?a
s??s? a?ta??a??? - pe??ss?te?? pe??ßa????t???
p???t?ta ?a s?µa??e ????te?? ??????µ??? a??pt???,
?a? a?t?st??fa.  ?s?? ? p?? ?s????, e?? ?a?
????te?? ep?st?µ?????, ??f?as? e?e???? t?? ?p????
???e µe t? d?µ?s?e?s? t?? ??s??? t?? ??µ?? ???a
st?? ???pt??? t? 1972 (Club of Romes, Limits to
Growth).
25
? s??????? s???t?s? ??a t? ß??s?µ? a??pt??? ??e?
te??e? ?a est??se? ?a? p??? t? ?ate????s? t??
p??a??? s?µp????µat???t?ta? t?? a??pt???? µe t??
p??stas?a t?? pe??ß?????t??.  ?? pa?a??t?
???f?µa ape??????e? t?? d?? a?t?pa?aßa???µe?e?
p??se???se??. St?? ???et? ????a µet??ta? ?
??????µ??? a??pt??? ?a? st?? ??????t?? ?
pe??ßa????t??? p???t?ta.  ??? ? ?p??? t??
"a?ta??a?t???? s??s??" e??a? ? s?st?, t?te ?
???????a p??pe? ?a ep????e? p??ta ??p??? s?µe??
st? ?aµp??? ??-?? pe??ss?te?? a??pt???
s??ep??eta? ????te?? pe??ßa????t??? p???t?ta.
 ??? ? ?p??? t?? "s?µp????µat???t?ta?" e??a? ?
s?st?, ? ???????a e??a? se ??p??? s?µe?? st??
?aµp??? CC pe??ss?te?? a??pt??? e??a? s?µßat? µe
pe??ss?te?? pe??ßa????t??? p???t?ta. St?
p?a?µat???t?ta ?a? ?? d?? p??se???se?? ?e????st?
e??a? ap??a?? ?a e??a? s?st??.
26
(No Transcript)
27
?p?? ? pe??ßa????t??? ?atast??f?????a e??a?
p??a??? ?pe?ß????? ?ta? ?? ??as?te? t?? t???????
t?? a???t??? s??s? µeta?? t?? ??????µ????
a??pt???? ?a? t?? pe??ßa????t???? p???t?ta?, ?ts?
?a? ?? s???????? t?? "pe??ßa????t???? p???t?ta?
µ?s? t?? d?µ??????a? p???t??" ????? ?p?ßa?µ?se?
t? d??at?t?ta t?? ??????µ??? a??pt???? ?a ß???e?
t? pe??ß?????.  ???a? aµf?sß?t?s?µ? e?? ??
s???????? s???????? t?? ae?f???? a??pt????
a?????? se ??p??a ap? t?? d?? ?at?????e?.
?p?????? d??f???? ????? ??a a?t?  (i) ? ?e???a
t?? ß??s?µ?? a??pt???? µa? ??e? ?t? ?
pe??ßa????t??? p???t?ta s???? ße?t???e? t??
??????µ??? a??pt???. ??t? µp??e? ?a ???eta? µe
 -        ?? ße?t??s? t?? ep?p?d?? t??
e??at???? d??aµ????  -        ?? d?µ??????a
??se?? e??as?a? st? "pe??ßa????t??? t?µ?a"
(a?a????, t????sµ??)  -        ?? d?µ??????a
??se?? e??as?a? st? "t?µ?a µe??s?? t?? ??pa?s??"
(e??p??sµ?? e?????? a??a ?a? ??pa?s?? t?? ?d?t??,
e?st?ate?e? ?a?a??sµ??).  
28
      (ii) ? ß??s?µ? a??pt??? µetat?p??e? t??
est?as? ap? t?? ste?? ?????a t?? ??????µ????
a??pt???? st?? e???te?? t?? ??????µ????
p???t????.  ???? ??a t? s??????? a??pt??? ?a?
??? ap???e?st??? ??a t?? a???s? t?? ???, d??ad?
??a ße?t??s? t?? p???t?ta? ???? ?a? ??? µ??? ??a
t? ße?t??s? t?? p?a?µat???? e?s?d?µ?t??.
 ???ad?, ? ß??s?µ? a??pt??? ?a??st? saf?? ?t? ?
?d?a ? a?t??es? a??pt????- pe??ß?????t?? de?
e??a? a?t? ?a?ea?t? t? ??t?µa.  
29
(iii) ? ?e???a t?? ß??s?µ?? a??pt???? d??eta? ?t?
p??pe? ?a ?p???e? µ?a a?ta??a?t??? s??s? µeta??
t?? ste??? ?????a? t?? ??????µ???? a??pt???? ?a?
t?? pe??ßa????t???? p???t?ta?.  Se a?t? t?
p?a?s?? ef?st? t?? p??s??? se d?? ?eµe???d?
??t?µata  -        ??? ?p???e? s??s?
a?ta??a???, ? ???????a p??pe? ?a ep????e? st?
ß?s? t?? p?????? ?ata???s?? t?? e? ???? ep??????.
??t? s?µa??e? ?t? ? ??????µ??? a??a t??
pe??ßa????t???? ??st???, e?? ?p???e?, p??pe? ?a
??e? ???e? ?ata???t?.  -        ? a??pt???
(a???s? t?? ???) s??????eta? s???? µe t?
pe??ß????? ?????? epe?d? ???eta? µ???? p??sp??e?a
??a ?a ?ata????e? e?a???? p?? µp??e? t?
pe??ß????? ?a e?s?µat??e? st?? ?efa?a?a???
epe?d?se?? ?a? st?? ???p?? ??????µ???? ap?f?se??.
?a?ade??µata- µp????µe ?a ????µe sta d??e?a
?e?asµ?? p?????t??e? p?? de? ß??pt??? t? st??µa
t?? ????t??- ? ße????? de? e??a? apa?a?t?t? ?a
e??a? µ???ßd?????- ? e????e?a µp??e? ?a
s??t????e? pa?? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? µe spat???,
??p.
30
(iv) ? ?e???a t?? ae?f???? a??pt???? d??eta? ed?
?a? ?a???, ?t? a?t? p?? ?a???µe "??????µ???
a??pt???" ??e? st? pa?e???? µet???e? ap? p??????
?a??asµ????? de??te?.  ? t?s? ?ta? ?a
???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a µ?t?? t?? a?a????st?? (?
µe????? f???? ?a?a???) e?????? p?????t?? (??? ?
???) ?? ß?s? ??a t?? ?p?????sµ? t?? ??????µ????
a??pt????. ??? t? ??? a????eta? a?t? s??ep??eta?
??????µ??? a??pt???.  ?µ?? t? ???
?atas?e???eta? µe ??a? t??p? p?? te??e? ?a t?
d?a????se? ap? ??a? ap? t??? ßas????? s??p???
t?? ?a ?atade??e?, e????? t??????st??, t?
ß??t??? ep?ped? t?? p????sµ??. ???
?ata?a?????µe t??? f?s????? p????? a?t? s?µa??e?
?t? ?????µe ap?sßes?, a???ß?? sa? ?a ????µe
µ??a??? ??a t?? ?p??e? ap?t?µ??µe t?? ap?sßes?
t??? ?? ??st?? ??a t? ???t??. ???µa, e?? ?
ap?sßes? st? pa?a??µe?? ap? t?? ?????p? ?ef??a??
e??a? ??a ??st??, ? ap?sßes? t?? pe??ßa????t????
?efa?a??? de? ?ata???feta?.
31
?? ?t?µp??t "a??pt??? e???t?a st? pe??ß?????"
e??a? saf?stata p?a?µat??? st? p?a?s?? t??
ß??s?µ?? a??pt????.  Ta ?p?????? ?atast?se??
st?? ?p??e? ????te ? a??pt??? ??s???e? t?
pe??ßa????t??? p???t?ta, ?a? ????te ? a????? ??a
s??t???s? t?? pe??ß?????t?? ?pe??e???e? t??
??????µ??? a??pt???.  H ?e???a t?? ß??s?µ??
a??pt???? p??spa?e? ?a µetat?p?se? t?? est?as?
st?? e??a???e? ??a e?s?d?µa ?a? apas????s? µ?sa
ap? t? d?at???s?, ?a? ?a e?asfa??se? ?t?
?p??ad?p?te ap?fas? ??a t? s??s? a?ta??a???
ape??????e? p????? t?? a??a t?? pe??ß?????t??.
32
?? p??a??? e????se?? s??d?????? t?p??? d??
?p???se?? -        ??????µ??? a??pt??? ap? µ???
t?? s?µa??e? pe??ßa????t??? ?p?ß??µ?s? -       
?a??? ?? ?????p?? ?????ta? p???s??te???
p??sd?d??? a??a??µe?? a??a st?? p??stas?a t??
pe??ß?????t?? -        t? s?µe?? ?aµp?? st??
EKC ß??s?eta? e?e? p?? ? ep?d?as? t?? de?te???
?p??es?? ?epe??? se ßa??t?ta t? p??t?.  - ?
??e??a ??e? de??e? ?t? ? ??s? t?? s?µe??? ?aµp??
p??????e? (µe????? f???? t? s?µe?? ?aµp?? de?
?f?stata? ?a?) a?????a µe t? ???a ?a? t??
t?p? t?? ??p??.
33
?p?pt?se?? ??a ta ??????µ??? t?? µet?ßas??
(Transition Economics) - ??a a????? ??t???
pt?s? st?? pa?a????, s?????? µe???e? t??
s???????? e?p?µp?? ??pa?s??  - ?p?????? t??
pa?a??? ?efa?a?a??? ap???µat?? ?a? a?t??at?stas?
t?? µe ?a?a??te?? te???????a µp??e? ?a pa?a???e?
pe?a?t??? ?fes?.  - ? a???s? t?? e?e??e?a???
t?µ?? ap? t?? s?et??? ?aµ???? t?µ?? t??
µ??????????µ???? ep?p?d?? st?? ?????te?e?
pa???sµ?e? t?µ??, µe???e? pe?a?t??? t?? e?p?µp??,
st? ßa?µ? p?? e??a????e? t?? e?e??e?a??
s??t???s?.  - ?? a??a??? st? d?µ? t?? pa?a?????
st? µet? t? ?a?est?? µet?ßas?? ep???, µp?????
e?te ?a a???s??? e?te ?a e?att?s??? t?? e?p?µp??
(t? ap?t??esµa e??a? d?af??et??? ??a ???e ???a).
34
???? e??a? t? ?????d????aµµa t?? s???t?s?? ??a
t?? ae?f???a ???s?µ? e??a? µ?a ?at?stas? st??
?p??a ??p??? s?et??? µ??e??? ?????d?te?ta? st??
ep?µe?? pe???d? t??????st?? st? ?d?? ep?ped? µe
t?? pa???sa ?at?stas?.  ? ß??s?µ? a??pt???
?p???e? ?t? ??t? t?t??? ?s??e? ?p??esd?p?te
d?ad?????? pe???d?? ?a? a? ep??????ta?, t? ?p???
s?µa??e? ?t? a?afe??µaste se ape?????st???
????????? ??????te?.  ?p?te??? ß??s?µ??
??????µ???? s?µpe??f???? ???µa ?? a? e??aµe
??a ???t???? ß??s?µ?t?ta? p?? ?a ????ta? ap?de?t?
?µ???µ??fa, ?a ?µaste se ??s? ?a apa?t?s??µe se
e??t?se?? ??a t? t? ap?te?e? ß??s?µ? s?µpe??f???,
se p??? p?s?st? a??pt???? ?p???e? ß??s?µ?t?ta se
µ?a s???e???µ??? ???a, ? p??? p???t??? p????aµµa
?a ?p?epe ? ?? ?a e?????e? ??a ?a e?asfa??se? ?t?
? µe????t??? ??????µ??? d?ast????t?ta e??a?
ae?f????
35
? ap??t?s? p??a??? e??a? a???t???, ???? t?? ?t?
       ?a ??????µ??? / pe??ßa????t???
s?st?µata e??a? s???ete? ??t?t?te?, e?a?s??te? se
t??a?e? d?ata?a???, ??a t?? ?p??e? ? p??ß?e??
e??a? e??e??? aß?ßa??.        ? ????d???
??????µ??? ?e???a ?a? a????s? de? p??spa?e? ?a
d?se? apa?t?se?? st?? s???e???µ??e? e??t?se??.
???spa?e? ?a d?µ??????se? ta p?a?s?a µ?sa sta
?p??a ?a µp??e? ?a ?p???e? ?ata???s? t??
p??ß??µat??.  ?a a??t??? ?s????? ep?s?? ??a t??
pe??ßa????t??? ??????µ??? a????s?, ? ?p??a
p?????? µe t?? ?????t?s? ??p???? ???t?????
ß??s?µ?t?ta?, ?a? ?pe?ta µe t?? p??sp??e?a ?a
s??a????? ?? ???? ??t? ap? t??? ?p????? e?e??? t?
???t???? ?a µp????se ?a ??a??p????e?.
36
       ?a ???a t?? ??????µ???? ????t???  ??
??????µ?????? s???? ?p?st??????? ?t?, a? µa?
d??e? ??a "s?st?" s????? t?µ??, ta ??????µ???
????t?a ?a ep?f????? t? ap?t??esµa st? ?p??? ??
???? ??pa?s?? ?a? t? ep?ped? pe??ßa????t????
??µ?a? ?a e??a? ????????? ap?te?esµat???.  ??
?s????? e?d?se?? a?t?? t?? ep??e???µat?? t???????
?t? t? s?st? s????? t?µ?? ?a ep?fe?e ß??s?µa
ap?te??sµata. ?? s???????? a?t?? t?? ?p???? de?
?p?st??????? ?t? ?? p?a?µat???? t?µ?? a?????
e??a? ?? s?st??, a??? e?s?????ta? ?t? ?a
µp????sa? ?a ?????? s?st?? µe µ?a ?at?????? ???s?
p???t???? f???????a? ?a? ep???????se?? (? µe
???e? µe??d???).  
37
??? ep??e???µata ?d????? ??p???? st? ?a d?sp?ste?
pe?? t?? a???s?? ?t? ? ß??s?µ? a??pt??? µp??e?
?a ep?te???e? µ?s? t?? ?a????? t?? a?????
 1.    ?e????t???? ?e?e??  ??? ?ta?
d?a??s?µ?? ??p???? µ??a??sµ?? p?? ?a ep?t??pe? se
??e? t?? µe????t???? ?e?e?? ?a e?f??s??? t??
p??t?µ?se?? t??? ?a? ?a e?sa????? sta s?µß??a?a
t?? a?????, ?? ap?f?se?? ??a t?? ?ata??µ? t??
p???? ?a e??a? t??????st?? t? d??at?t?ta ?a e??a?
ß??s?µe?.  ??st????, ?a???a? t?t???? µ??a??sµ??
de? ?p???e? ? ?a µp????se ?a ?p???e?. ?a a?????ta
?t?µa ?a s?µµet?s???? st?? a????? ?ta? ?e???????,
a??? f?s??? de? s?µµet????? st?? t?????se?
a?????.  ??t??t???, e??a? ?? ap?f?se?? p??
?aµß????ta? a?t?? t?? pe???d?, e?te µ?s? t??
a????? e?te a?????, ?? ?p??e? ?a ?a????s??? e??
t? s??d?? t?? ??????µ???? d?ast????t?ta? e??a?
ae?f??? µ?sa st? ?????.
38
?p????? ?a ß?e???? ?? t?µ?? p?? ?a e???????? ?t?
? a??e?t???t?ta de ?a ?a?e?  ?e? e??a? d??at?
?a e??a? ???st? e? t?? p??t???? p??a e?d?
??????µ???? s?µpe??f???? ?a ape???s??? ?a? p??a
de? ?a ape???s??? t?? a??e?t???t?ta t??
????s?st?µat??. ??? ap?st?ef?µaste t??
??????µ??? ???d???, p??a??? ep?t??peta? ? a???
t?? p???????. ???pe? ?a ?????µe, ???p??, t??
?p??es? ?t? ? pa??µßas? sta ????s?st?µata e??a?
e?de??µ???? ?atast?ept???, ?a? ?? e? t??t??
s?µpe??fe??µaste µe ??a? p??se?t???te?? ?a?
s??t???t???te?? t??p? ap? ?t? ?a s???ßa??e
a?????.  ???? a?t? µa? f???e? p?s? st? ??t?µa
t?? p???? e??a? ?? ?????p?? p?? ap?te???? t?
"eµe??". ?ed?µ???? ?t? ta ?t?µa p?? pa?????? t??
ap?f?se?? e??a? ta ???ta?? ?t?µa, e??a?
t??????st?? p??a?? ?? t?????se? ?e?e?? ?a
s?µpe??fe????? ????te?? p??se?t??? ap? ?t? ?a
ep???µ??sa? ?? ap?????? t???.
39
??ast?e??µ?t?ta ?a? ae?f???a ?
a?ast?e??µ?t?ta de? ?s??e? ??a ??e? t?? µ??f??
pe??ßa????t???? p????.  ??a?t??s?µ?? p???? ?
???s? t??? e??a? µ? a?ast????µ? ?p? t?? ?????a
?t? ? e?a??µe?? p?s?t?ta a?a???eta? d?apa?t??.
 ??a?e?s?µ?? p???? e?? ?? t?????se? p?s?t?te?
s????µ?d?? ?d???s??? se ??p??? ep?ped? ap??eµ?t??
t? ?p??? e??a? µ????te?? ap? ??a e????st? µ??e???
??a t?? a?apa?a???? e?d?? st? d????e?a t??
??????, t?te a?t? ta e?d? ?a e??e?????
aµet????ta. ??a ???? ?at?????a a??s???a? ??a
t? µ? a?ast?e??µ?t?ta af??? t?? ap?f?se?? ??a t??
a??pt??? ?????? pe?????? ? t? s?µa?t??? a??a??
t?? ???s?? ??p???? pe??ßa????t???? p????.
 ????? µ?a ????a pe????? a?apt???e?, de? µp??e?
?a ep?st???e? st? p????ste?? µ??f? t?? se ??a
??????? d??st?µa ?s?p?s? µe t? d????e?a t??
a????p???? ????. ?????pte? as?µµet??a. (Krutilla
(1967) ?a? Krutilla ?a? Fisher (1975)).
40
S?µp??asµa se s??s? µe t?? a?ast?e??µ?t?ta
 ??? de? ?????µe µe ßeßa??t?ta t?? p?s?t?ta t??
?efa?a??? p?? ?a e??a? d?a??s?µ? st? µ????? ?a?
t? s??d?asµ? t?? p??t?µ?se?? t?? a????p??, t?te
?p?????? ?a??? ????? ??a ??at????? ?? ??????te?
a????t??, ?a s?µpe??fe??µaste µe t??p? p??se?t???
?a? ?a pe?????s??µe t?? ??????µ??? s?µpe??f??? se
a?t? p?? e??a? ß??s?µ?.  ??????? f?? ta
??????µ??? st?? ?????a t?? ß??s?µ?? a??pt????
 ?a ??????µ??? ??????? f?? st?? ?????a t??
ß??s?µ?? a??pt????, ???? t?? ?t? t? pe??ß?????
?a? ? ??????µ?a a????ep?d????.  ?a ??????µ???
s?st?µata p??s??????? st? pe??ß????? ???? t??
?ata????s?? t?? p????, t?? e?p?µp?? t??
ap?ß??t??, t?? a??a??? t?? a?s??t???? ?e?t???????
t?? f?s???? ?a? te???t?? pe??ßa????t??, ?a? se
?t? ap?te?e? t? "??a" pe??ßa????t??? p?????s? ??a
t?? e???st? p??t? a???a ???? t?? a??a??? t??
pa???sµ??? s?st?µ?t?? ?p?st?????? t?? ???? ap? ta
?p??a e?a?t?µaste.
41
???a? ? ß??s?µ? a??pt??? te?????? ef??t?  ?
ß??s?µ? a??pt??? e??a? ef??t?.  ?pa?te? µ?a
µetat?p?s? t?? ?s????p?a? t?? t??p?? µe t?? ?p???
s??te?e?ta? ? ??????µ??? p???d??.  ??
a??s???e? ??a t? pe??ß????? p??pe? ?a
e?s?µat????? ?at?????a st?? ??????µ??? p???t???
ap? t? p?? ????? (µa?????????µ???) st? p??
?ept?µe??? (µ??????????µ???) ep?ped?.  ??
pe??ß????? p??pe? ?a ?e????e? ?? p???t?µ??, s????
??s?ast????, pa?a??????? s??te?est?? t??
a????p???? e??µe??a?. ???s?µ? a??pt??? s?µa??e?
a??a?? se  -        s??d?a ?ata????s?? ??a
p?????ta p?? f????? p??? t? pe??ß?????. -       
s??d?a ep??d?s?? ??a t?? a???s? t??
pe??ßa????t???? ?efa?a???.   
42
?a µ?sa ??a t?? ep?te??? ß??s?µ?? a??pt????
µp????? ?a s?????st??? ?? e???  Ø  ? a??a t??
pe??ß?????t??  ? ae?f???? a??pt??? p??sd?de?
a?s??t? a??a??µe?? ?µfas? st?? a??a t?? f?s????,
te???t?? ?a? p???t?st???? pe??ßa????t??.  ??t?
? "µe?a??te?? ?µfas?" p????pte? e?te epe?d? ?
pe??ßa????t??? p???t?ta ?e??e?ta? ??a? ??? ?a?
s?µa?t???te??? pa?????ta? p?? s?µß???e? st??
ep?te??? t?? "pa?ad?s?a???" st???? a??pt????,
?p?? ta p?a?µat??? e?s?d?µata, ? ap?? epe?d? ?
pe??ßa????t??? p???t?ta e??a? µ???? t?? e???te???
st???? ße?t??s?? t?? "p???t?ta? t?? ????".  
43
Ø  ?p??tas? t?? ???????? ??????ta  ? ?e???a
t?? ß??s?µ?? a??pt???? as???e?ta? t?s? µe t?
ß?a??p???esµ? ?s? ?a? t? µes?p???esµ? pe???d?,
??a pa??de??µa 5 ??? 10 ?t?, ?at? t? d????e?a t??
?p???? ??a p???t??? ??µµa µp??e? ?a
p????aµµat?se? ?a? ?a efa?µ?se? t? µa??f?st? t??.
?s???e?ta? ?µ?? ?a? µe t? µa???p???esµ? pe???d?
p?? af??? t? µ????? p?? ???????µe?ta? ap? ta
e?????a µa?, ?a? ?s?? p??a ap? a?t?.   Ø 
?s?t?ta  ? ß??s?µ? a??pt??? d??e? ?µfas? st??
?????? t?? a?a???? t?? p?? e????sta e????µ????
st?? ???????a, ?a??? ?a? se µ?a d??a??
a?t?µet?p?s? t?? µe????t???? ?e?e??.
44
???te????t?te? ?a? ??????µ??? ap?te?esµat???t?ta
 ??a e??te????t?ta p????pte? ?ta? ?? dap??e?
p?? s??d???ta? µe µ?a d?ast????t?ta de?
ep?ßa?????? e? ????????? ta s?et??? µe a?t? t?
d?ast????t?ta ?t?µa.  ?a??de??µa St??
pe??pt?s? t?? a?t?????t?? a?t?? ?? p??s?ete?
dap??e? pe???aµß????? t?? atµ?sfa????? ??pa?s?
?a? t?? ??????pa?s?, t?? ?p??e? ?? ?d???? de?
?aµß????? ?p??? ?ta? ap?fas????? p.?. p?sa
ta??d?a ?a ??????, e?te epe?d? e??a?
ap????f???t?? se s??s? µe a?t?? t??
e??te????t?te?, e?te epe?d? e??a? ap????µ?? ?a
p?????? d?af??et???.
45
(No Transcript)
46
??a ap?d?t??? ?ata??µ? t?? p???? apa?te? t?
µe??st?p???s? t?? ??????µ???? p?e???sµat??.
??????µ??? p?e??asµa e??a? ? d?af??? µeta?? t??
??????µ???? ???d??? µ?a? d?ast????t?ta? ?a? t??
??st??? t??.  ??? ??a ?t?µ? ???e? a?t?? t??
pe???d? QI ?d??? ta??d?a, ??a p??s?et? ta??d? ?a
a??a?e t? ??????µ??? p?e??asµ? t??. ??t?
s?µßa??e? d??t? sta QI ta??d?a t? ???a?? ?fe???
e??a? µe?a??te?? ap? t? ???a?? ??st??.  ??
?t?µ? ?a s??e??se? ?a p??s??te? ta??d?a ??? ?t??
t? ???a?? ?fe??? ap? t? ta??d? e??a? ?s? µe t?
??st??, t? ?p??? s?µßa??e? st? ??s? Q. Se a?t?
t? s?µe?? µe??st?p?????ta? ta?t?????a t?
??????µ??? p?e??asµa ?a? ??a t? ?t?µ? ?a? ??a t?
???????a. ??t? ape??????eta? st? d????aµµa ap? t?
pe????? 0CA0.  ??? ???? ?? ?????p?? s??e??s???
?a ?????? ep?p???? ta??d?a µ???? t? ???a?? ?fe???
?a ?s??ta? µe t? ???a?? ??st??, t?te ??a ta ?t?µa
µe??st?p????? t? ?ata?a??t??? p?e??asµa, ?a? ??
e? t??t?? ? ???????a ??e? µe??st?p???se? t?
p?e??asµa.
47
??t??t???, t? ??????µ??? p?e??asµa ??a t??
???????a de? µe??st?p??e?ta? ?ta? ?? dap??e? p??
a?t?µet?p??e? t? ?t?µ? st?? ap?fas? e?? ?a ???e?
??a a??µa ta??d? de? e??a? ?? ?d?e? µe t??
dap??e? p?? ep?ß?????ta? ap? t? ???????a. ??t? ?
pe??pt?s? ape??????eta? ap? t?? ?aµp??? ???a???
?????????? ??st???.  ?? ??????µ??? p?e??asµa
??a t?? ???????a µe??st?p??e?ta? st? s?µe?? t??
Q ta??d???, t? ?p??? e??a? µ????te?? ap? t?
?d??t??? ß??t?st? Q. ?? ??????µ??? p?e??asµa
µe??st?p??e?ta? st?? pe????? 0BA0, ? ?p??a µp??e?
?a ap?de???e? ?t? e??a? µe?a??te?? ap? t?
?d??t??? p?e??asµa 0AC0, µe µ?a ????????? ap??e?a
0CG0. G?a ???e p??s?et? ta??d? µet? ap? ta
ta??d?a t?? s?µe??? Q, t? ??st?? ??a t??
???????a e??a? µe?a??te?? ap? t? ?fe??? t??
ta??d??? st?? ?d???. ? ap??e?a ??a t?? ???????a
e??a? ?s? µe t? s??asµ??? pe????? BGC.
48
S?µe??ste ?t? ??a? f???? ?s?? µe B? a?? ta??d? ?a
e?asfa??se? ?t? ta ????t?a t?? at?µ?? d?µ????????
t?? ?d?a p?s?t?ta ?s????p?a? ??a ta??d?a µe a?t?
p?? µe??st?p??e? t? ????????? p?e??asµa. S??????
ep?ß???eta? ??a? f???? st? e? ???? a?a??, ?
?p???? a????e? t? ???a?? ?d??t??? ??st?? (MPC)
e??? s???e???µ???? ?ata?a??t?. ?? ??????µ???
p?e??asµa µe???eta? ap? 0CA0 ?at? ??a p?s? p??
s??a??afe?ta? ap? t?? pe????? BCE. ?? p?s? BCE
a?af??eta? ?? "ap??e?a ?e???? ß????? t?? f????".
49
? ????S ?O? ??G????O? ??S ??????????S ???????S
S??? ???SF???S? ??S ??????????S
???????S??????????S ?? ??????µ?????? e??a?
s?????? ?p?? t?? ???s?? t?? "??????µ????" ?
"a???a???" p???t???? ?? µ?s? ep?te???? t??
??????µ???? ap?te?esµat???t?ta?. ?a p?e??e?t?µata
t?? a???a??? p???t???? ß??s???ta?  -       
St? d??at?t?t? t??? ?a e??s?s??? t? ???a?? ??st??
a??µesa st??? d??f????? f??e??. ??t? s?µßa??e?
epe?d? ?? ??????µ???? p???t???? pe???aµß?????
??a? ?µ???µ??f? (a?? µ???da) f??? st? ??p?????
d?ast????t?ta ?a? ??e? ?? ?e???? µ??????? µ????
t? s?µe?? ?p?? t? ???a?? ??st?? µe??s?? t??? ?a
e??a? ?s? µe t? f???. ?p?? µ????ta?, t? ?d??t???
s?µf???? ?p?d????e? ?t? ?? µe??se?? st? ??pa?s?
?????ta? e?e? ?p?? e??a? f????te?e?. -       
St? d??aµ??? ap?te?esµat???t?ta t?t????
???µ?se??. ? f???? e??a????e? t?? ?a???t?µ?a ?a?
a?taµe?ße? t?? a??pt??? t?? µ?t???, ta ?p??a
µp????? ?a pe?????s??? t? ??pa?s? µe ?aµ???
??st??.
50
(No Transcript)
51
??? ?? a?t?????t?st?? µp????? ?a µ??????? t?
pe??ß????? ????? ??????µ??? ep?ß????s?, ?a
apa?t?s??? ta??d?a µ???? t? s?µe?? p?? de? ?a
?p???e? p???? ?a????? ???a?? ?fe??? ap? t?
ta??d?. ??t? a?t?st???e? st? s?µe?? QI, e?e? ?p??
ep?ß???eta? t? QIC ???a?? e??te???? ??st??.  ??
??st?? t?? a?t?????t?st?? µ?s? t?? µe??s?? t??
µ????s?? ap? t? µe??s? t?? a???µ?? ta??d???
ape??????eta? ap? t?? ?aµp??? ???a??? ?e??s??.
St? s?µe?? QI t? ???a?? e??te???? ??st?? p??
ep?ß???eta? ap? t? ta??d? e??a? µe?a??te?? ap? t?
???a?? ??st?? µe??s?? t?? ?a µe??e? st? sp?t?. ??
??????µ??? p?e??asµa ap???µ??eta? µe t? µ? ????
t?? ta??d???.  ? ?d?a d?ad??as?a µp??e? ?a
efa?µ?ste? se ??a ta ta??d?a µ???? t?? a???µ? Q
ta??d???. Se a?t? t? s?µe?? ???eta? dapa????te??
??a t??? a?t?????t?st?? ?a staµat?s??? ta
ep?p???? ta??d?a ap? ?p???d?p?te ?fe??? p??
ap????e? ap? t? µe??µ??? ??pa?s?.
52
?e?????? ??a t?? a???????s? t?? pe??ßa????t????
?p?ß??µ?s??  ????e?µ???? ?a efa?µ?s?e? µ?a
st?at????? µe t?? ?p??a ?? ?d???? ???ste? ?a
??e????ta? t?? pe??ßa????t??? ?p?ß??µ?s? p??
p???a????, e??a? a?a??a?? ?a ???s???? t?µ??
pe??ßa????t???? ???????.  ??t? ???eta? µe t??p?
?ste ? a?ta??a?t???? s??se?? µeta?? t?? ??????
a?a??? ?a? t?? ?ata????s?? ??a?t? t?? µe?a??te???
pe??ßa????t???? p???t?ta? ?a µp????? ?a
?p?????st??? ??t? ap? µ?a ????? s???staµ???.
 ?a ??????µ??? t?? pe??ß?????t?? ?????
ta????µ?se? t?? d?af??et???? p???? a??a? p??
p???????ta? ap? t??? pe??ßa????t????? p?????. ?
S??????? ??????µ??? ???a (TEV) e??? st???e??? t??
e?e???t???? e??a? t? p?s? t?? a??a? ???st??, t??
?µµes?? a??a?, t?? a??a? ep?????? ?a? t?? a??a?
?pa????.
53
??µ?? ???st?? e??a? ta ?µesa ?a? ?d??t??? ?f???,
ta ?p??a ?? ?????p?? ?aµß????? ap? µ?a
pe??ßa????t??? ?e??t???t?ta. ?µµese? t?µ??
e??a? ??????????? t?µ??, ?? ?p??e? p????pt??? ap?
t?? ?e?t?????e? p?? e?te???? ???sµ??a
????s?st?µata (p.?. ??a? s???e???µ???? ß??t?p??
?p?st????e? s???e???µ??a e?d? ????). ??µ??
ep?????? p????pt??? ???? t?? aßeßa??t?ta?
s?et??? µe t? µ?????. ?? ?????p?? µp??e? ?a e??a?
p????µ?? ?a p????s??? ???sµ??a e?d? asfa??st???
p???e?µ???? ?a d??? ta pe??ßa????t??? p??te??µata
?a s??t?????ta? a??µa ?a? ?ta? ?p???????ta? ?t?
?aµ?a ???s? de? e??a? ef??t?. ? p????µ? ???eta?
??a ?a d?at????e? ? ep????? ?? p??? t? ???s?
t???.  ??µ?? ?pa???? pe???aµß????? ta ?f???
p?? ?aµß????ta? ap? t? s?µp???a ??a ta ??a, ta
d??a se ?????? a????p??? ? t?? µeta?e??ste?e?
?e????, ?a??? ?a? t?? e??e?e?? t?µ??.  ?p??????
p?????e? te?????? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a ?a
d??e? ???µat??? t?µ? st?? a??a??? st??
pe??ßa????t??? p???t?ta. ?? ap???ste?e? ap? a?t??
pe?????f??ta? ?at?t???.
54
?d????? t?µ?????s? Griliches, 1971 Rosen, 1974
?p????????ta? t?? t?µ?? t?? ?a?a?t???st????
p?? d?af???p????? ?ept?µe??? ta s?s?et???µe?a
a?a??.  ?p???ste ?t? ??a? pe??ßa????t???? p????
p?? ep???µe?te ?a e?t?µ?sete (?a ??ßete ??a a?t?
µ?a s???d? t?µ?) de? ?????f??e? st? eµp???? se
?p??ad?p?te a????, e?de??µ???? epe?d? ? p????
e??a? ??a d?µ?s?? a?a??. ?at? s???pe?a, de?
?p???e? ?aµ?a t?µ? a????? p?? ?a µp??e? ?a
ap??a???e? t?? p??t?µ?se?? ? t? ßa?µ? p????µ?a?
??a p????µ? a?t?? t?? p????.  ?p???ste ep?s??
?t? ? p???? µp??e? ?a ???ste? se s??s? µe t??
?p??es?e? p?? pa???e? ? µe ß?s? µ?a? ?d??t?ta?
p?? e?s?µat??e?. ??t? ? ?d??t?ta µp??e? ?a
e?s?µat??e? se ???a a?a?? ? p??te??µata p??
p?????ta?, ?a? p?? ????? pa?at???s?µe? t?µ??.
55
?a?ade??µata  1. ???a t?? ?a?a??? a??a. ??a
?d??t?ta, ? ?p??a f??eta? ?a ep??e??e? t?? t?µ??
?d???t?s?a?. ? e??tas? t?? t?µ?? ?d???t?s?a?
µp??e? ?a ep?t???e? t?? ??st?????s? t?? ?a?a???
a??a.  2. ???d???? s?ßa??? t?a?µat?sµ??. ??
e??as?e? ?????te??? ???d???? s??d???ta? - ta ???a
?sa - µe ?????te?a p?s?st? aµ??ß??. ?? ?d??????
te?????? t?µ?????s?? µp????? ?a ???s?µ?p???????
??a ?a ?p?????s??? t?? t?µ? t?? a??a??µe???
???d???? t?a?µat?sµ??, ?p?? ape????????ta? µ?s?
t?? d?af??et???? aµ??ß??. Stat?st??? te?????
??a t?? ?d????? a????s? ?????s? p???ap???
pa???d??µ?s??, ? ?p??a ep?t??pe? st?? e?e???t? ?a
p??sd????se? t? s?µß???, t?? ?p??a ??e? ? e? ????
?d??t?ta, st?? t?µ? t?? eµp?????? a?a???.
?at?p??, µp??e? ?a p??sd????ste? µ?a ?p?????µe??
? s???d?? a??a t?? ?d??t?t?? ??a t?? ?p??e?
e?d?afe??µaste, ?a? ?a ?e????e? ?? e?t?µ?s? t??
a??a? t?? pe??ßa????t???? p????.
56
?e????? ?a??d??t???? ??st??? (Travel Cost
Technique) (Hotelling, 1931 Clawson, 1959)
????d?? ???s?µ?p???s?? t?? t?µ?? p??
s??d???ta? µe µ? a???a?e? ???a????e? ?
p???t?st???? d?ast????t?te?.  ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
st?? ????p?, t? ???e?a ?µe????, t?? ??st?a??a ?a?
se ???e? a?apt?ss?µe?e? ???e? ??a ?a p??sd????se?
t?? t?µ?? t?? ap??eµ?t?? t?? t????st????
a??pt????.  ? e????e???sa a??? a?t?? t??
te?????? e??a? ?a p?????e? ? ???µat??? a??a e???
s?????? ?d??t?t?? ap? t?? dap??e? ??a µ?a ????
a????. ?.?. ?? ep?s??pte? st?? ?pa????e?
???a??????? e??atast?se?? a?a?aµß????? t??
dap??e? ap? t?? ?p??? t?? ?????? ?a? t?? ???µ?t??
p?? apa?te? t? ta??d? se t?t??e? pe??????. ?
???s? ??a a?t?? t?? dap??e? µp??e? ?a
???s?µ?p????e? ??a ?a t?µ????????? a?t?? ??
pe??ßa????t???? p????. ?a??de??µa ??af??a??
?e???af???? pe?????? µe ????a f?s?.
57
Contingent Valuation The Survey
Method??de??µe?? a???????s? ? ??e???t???
????d?? ? p?? ßas??? µ???d?? ??a ?a e?µa?e?t???
?? p??t?µ?se?? t?? a????p?? ??a t??
pe??ßa????t???? ?e??t???t?te? ?a? ta ???a d?µ?s?a
a?a?? e??a? ? p??s????s? t?? ?p??et???? a?????
(d???µ??? p??t?µ?s?) hypothetical markets
(stated preference) approach. ?p?????? d??f??e?
s?et???? p??se???se?? ap? t?? ?p??e? ? ????a
e??a? ? M???d?? E?de??µe??? A???????s??
(Contingent Valuation Method) (CVM).  ? CVM
ep?t??pe? t?? e?t?µ?s? t?? WTP ??a µ?a ße?t??s?
st?? p???t?ta ? t?? p?s?t?ta t?? p?????t??, ?
e?t?µ?s?? t?? ap???µ??s?? WTA ??a t?? ep?de???s?
t?? pa????? e??? a?a???.  ?? p????f???e? p??
a?a??t???ta? ap? t??? e?a??µ????? t?? e?e????
e?a?t??ta? ap? ??p??? ?d?a?te?? ?p??et??? p?a?s??
a?????, t? ?p??? ?a?????e? - ?? f?s? t??
a??a??? - ??? p???e?ta? ?a efa?µ?ste? - ?? ?a
??st?se? - ??? ?a ?????ta? ?? p????µ??
58
???? ?a ap?spast??? ?? ?p??et???? ??µ?sµat????
p??sf???? (bids) ap? ??a a?t?p??s?pe?t??? de??µa
t?? p????sµ?? t? ?p??? e?d?af??e? t?? e?e???t?.
 ?? p??sf???? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a ?a
?p?????ste? ? s???d?? t?µ? ??p????
pe??ßa????t???? ???d??? ? ap??e?a?. ?fa?µ????
 ???a t?? ße?t??s?? t?? p???t?ta? ?e??? ???a
t?? ?f????? ap? t? µe??µ??? atµ?sfa????? ??pa?s?
???a t?? ?????? pe?????? ? t?? ??????????
s?µa?t???? e?d?? ???a t?? p????aµµ?t?? t????sµ??