Paneis Explicativos sobre o Renacemento e sobre a figura de Cristobal Coln

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Paneis Explicativos sobre o Renacemento e sobre a
figura de Cristobal Colón
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• THE RENAISSANCE

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• The Renaissance is considered the start of
  Modern times because it is more like today.
  Medieval life was kind of a dark life. In the
  Middle Ages, life was just a short interlude
  until death, and poverty was respected. The
  clergy were next to God. People were seen
  basically as scum and God was vengeful. Their
  whole lives revolved around God.By the time of
  the Renaissance, big changes had occurred
  Barbarians, the Vikings, and Magyars were gone.
  Now there were strong central monarchies
  throughout most of Europe. Papacy and feudalism
  had declined. People were getting sick of the old
  attitudes.Renaissance" means "rebirth" because
  it was believed that the human spirit had to be
  reawakened as it was in the classical
  (Greco-Roman) times.

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• Why the Renaissance Started in Italy
• There was a revival in trade during the Middle
  Ages, and Italy
• was the trading centre between Europe and the
  East. The
• Crusades brought people from all over and they
  shared ideas.
• This led to merchants and bankers buying
  libraries and works
• of artThey were surrounded by remnants of
  ancient Roman
• culture.
• Italian merchants and political
• officials supported and commiss
• ioned the great artists of the day,
• thanks to an increasingly urban
• economy, based on commerce rather
• than agriculture,the products of the
• Renaissance grew up inside their
• walls. The most powerful city-states
• were Florence, The Papal States
• (centred in Rome), Venice, and

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• A New Conception of Human Beings
• Individualism. People thought it right to be
  themselves - the great man can shape his own
  destiny
• Humanism. Humans are the centre of the universe
  and the "measure of all things."
• Well-Roundness. Humans could do well at many
  things "The Renaissance Man."
• Classicism. People revived an interest in
  ancient Greece and Rome.

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THE RISE OF THE MERCHANT CLASS

• Albrecht Dürers Jacob Fugger, The Wealthy
  1518-20 Staatsgaleria, Augsburg Jakob Fugger
  of Augsburg (1459-1525), the wealthiest merchant
  of his day, learned the art of commerce in
  Venice. He possessed a network of business
  agencies throughout Europe. His was the most
  important banking institution in Europe, and he
  had the monopoly of silver and copper mines. He
  obtained the right to mint the coins of the
  Vatican from Julius II, Leo X, and Adrian VI, and
  he had an important role in the system of tax
  collection and payment of indulgences from the
  Vatican coffers. He heavily financed the
  political and military undertakings of Maximilian
  I and Charles V just for the election of the
  latter, he contributed 300,000 florins. In 1508,
  Maximilian I conferred him a noble title, and Leo
  X nominated him Count Palatine of the Lateran. In
  1519, he established in Augsburg the "Fuggerei,"
  a small city within the city, consisting of 106
  small houses intended for the most needy
  citizens.

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• Florence prospered during the Renaissance
  because it was a crossroads for traders, for
  finance, thanks to banking, and for ideas. The
  city was opened up to the ideals and philosophies
  of distant lands, and absorbed these into the
  writing and art it produced that art then flowed
  freely outward to the rest of Italy and the
  European continent. The Medici maintained the
  stability of these connections through financial
  and political means.
• Boticellis Giuliano de Medici

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NEW MONARCHIES

• Van Dycks Charles I King of England at the
  Hunt
• Holbeins Henry VIII
• Tizianos Portrait of Charles V at Mühlberg

Albrecht Dürers Emperor Maximilian I
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• King Francis I of France Francis I (1494-1547)
  became king of France in 1515 and like the
  German emperor Charles V (emperor 1519-1556) and
  Henry VIII of England (king 1509-1547) he was
  always eager to present himself in a setting of
  great splendour. Clouet's is a telling portrait
  of a sovereign who was an outstanding personality
  and a generous Renaissance patron of art.
  Leonardo, Rabelais, Tiziano and Cellini were
  directly patronized by him.

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• 1453 Constantinople The centre of the
  Byzantine Empire, falls to the Ottoman Turks,
  provoking an exodus of Greek people and works of
  art and literature into the Italian city-states.

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NEOPLATONISMHUMANISMINTELLECTUALISM

• Rafaello Sanzio The School of Athens 1509
  Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici,
  Vatican It is a depiction of philosophy. It
  represents
• THE TRUTH ACQUIRED THROUGH REASON

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• For rhythm and harmony penetrate deeply into the
  mind and have a most powerful effect on it, and
  if education is good, bring balance and fairness,
  if it is bad, the reverse. (Plato, Republic)
• Intellectual life was rich. Universities adapted
  to the new reality. Lovaine, Alcalá, Basilea,
  Rome, Padua, Oxford..
• ARITHMETICS MUSIC
• RHETORIC DIALECTICS
• ASTRONOMY GEOMETRY
• BIBLICAL AND CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
• Hebrew-Greek-Latin

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ANTHROPOCENTRISMHumankind as the central element
of existence, especially as opposed to God or
animals.INDIVIDUALISM

• His life was gentle and the elements
• So mixed in him, that nature might stand up,
• And say to all the world, THIS WAS A MAN
• William Shakespeare

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• Raphaels Baldassare Castiglione He was
  a humanist and writer. His popular book "Il
  Cortegiano" (The Courtier) summed up the tastes
  and culture of the Renaissance, it gives insights
  into the thinking and culture at the court of
  Urbino at the turn of the 16th century. He died
  in Toledo mourned by Charles V as one of the
  worlds finest gentlemen.

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• 1513 Niccolo Machiavelli publishes The Prince.
  Often considered the most influential political
  book of all time, The Prince outlines the
  argument that it is better for a ruler to be
  feared than loved and advocates that a "prince"
  should do anything necessary to maintain his
  power and achieve his goals.

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• Andrea del Castagnos Francesco Petrarca
  (1304-1374) Petrarch was an Italian scholar,
  poet, and Humanist whose poems addressed to
  Laura, an idealized beloved, contributed to the
  Renaissance flowering of lyric poetry. He
  powerfully expressed the principles of humanism
  extremely early in the budding Renaissance. Many
  scholars date the beginning of the Renaissance to
  Petrarch's anointment as Poet Laureate.
• Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), was an Italian
  poet and scholar, a Florentine, best remembered
  as the author of the earthly tales in the
  Decameron. a series of 100 stories set in
  Florence during the Black Death that struck the
  city in 1348. Boccaccio explores, in these
  stories, the traditions and viewpoints of various
  social classes, greatly based on actual
  observation and study. He raised vernacular
  literature to the level and status of the
  classics of antiquity.
• Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) is Italy's greatest
  poet. He is best known for his monumental epic
  poem, La commedia, later named La divina commedia
  (The Divine Comedy).

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THE PRINTING PRESS

• 1454 Johann Gutenberg prints the Gutenberg
  Bible . Gutenberg is credited with the invention
  of the printing press in Europe, and ushers in
  the age of printed books, making literature more
  accessible to all Europeans.
• The Reformation was the first revolutionary mass
  movement, in part because took advantage of
  printed propaganda.

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THE REFORMATION

• The Renaissance had seen the behaviour of popes
  come to increasingly parallel the behaviour of
  princes, as they attempted to compete with the
  gilded city-states around them. The papacy had
  fallen into corruption on more than one occasion,
  and the sale of indulgences, essentially pardons
  for sins, in order to finance the construction of
  a new St. Peter's basilica, pushed the reformers
  over the edge and into protest.

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• 1503 Pope Julius II assumes the Papal Throne.
  The ascension of
• Pope Julius II begins the Roman Golden Age,
  during which the
• city and Papacy both prosper. Julius II reverses
  the trend of
• moral degradation in the Papacy and takes great
  steps in the
• rebuilding of Rome.
• 1513 Pope Leo X succeeds Julius II. Pope Leo
  X, the son of
• Lorenzo de Medici, continues
• the trend of the Golden Age,
• proving himself a gifted
• administrator and intelligent
• patron of the arts.
• Rome prospers.

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• Holbeins Sir Thomas More (1478 1535)
  English statesman and writer who was executed for
  refusing to subscribe to the Act of Supremacy,
  the repudiation of papal authority over the
  Church of England.
• From Utopia, book 2, 1516"I am more afraid of
  my own heart than of the Pope and all his
  cardinals. I have within me the great Pope,
  Self.
• For if you suffer your people to be
  ill-educated, and their manners to be corrupted
  from their infancy, and then punish them for
  those crimes to which their first education
  disposed them, what else is to be concluded from
  this, but that you first make thieves and then
  punish them.

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• Holbein s Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam
  Writing 1523 Kunstmuseum, Basle. Born in
  Rotterdam in Holland in 1469, Erasmus was a Dutch
  Renaissance scholar and Roman Catholic theologian
  who sought to revive classical texts from
  antiquity, restore simple Christian faith based
  on Scripture, and eradicate the improprieties of
  the medieval Church. His works include The Praise
  of Folly (1509) and On Free Will (1524), a
  challenge to Luther's views. As in other
  portraits of him, we see the great master of
  North European humanism in his self appointed
  role as educational conscience of the age.
• His Adages and Proverbs were edited 60 times
  between 1500 and 1525.

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• Pico's "Oration on the Dignity of Man." Pico
  believed that man had free will and could make
  decisions, and that the study of philosophy
  prepared man to recognize the truth and make
  better decisions. He also believed that each
  individual could commune directly with God, and
  that the priesthood had falsely claimed this
  singular power. Pico's ideas, along with the
  arguments of others, became central to Protestant
  thought during the Reformation.

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• Guillaume Budé (1467-1540), a famous humanist,
  was the founder of the Collège de France, the
  first keeper of the royal library (now the
  Bibliothèque Nationale), an ambassador, and chief
  city magistrate of Paris. This portrait is
  mentioned in Budé's manuscript notes and is Jean
  Clouet's only documented painting.

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The Sale of Indulgences

• Tetzel, a friar, sold indulgences. Doctrines of
  indulgences taught that Christ and the saints had
  stored up a treasury of merit. Indulgences could
  reduce the amount of time spent in purgatory did
  not bring forgiveness of sin. Indulgences were
  sold to raise money for the church's increasing
  expenses.