Racial segregation is not just about race. It is about access to opportunity. Where one lives affect

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The Harms of Racial Segregation

• Racial segregation is not just about race. It is
  about access to opportunity. Where one lives
  affects ones access to jobs, good schools, and
  decent economic prospects in life.
• To the extent that racial segregation limits
  peoples residential choices, it undermines
  equality of opportunity.
• Residential segregation especially hurts
  residents of color by limiting their residential
  choices to low-opportunity neighborhoods of the
  region.

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The Harms of Racial Segregation

• Residential segregation also creates segregation
  in schools.
• Due to segregation, students of color are much
  more likely to attend racially segregated schools
  with high concentrations of poverty than white
  students. High-poverty schools are associated a
  wide range of negative educational and life
  outcomes, which impact students of color much
  more disproportionately.

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The poverty rate in non-white segregated schools
was 6 times the poverty rate in predominantly
white schools and nearly 3 times the poverty rate
in integrated schools in the 25 largest
metropolitan areas.
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The Harms of Racial Segregation

• Segregation does not just affect the core of the
  region and inner suburbsit undermines the
  economic vitality of the entire region.
• In many suburban areas, schoolspowerful
  indicators of a communitys healthare already
  experiencing social and economic changes leading
  to growing segregation.
• A region jeopardizes its competitive edge and
  long-term quality of life by allowing segregation
  to damage educational opportunity and
  neighborhood stability in its urban core and
  adjacent suburbs.

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The Benefits of Integration

• Academic Benefits
• Attending racially integrated schools and
  classrooms improves the academic achievement of
  minority students measured by test scores
  (Mickelson 2006 Mickelson 2003 Borman et al.,
  2004 Borman and Dowling, 2006).
• The diverse learning environment provided by
  integrated school and classroom settings enhances
  critical thinking skills among all students
  (Antonio et al., 2004).

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• Improved Opportunities for Minority Students
• Minority students who attended integrated schools
  have higher incomes than their peers in
  segregated schools (Boozer et al., 1992
  Ashenfelter et al, 2005).
• Minority students graduating from desegregated
  schools tend to complete more years of education,
  have higher college attendance rates, and tend to
  choose more lucrative occupations in which
  minorities are historically underrepresented
  (Crain and Strauss, 1985 Braddock and
  McPartland, 1987).
• Integrated schools enable minority students to
  have access to social networks associated with
  opportunity (Granovetter 1986).

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• Social Benefits
• Students who experience interracial contact in
  integrated school settings are more likely to
  live, work, and attend college in more integrated
  settings (Braddock, Crain, and McPartland, 1984).
• Interracial contact in desegregated settings
  decreases racial prejudice among students and
  facilitates more positive interracial relations
  (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2006 Killen and McKown,
  2005 Holme et al., 2005).

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• Social Benefits (cont.)
• Students who attend integrated schools report an
  increased sense of civic engagement than their
  segregated peers (Kurlaender and Yun, 2005)
• Integrated classrooms improve the stability of
  interracial friendships and increase the
  likelihood of interracial friendship as adults
  (Hallinan and Williams, 1987 Kahlenberg 2001).

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• Community Benefits
• When implemented on a metro-wide scale, school
  integration can promote residential integration
  and enhance neighborhood stability (Frankenberg,
  2005 Orfield, 2001 Orfield and Luce, 2005).

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Access to Opportunity A Case Study of the
Chicago Metropolitan Area

• The opportunity index is a summary measure of
  access to opportunity for the residents of the
  267 municipalities in the Chicago metropolitan
  area. It combines 25 individual measures of the
  characteristics of each municipality in 4 broad
  areas
• Fiscal capacity
• Transportation and Jobs
• Quality of Life
• Schools

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• Municipalities placed into five groups
  Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, and
  Highest Opportunity based on an averaging of
  their total scores in the four basic opportunity
  areas.

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• The results showed a highly uneven distribution
  of opportunity across the Chicago region.
• Lowest opportunity places are concentrated in
  the inner suburbs south of Chicago, the near west
  suburbs, and some of the older satellite cities.
  (11 of the regions households)
• Low opportunity places include the City of
  Chicago (as a whole), a number of south and near
  west suburbs, and several of the older satellite
  cities. (50 0f the regions households)

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• Moderate opportunity places are fairly
  dispersed, located primarily in the southwest,
  west, and far northwest suburbs. (10 of the
  regions households)
• High opportunity places are located primarily
  in the northwest, far west, and far southwest
  suburbs. (17 of the regions households)
• Highest opportunity places are concentrated in
  the north and far northwest and far west suburbs.
  (12 of the regions households)

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Opportunities and Race

• Opportunity is highly skewed across racial
  groups.
• 94 of the regions African American population
  resides in the two low opportunity groups.
• 83 of the regions Latino population resides in
  the two low opportunity groups.
• 44 of the regions White population resides in
  the two low opportunity groups.
• By contrast, more than 80 of the population in
  the two high opportunity groups is White only 3
  is African American and less than 7 is Latino.

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Opportunities and Affordable Housing
The distribution of affordable housing is also
very uneven across the region and opportunity
groups. Households with limited incomes have
few housing options in parts of the region with
the greatest opportunities.
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• Less than 2 of housing in the two high
  opportunity categories is affordable to very low
  income households (households with less than 30
  area median income 15,314 in 2000)
• Less than 7 of housing in the two high
  opportunity categories is affordable to low
  income households (households with less than 50
  area median income 25,523 in 2000)

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• 87 of housing affordable to low and very low
  income households (50 and 30 AMI) located in
  low and lowest opportunity areas.
• 78 of housing affordable to households earning
  80 of area median income (40,837 in 2000)
  located in the low and lowest opportunity areas.
• 86 of people below the poverty line live in the
  low and lowest opportunity areas.

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Typical of large metropolitan areas in the U.S.,
the rate at which the region is consuming
(urbanizing) land exceeds its population growth
rate by a substantial amount. From 1970 to 2000,
urbanized land grew by nearly 80 percent, while
population grew by just over 20 percent.
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• U.S. metropolitan areas are becoming dramatically
  more diverse racially.
• As the population becomes more diverse,
  neighborhoods adjacent to currently segregated
  areas are often at risk of transition themselves.
• Stably integrated areas are rare.
• Many neighborhoods that are integrated at a point
  in time are actually in transition to a new
  segregated state.

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Don - The following slides have some
information about the opportunity index groups
that you may or may not find useful
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Opportunities In Various Community Types

• Fiscal Capacity
• Combined property and sales tax/household
  measured against a set of public service demands.
• Affects the ability of communities to deliver
  quality services at reasonable rates.
• Highest opportunity areas have tax capacities 3
  times as great as lowest opportunity areas.
  (2,813/household as compared to 871/household)

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Fiscal Capacity

• Between 1993 and 2001, the tax capacity for the
  highest opportunity areas grew by 50, as
  compared to 28 for the lowest opportunity
  areas.
• Highest opportunity areas as compared to
  lowest opportunity areas if they taxed at the
  same rate have capacity to generate at least 30
  times more tax revenue for local services.

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Jobs/Transportation Access

• Measures the extent to which there is good
  access to employment opportunities and
  transportation options.
• Highest opportunity communities have 1.7 times
  as many jobs as the lowest opportunity
  communities (w/ 10 miles) and had an increase of
  34 times as many jobs between 1995 and 2000
  (36,348 as compared to 1,075).
•  
• From an opportunity standpoint, great disparities
  werent revealed in the transportation variable,
  with closer in communities tending to have
  better access to jobs concentrated in the Chicago
  Loop.

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Jobs/Transportation Access

• However, research indicates that trends in
  regional investment patterns have failed to
  respond to, or actually worsened, disinvestment
  by drawing industry and households to outlying
  areas served by new roads.
• Moreover, research finds that metro areas with
  high job sprawl, spatial mismatch between
  particular population groups and jobs, and high
  levels of racial segregation all characteristic
  of the Chicago area negatively impact
  employment opportunities for Blacks and to a
  somewhat lesser degree Latinos.

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Quality of Life

• Comparisons across a variety of quality of life
  issues ranging from crime and health to
  recreational space, political participation, and
  wealth accumulation, find similar disparities.
• Cases of hypertension and asthma occur in the
  lowest opportunity areas at a rate more than 3
  times that of the highest opportunity areas.
• Violent crimes are recorded in the lowest
  opportunity areas at a rate more than 7 times
  that of the highest opportunity areas.

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Quality of Life

• Residents in high opportunity areas also enjoy
  greater opportunities in terms of access to park
  land and the number of day care slots.
• In terms of political participation, the voting
  rate in the highest opportunity areas is over
  70, as compared to under 30 in the lowest
  opportunity areas.
• Concerning wealth Housing appreciation rates in
  the highest opportunity areas is 81 compared
  to 37 in the lowest opportunity areas.

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Schools

• Schools relate to decisions made by families
  about where to live, the economic and life
  opportunities of children, and the overall future
  direction of the regions economy.
• There are significant gaps between the lowest
  opportunity communities and the highest
  opportunity areas on measures ranging from
  standardized test scores, graduation rates,
  mobility rates, truancy rates, and percentages of
  Limited English Proficient students. These
  patterns reflect a basic inequality in the system
  that limits the likelihood of success for large
  numbers of students in low opportunity areas.

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