Unit 3: Social Inequality

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Unit 3 Social Inequality

• Ch 8 Social Stratification
• Ch 9 Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity
• Ch 10 Inequalities of Gender and Old Age

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Ch 8 Social Stratification

• Social stratification

• The creation of layers (or ______) of people who
  ____________________ of scarce resources (ex.
  Income, wealth, power, prestige).
• Each layer in the social stratification system is
  a social class (a segment of society whose
  members hold ____________ of resources shared
  values, norms, an identifiable lifestyle).
• The of social classes a society has varies.
• Most _______________ have 3 broad classes (upper,
  middle, lower) subdivided into smaller
  categories.
• Some societies may only have __.

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• The political economic ramifications of social
  stratification

• _________ observed the plight of the workers
  during the Industrial Revolution wrote The
  _____________________ (along w/ Friedrich Engels)
  in response.
• He believed that history was an ongoing struggle
  b/w the ______ the haves vs. the have nots.
• _______________ controlled the legal,
  educational, economic, gov.t systems. They
  used those systems to maintain or their
  power.
• He believed that the ___________ (the
  proletariat) would rise up against the _________
  (the bourgeoisie) in a violent revolution. These
  violent revolutions would continue until
  eventually the capitalist system would by
  _________ everyone would work for the benefit
  of society share in its ______________.
• His ideas led to the rise of _________ he
  became known as the father of communism (
  socialism).
• Communist countries today China, Vietnam, Laos,
  North Korea Cuba.

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• Extremes in income wealth in the US
• In new edition

• Income is the amount of __________ an
  individual or group over a specific time period.
• Its what you _______.
• Wealth is the total amount of economic resources
  _________ a person or group.
• Its what you _______.
• In 2004, approximately __ mil Americans were
  living in poverty (more than ___), but there
  were only about _____ mil millionaires 341
  billionaires.
• The richest 20 of American households received
  over __ of the nations income the lowest 20
  received less than 4.
• Income inequality is ____________!
• The top __ of Americans have ___ of the total
  wealth.

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• Power prestige

• Power is the ability to _______________ of
  others, even against their will.
• Not always related to ____.
• Can come from knowledge, fame, social position,
  leadership abilities, etc
• Prestige is the recognition, respect,
  admiration attached to ______________.
• Defined by ones culture society.
• Must be _____________ cannot be taken.
• Social positions that are considered the most
  important have the most ______ in America its
  often those positions that accumulate _______
  power b/c they are valued highly w/in our
  society, but ____________. (Ex. priests or
  ministers).

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Is it an example of wealth, power, or
prestige? _________ 1. Mr. Chamblees Swiss
bank account _________ 2. Anna Rose is voted
Most Likeable _________ 3. A politician
giving in to the interests of a lobby _________
4. Ms. Griggs wins the Teacher of the Year
award _________ 5. Mr. Bowens stock market
holdings _________ 6. A Supreme Court
ruling _________ 7. The respect given to
Officer Hill _________ 8. A wife makes her
husband carry her purse
End Section 1
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• Explanations of stratification The functionalist
  theory

• Believes stratification guarantees that the most
  ____________ fill the most ________________, that
  they perform their tasks competently, that they
  are rewarded for their efforts.
• They recognize that _________ exits b/c certain
  jobs are more important than others those jobs
  often require __________ /or training.

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• Explanations of stratification The conflict
  theory

• Believes _______________ b/c some people are
  willing to ________ others.
• So they believe stratification occurs more b/c of
  ______ than b/c most people willingly accept it.
• More accepting of Marxs ideas about ___________.
• People who own the means of production are able
  to spread their ______________ through schools,
  churches, the gov.t, the media, etc
• False consciousness refers to the working-class
  _________ of those ideas values.

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• Explanations of stratification The symbolic
  interactionism theory

• Believes people are _______________ the existing
  stratification structure.
• We are taught to believe that a persons ________
  is a result of talent effort. So those on the
  top _______________ those on the bottom deserve
  to be there as well.
• So we shouldnt ___________ the system.
• This can often result in people at the
  ________________ from self-esteem those at
  the top have self-esteem.
• Goes back to the looking-glass self (your image
  of yourself based on what you believe others
  think of you).

End Section 2
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• Social classes in the US

• Class consciousness is a sense of identification
  w/ the goals interests of a social class.
• Never __________________ in the US.
• Changeable full of exceptions.
• The Upper Class ____ of pop.
• Upper-upper class or _________ old ,
  _________________
• Lower-upper class new , _________, may have
  more than upper-upper, but still not accepted
  into the more exclusive groups.
• The Middle Class _________ of pop.
• Upper-middle class (14) successful in
  business, politics, military, etc Can live well
  save , are usually __________ ________,
  often active in voluntary political
  organizations.
• Middle-middle class (30) _________ group.
  Includes small business owners, low-level
  managers, teachers, cops, etc Earn around the
  national ___________.

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• The Working Class - _____ of pop.
• Lower-middle class includes truck drivers,
  machine operators, clerical workers, etc Paid
  ____________. Have below average income
  _______________. Generally lack medical
  insurance retirement benefits. Worry about
  illnesses unemployment. Except for ______, not
  likely to belong to organizations. Rarely enter
  the ______________.
• The Working Poor ____ of pop.
• People employed in ___________ w/ the lowest pay
  who dont earn enough to get out of _________.
  Include manual laborers, fast-food workers, etc
  Often lack steady employment. Rarely belong to
  organizations or participate in politics.

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• The Underclass ____ of pop.
• People who are usually unemployed often come
  from families w/ a history of ______________.
  Either work part-time menial jobs or are on
  public assistance. Lack education skills.
  Commonly have physical mental _________. Many
  are single mothers w/ little or no income.
• Can be born into working poor or underclass or
  come into them w/ _______, loss of a spouse, lack
  of education or training, addiction, or through
  acquiring a ___________.
• Very difficult to ______________.

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Social classes people self-identified with.
End Section 3
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• What is poverty?
• In new edition

• Absolute poverty is the absence of enough to
  secure ____________________.
• Relative poverty is a measure of poverty based on
  the _______________ b/w those at the bottom of a
  society the rest of the society.
• In other words, its how poor a person feels by
  _________________ to others in their society.
• Relative poverty ___________ from one society to
  another (ex. US vs. Nigeria or even the poorest
  person in a _______ neighborhood).
• The US gov.t measures poverty by setting an
  _________________ that anyone making less than
  would be considered poor.
• In 2004, the poverty line for a family of 4 was
  _______ _____ of Americans were living in
  poverty.

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• Identifying the poor

• Groups most likely to be poor are _____________
  households, children, the elderly, people w/
  ___________, people who live alone or w/
  nonrelatives.
• Approx. ___ of the poor are white however, only
  about 7.5 of whites are poor, compare w/ 23 of
  blacks and Latinos.
• So although blacks Latinos only make up about ¼
  of Americans, they make up about ½ of the poor.
• Children under 6 yrs old make up _________ of all
  age groups living in poverty at around 22.
• Women have become ________________ to live in
  poverty since the 1960s as well. The trend of
  women children making up an increasing
  proportion of the poor is known as the
  feminization of poverty.
• Why is this occurring?
• B/c women _______ then men, those w/ kids find it
  harder to keep long-term employment, a lack of
  good ___________.

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• Fighting poverty

• The US didnt really begin _______ _______ until
  the mid-1960s under President Lyndon Johnsons
  _____ _________ programs.
• Most American programs fighting poverty focus on
  ______________ through youth opportunity programs
  work experience programs.
• Some programs have been criticized for _______
  fears that theyre causing people to become
  _______ upon the gov.t to help them longer than
  needed.

End Section 4
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• Social mobility

• The movement of people b/w ________________.
• Horizontal mobility involves changing from one
  job to another in the _________________ (ex
  soldier to teacher, waitress to cashier, etc).
• Vertical mobility involves ____________________
  ___________ in job status or social class
• When vertical mobility takes place over a
  ____________, its called intergenerational
  mobility.
• In a caste system (a stratification structure
  that _____________ for social mobility a
  closed-class system) social status is _______
  cant be changed through individual effort.
  Careers choices interactions w/ people of other
  castes are _______. One doesnt ________ outside
  their caste.
• Ex. include South Africa under apartheid (castes
  based on ____) India (castes based on
  _______________ according to the Hindu religion).
  
• In a _________________ individuals can move b/w
  classes their social class is based on merit
  effort.

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Is it an example of intergenerational,
vertical, or horizontal mobility ? _________ 1.
A paramedic becomes a fireman _________ 2. A
businessman is laid off and becomes a
waiter _________ 3. A factory worker becomes a
the manager _________ 4. The daughter of a
janitor becomes a professor _________ 5. A
highly decorated general is elected
governor _________ 6. A doctor quits medicine
and becomes a trucker _________ 7. A taxi
driver whose father was an executive _________
8. A cops wife quits teaching to become a nurse
End Section 5
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Ch 9 and 10 Quiz
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Ch 9 Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity

• Minorities

• Groups of people w/ physical or cultural traits
  different from those of the ___________________
  in the society.
• In sociology, it is NOT necessarily a group that
  makes up a __________________________. Ex
• __________ are a minority.
• In South Africa, _______ are a minority.
• Key features of minorities
• Distinctive physical or cultural characteristics
  which can ________________ from the majority.
• ________ by the majority it has a lesser share
  of the society's desired goods, services,
  privileges.
• Often believed by the majority to be _________ -
  often used to justify discrimination.
• Have a common sense of identity w/ strong group
  ___________.
• The majority determines who is in the
  minority through ______________ so they
  are a minority at birth.

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• Race

• People sharing certain ______________________
  characteristics that are considered important
  w/in a society.
• Biologists use characteristics like _______, eye
  color, hair color, ___________, facial features,
  head form, height to determine race.
• The most common system classifies races into 3
  major categories Caucasian, ___________,
  Negroid.
• There is NO such thing as a ______ race.
  Genetic markers typical of one race show up in
  other races quite ____________. Most scientists
  consider racial classifications arbitrary
  _____________.
• Also, __________ is only determined by about 6
  genes while ________ is controlled by dozens of
  genes. So a 57 white woman may be more
  ______________ to a 57 black woman than to a
  51 white woman.
• ______________ characteristics that relate to
  race are more important than physical differences
  for sociologists.

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• Ethnic minorities

• Groups indentified by cultural, religious, or
  national characteristics.
• So they are __________ defined by their language,
  religion, values, beliefs, norms, customs.
• So _________ characteristics define racial
  minorities _________ differences define ethnic
  minorities.
• Though part of the larger culture, theyre also
  separate b/c the ethnic majority puts up barriers
  to _______________ /or b/c the minority wishes
  to _______ its cultural national origins.
• Ethnocentrism is judging others in terms of ones
  own ________________. It creates feelings of
  us vs. them. Can lead to prejudice
  discrimination.

End Section 1
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• Patterns of assimilation

• Minority groups are either _______ (leading to
  assimilation) or ________ (leading to conflict).
• Assimilation is the _________ of minority groups
  into the dominant society. The minority groups
  are given full ______________ in all aspects of
  the society.
• In the US, assimilation has been
  Anglo-conformity, melting pot, cultural
  pluralism, accommodation.
• _______________is the most prevalent pattern of
  assimilation in the US. (Anglo meaning of
  _______ descent). This involves minorities
  accepting traditional Anglo values customs.
• __________ b/c minorities are required to
  conform.
• Melting pot is when all ethnic racial
  minorities __________________________.
• Common myth in many US history textbooks.
• Cultural pluralism is when cultures exist side by
  side maintain a ______________________________.
• More like a tossed salad.
• Accommodation is when a minority maintains its
  own culturally unique way of life accommodates
  the majority culture ____________________.
• Ex. The Amish

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• Patterns of conflict

• 3 main ways in which dominant cultures have
  __________ minority groups
• 1. Genocide The systematic effort to destroy an
  _____________ (Ex. The Nazi efforts to kill off
  Jews during The Holocaust).
• 2. __________________ When a minority is forced
  to move to a remote location or to leave the
  territory controlled by the majority (Ex.
  American Indians forced to move on to
  reservations).
• 3. Subjugation Process by which a minority
  group is _______________ to the benefits of a
  society. This is the most common pattern of
  conflict. 2 types
• De jure segregation is denial of equal access
  based on ___________ (Ex. Segregation of US
  schools prior to Brown vs. The Board of
  Education).
• De facto segregation is denial of equal access
  based on ________________ (Ex. Refusing to hire a
  minority as an executive).

End Section 2
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• Prejudice, stereotypes, racism, discrimination

• Prejudice is widely held negative or positive
  ________ toward a group (minority or majority)
  its individual members.
• __________________.
• Although your book only says negative attitudes,
  prejudice can include positive attitudes as well.
• Prejudice is a generalization based on biased or
  ___________________. These attitudes come from
  strong emotions, so theyre difficult to change,
  even when faced w/ overwhelming
  __________________.
• When people meet someone who doesnt fit in to
  their stereotypes, they usually believe that
  person is the exception to the rule instead of
  ________________________.
• People tend to be prejudice in favor of those
  they see as __________________ against those
  they see as different.
• A stereotype is an oversimplified, hard to change
  way of seeing people who belong to
  _______________.
• Racism is an extreme form of prejudice that
  assumes _____________ of one group over others.
  So racists believe that discrimination /or
  exclusion is justified b/c of their own
  superiority.
• Discrimination is the _____________ of members of
  certain groups.
• Prejudice is an attitude discrimination is an
  ______.
• A person may be prejudice, but not discriminate.
  Also, a person may discriminate (due to something
  like social pressure) but not be prejudice.

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• Why do prejudice discrimination exist?
• Hate crimes

• Functionalists stress how ethnocentrism (which
  leads to prejudice discrimination) helps hold
  the _______ ________________.
• Conflict theorists stress the _________ b/w
  various groups for power - even b/w minorities.
• Symbolic interactionists stress how certain words
  or symbols can _________________________ (Ex. to
  blacklist someone or give them a black eye)
  or how minorities may begin to believe negative
  stereotypes which can lead to a self-fulfilling
  prophecy (having an expectation that leads to
  behavior that then causes the expectation to
  ___________________).
• Criminal acts that are motivated by extreme
  _____________.
• ________________ someone based on race, religion,
  sexual orientation, national origin, or ancestry.
• People who commit hate crimes have vocabularies
  filled w/ demeaning stereotypes that attempt to
  __________________ against their victims.

End Section 3
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• Institutionalized discrimination

• ______________ that grow out of common
  behaviors/attitudes are a part of the
  _____________________.
• May or may not be ___________.
• Intentional ex Many realtors used to steer
  prospective minority homeowners to certain
  neighborhoods away from others.
• Unintentional ex Many urban areas are
  predominately made up of minorities (especially
  blacks) b/c they dont average as high a wage
  as predominately white suburbanites, their
  schools receive ______ , so many of those
  minority children have to attend schools w/ fewer
  resources.

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• How has institutionalized discrimination affected
  different minorities?

• Blacks Barriers include skin color features
  which make it ____________ people of this
  minority Americas history of slavery
  segregation which have contributed to a _____
  ________ for many creating an underclass (people
  typically unemployed who come from families that
  have been poor for generations).
• The average black family earns ____ of what the
  average white family earns.
• Are also much more likely to work in __________
  service jobs.
• Have approximately _______ as high unemployment
  rate which doesnt even factor in the hidden
  unemployment (unemployment that includes people
  who have become _________ given up looking for
  a job part-time workers who want full-time
  jobs) which would the gap even more.
• The high school graduation rate was 77 (84 for
  whites) college was 15 (25 for whites) in
  1999.
• Although still widely ______________, blacks have
  made major gains in the last 50 yrs in
  professional, technical, political careers.

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• Latinos (ethnic minorities from ______________
  including Mexico, Central America, South America
  the Caribbean) They are the largest
  _____________ minority in the US.
• Just over ½ have completed ______________.
• Many work in low-paying, low-status jobs.
• Are becoming much more ______________.
• American Indians There are over 2 mil consisting
  of about ______ separate tribes bands which
  makes them a much more ___________________ than
  most people realize.
• Over ¼ live below the ____________.
• Lowest graduation rate.
• Lowest annual _________.
• About ¼ of Indians live on ___________. Poverty
  lack of education are about twice as bad for
  Indians who live on reservations as for those who
  do not.
• Asian Americans Most ____________________
  minority due in large part to their use of the
  educational system for upward mobility.
• ______ have completed college.
• ________________ (includes descendents from
  Eastern Southern Europe) typically blue-collar
  workers in large eastern US cities. Tend to
  favor more integration _____ support of the
  poor. Dont typically experience the
  _____________ affecting other minorities.

End Section 4
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Ch 10 Inequalities of Gender and Old Age

• How gender shapes us

• A persons sex is his/her classification as male
  or female based on _____________________.
• Biological determinism is the belief that
  _________ _____________ are the result of
  inherited physical characteristics.
• So if men are believed to be more intelligent
  women more emotional b/c of their sex, this would
  need to be true in __________ in order to be
  correct.
• However, significant behavior differences b/w men
  women havent been causally linked to
  biological characteristics. Though biology may
  create some behavioral tendencies in the sexes,
  they are so weak that theyre easily overridden
  by ________________________.
• Our gender identity is ____________ of being
  masculine or feminine, based on our ________.

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• Research indicates that male female brains are
  __________________ in structure. Ex. Women are
  more likely to use both halves of their brain at
  the same time show more activity in the newer
  more highly developed region of the brain thought
  to be linked to _____________________.
• Most sociologists believe that ___________
  _______ isnt primarily the result of biology,
  but of culture socialization.
• Researchers often look at how men women are
  different instead of how similar they are.

End Section 1
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• Sociological views of gender roles

• Functionalism Believes that any pattern of
  behavior that ______________________ will become
  unimportant. Division of male/female
  responsibilities used to be ____________ back
  when humans hunted gathered (men were bigger
  stronger, so were better hunters they were
  also more expendable). Today, traditional
  division of labor b/w men women has created
  ____________ (problems).
• Conflict Theory Men ______ by keeping women
  politically, economically, socially __________.
  

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• Symbolic Interactionism Focuses on how boys
  girls learn to act the way they are _________
  ___. The social process of learning to act as a
  boy or a girl is called gender socialization.
  Gender is acquired in large part from interaction
  w/ ______, teachers, peers, mass media.
• Children are given gender specific
  ____________________.
• Studies show that girls are __________, talked to
  more, handled more gently than boys. Boys are
  expected to be more assertive discouraged from
  ________.
• Teachers also (often inadvertently) encourage
  boys to be more __________ __________ girls to
  be more passive.
• Peers reinforce gender roles by typically giving
  ________________ to those who exemplify
  traditional gender roles (Ex. Boys as football
  players girls as cheerleaders).

End Section 2
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• Sexism in the workplace

• Sexism is a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms
  values used to ________________________.
• Attempts to justify mens leadership power
  positions.
• Although women are more active in the labor
  force, they are concentrated in ___________
  occupations. This is known as occupational sex
  segregation. For ex, women occupy almost all
  _________ jobs (such as secretaries, clerks,
  stenographers) whose job it is to support those
  higher up the occupational ladder.
• Even in ___________ jobs, women typically in the
  lower-prestige, lower-paid jobs.
• For every dollar a man makes, a woman averages
  about _________. This is known as the gender
  wage gap.
• Over 1/3 of the gap is due to the differences in
  _____________________.
• Ex Many women leave the labor force to start a
  family.
• Less than 1/3 of the gap is due to the ______
  _____________ of men women in certain positions
  (meaning more men tend to be employed in higher
  level positions).
• Over 1/3 of the gap is due to ____________.

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• The ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) would have
  assured that women enjoyed the same rights
  protections __________. It passed in Congress in
  1972, but Conservatives feared that it disrupt
  Americas ____________ launched a Stop-ERA
  campaign. The amendment was _____________ by
  enough states.
• Some ___________________ have been passed
  however.
• In addition, women minorities have greater
  difficulties in getting _____ ___________. This
  invisible barrier that obstructs their
  advancement up the _____________ is known as the
  glass ceiling.

Ratified --- Red Ratified, then rescinded  ----
Yellow    Ratified in 1 house of legislature
  --- Green   Not ratified --- Blue
End Section 3
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• Ageism

• A set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values used
  to ________________ prejudice discrimination.
• Age stratification is the unequal distribution of
  ___________________ based on age.
• Age can be an advantage or disadvantage for any
  group, but sociologists are particularly
  interested in studying the inequality among
  _________. As Americas median age is , this
  affects ______________.

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• Sociological views of ageism

• Functionalism Believes that elderly people in a
  society are ______________________ they play in
  that society. Ageism isnt an issue in
  _____________. In some societies, w/ age comes
  respect the view that they have much knowledge
  to share. W/ ____________, the elderly are often
  _______ b/c they are seen as no long contributing
  to the common good through work b/c change
  occurs so quickly, younger workers are more
  likely to possess the _____________ needed in the
  workplace.
• Conflict Theory Ageism is used to _____ the
  elderly (thus making them a __________). By
  stereotyping the elderly as intellectually dull,
  inflexible, unproductive, younger people
  benefit in the __________________ against older
  workers employers can pay them ____ than older
  workers.
• Symbolic Interactionism Like racism, ageism is
  _____. Stereotypes are created through
  _______________________, children learn ageism.

End Section 4
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• Economics of the elderly

• _________ among the elderly is difficult to
  measure b/c of several factors
• They have to spend proportionally more on
  ___________________, but the federal gov.t
  assumes they require less to live (thus,
  _________________).
• Many are near poor ____________.
• The _________ are older people who either live
  in institutions or w/ relatives b/c they cant
  ________ to live alone.
• Also, the median income is distorted by the fewer
  older people w/ __________.
• Older people who are a racial or ethnic minority
  are ________ to be poor than white older people.
• Elderly women are __________ to be poor as men,
  particularly those who arent ________.

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• Politics the elderly

• The older Americans get, the more likely they are
  to ____. However, they are a very diverse
  population dont vote as a bloc, even on issues
  directly related to them.
• This _____________ weakens their political power,
  but as their s , they may become an
  ________________________.
• Some interest groups have formed to assist the
  elderly such as the AARP (___________________
  ____________). Interest groups are organizations
  formed to influence political decision making.

End Section 5