Current Status of Avian Influenza (H5N1) (Commonly referred to as the Bird Flu)

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Current Status of Avian Influenza
(H5N1)(Commonly referred to as the Bird Flu)

• Glen J. Arnold
• OSU Extension, Putnam County,
• Ottawa, Ohio and
• Teresa Y. Morishita, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACPV
• College of Veterinary Medicine,
• Western University of Health Sciences,
• Pomona, California

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Avian Influenza

• Influenza Type A
• All subtypes can affect birds
• Poultry disease
• Waterfowl reservoirs

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Avian Influenza Subtypes

• Name based on surface proteins
• Hemagglutinin proteins
• H5, H7 subtypes
• Neuraminidase proteins
• N1

AI
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Avian Influenza

• Signs
• Respiratory Tract
• Sneezing
• Excess Discharges
• Swollen Sinuses
• Digestive Tract
• Diarrhea
• Neurological System
• Twisted heads
• Uncoordinated gait

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Avian Influenza

• Humans
• Respiratory Tract
• Flu-like
• Digestive Tract
• Diarrhea

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H5N1 Avian Influenza Timeline

• 1996 H5N1 from goose in Guangdong Province
• 1997 poultry farms and markets in Hong Kong
  6/18 human fatalities
• 2/03 1/2 human fatality travel to Fujian
  Province 1/1 suspect

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First Wave of H5N1 Influenza

• Mid-03 H5N1 causes outbreaks, undetected and
  unreported
• 12/03 Two tigers and two leopards die of H5N1
  avian influenza. FIRST CASE IN BIG CATS

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First Wave of H5N1 Influenza

• 12/03Korea
• 1/04 Vietnam, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos
• 2/04 Indonesia, China

• Human Cases
• 8/12 Thailand16/23 Vietnam
• Cannot rule out limited human-to-human contact

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Second Wave of H5N1 Influenza

• 6-7/04China, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam
• Possible role of wild birds
• More lethal for mammals fatal to waterfowl
• 7/04 Japan is disease-free
• 8/04 Malaysia infections in pigs and cats cat
  was previously considered resistant
• 9/04 Korea is disease-free
• 10/04 147/441 tigers in Thailand two eagles
  from Thailand imported into Brussels domestic
  ducks as reservoirs

• Human Cases
• 4/5 Thailand 4/4 Vietnam

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Third Wave of H5N1 Influenza

• 12/04 Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam possibly
  Cambodia and Laos
• 1/05 Malaysia is disease-free
• 4/05 6,345 wild birds in central China
• 6/05 Chinas Xinjiang region
• 7/05 4/05 outbreak from new variant virus
  transmitted among geese and may spread via
  migratory routes civets infected Russian
  poultry and wild birds
• 8/05 Kazakhstan poultry and wild birds Tibet
  Mongolia
• 10/05 Turkey Romania songbirds from China
  smuggled into Taiwan imported parrot in United
  Kingdom Chinas Anhui and Hunan Province
  Croatia wild birds Macedonia

• Human Cases
• human-to-human transmission
• 21/64 Vietnam 4/4 Cambodia Thailand and
  Indonesia

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Third Wave of H5N1 Influenza

• 11/05 Chinese poultry
• 12/05 Ukraine Kuwait flamingo (first in Gulf
  Region)
• 1/06 Human cases in Turkey and Iraq

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The Wave Continues

• 2-3/06 Iraq poultry in Nigeria (first in
  Africa) wild birds (swans) in Azerbaijan,
  Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Iran, Austria,
  Germany poultry and zoo birds in Eqypt poultry
  in India France wild birds in Denmark and
  Spain, UK

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Patterns

• Spreading over land mass
• Need for expedient diagnosis
• Poultry involved
• Wild birds and migration routes

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Areas of Concerns

• Migratory Birds
• reservoirs
• overlap of summer breeding areas

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Areas of Concerns

• Illegal Commerce
• songbirds
• fighting chickens
• raw and undercooked products

Duck Soup (Czarnina)
"This is an old Polish recipe that was used at
Easter time. This recipe is traditionally served
with home made noodles. If desired the fruit can
be removed, leaving broth to serve with noodle.
If you do not know where to purchase a duck,
contact a local farmer or butcher. If you prepare
your own poultry be sure to add 1/2 cup vinegar
to duck blood to prevent coagulation."  Original
recipe yield 12 servings.
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Areas of Concerns

• Commerce
• live bird markets
• transport of birds, mammals?

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Stopping a World Pandemic

• Human-to-Human Transmission
• Education
• Expedient Diagnosis, Isolation, Quarantine