Biology

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Biology

• SOL Review

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Scientific Method (Bio.1)

• All scientific hypotheses are tested using the
  scientific method
• Observe/ask question
• Hypothesis
• Design Test
• Independent variable
• Dependent Variable
• Control
• Collect data
• Analyze data
• Conclusions
• Retest

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Scientific Method (Bio.1)

• Hypotheses can be modified, adjusted, supported
  or rejected
• Must retest them over and over
• Theory- is an explanation for a a number of
  supported hypotheses

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Microscopes (Bio.1)
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Microscopes (Bio.1)

• Making a wet mount is the most common type of
  slide viewed under a microscope

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Data (Bio.1)

• Range- the number set from low to high
• Grading scale (1-100)
• Mean- average of number set
• Mean of 0 and 100 is 50

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Cell Theory (Bio.2)

• Cells are the smallest, most basic unit of life
• All cells come from preexisting cells
• All living things are composed of cells

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Cell Organelles (Bio.2)
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Natural Selection (Bio.2)

• Organisms with traits well suited for an
  environment reproduce at a greater rate than
  those that do not

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Pasteur (Bio.2)
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Koch (Bio.2)

• Isolated anthrax and tuberculosis bacterium
• Determined that microbes caused these diseases
• Any healthy organism that was introduced with
  these microbes became infected

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Germ Theory (Bio.2)

• Idea that microorganisms are the cause of many
  diseases
• Pasteur and Koch were instrumental in this
  discovery
• Changes in health practices resulted

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Aseptic Technique (Bio.2)

• This refers to sanitation and ensuring that
  appropriate things are germ free
• Medical equipment during sugeries
• Food and water

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DNA (Bio.2)

• Double helix
• Watson and Crick created model
• Franklin and Wilkins used X-rays to see double
  helix

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DNA (Bio.2)

• Nucleotide strands with complementary nitrogen
  bases
• A-T
• C-G
• Nucleotide (3 parts)
• A sugar (deoxyribose)
• A phosphate group
• Nitrogen base

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Quiz

1. Which comes first hypothesis or design test?
2. Which adjustment knob would you use if you wanted
   to adjust the image slightlyfine or course?
3. Name two differences between plant and animal
   cells?
4. Pasteur and Koch were instrumental in developing
   what theory?
5. What nitrogen base pairs with cytosine on the DNA
   double helix?

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Water (Bio.3)

• Water molecules are cohesive and adhesive
• Cohesive-bonds to other things
• Adhesive-bonds to itself
• High specific heat
• Able to hold a lot of heat
• Solid form (ice) floats preventing lakes and
  oceans from freezing solid

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Water (Bio.3)

• Water dissolves many substances
• Great solvent
• pH scale runs from 0-14
• 0-7 is ACID
• 7 is neutral (pure water)
• 7-14 is BASE
• Organisms can tolerate SMALL changes in pH

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Organic Compounds (Bio.3)

• The main components of living things are carbon,
  hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and
  sulfur
• Carbon can bond very easily

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Macromolecules (Bio.3)

• Proteins
• Amino acids
• Lipids
• Fatty acids
• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
• Nucleic Acids
• DNA and RNA

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Monomers and Polymers (Bio.3)

• Monomer- building blocks of polymers
• Polymers- larger molecules made of monomers
• Monomer ? amino acids
• Polymer ? PROTEIN
• Protein STRUCTURE depends on its FUNCTION

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Enzymes (Bio.3)

• Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction
• Decrease the amount of activation energy needed
• Pepsin and Trypsin are enzymes in the intestines
  that aid in food digestion

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What is ATP? (Bio.3)

• Adenosine Tri-phosphate
• Adenosine molecule and 3 phosphates
• Phosphates are charged
• Do NOT like being together
• Took a lot of energy to get them together
• Hmmmmm?
• Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
• 2 phosphates
• Less energy

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How is energy delivered? (Bio.3)

• After running or working out ? protein bar
• After cells and organelles work hard ? ATP

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Photosynthesis (Bio.3)

• A process that uses the suns energy to make
  simple sugars (glucose)
• Converted into complex sugars called
  carbohydrates which store energy

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Equation for Photosynthesis (Bio.3)
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Chloroplast Diagram (Bio.3)
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Cellular Respiration (Bio.3)

• Process by which mitochondria break down food
  molecules to produce ATP

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Three Stages of Cellular Respiration (Bio.3)

• Glycolysis ? Anaerobic
• Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) ? Aerobic
• Electron Transport Chain ? Aerobic
• Aerobic- oxygen is required to be completed
• Anerobic- no oxygen is required

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Energy Production Comparison (Bio.3)
Cellular Respiration Glucose Glycolysis Carbon
Dioxide Water 36 ATP VERY EFFICENT

• Lactic Acid
• Glucose
• Glycolysis
• Lactic acid
• 2 ATP
• NOT
• EFFICIENT

Alcohol Glucose Glycolysis Carbon
Dioxide Alcohol 2 ATP NOT EFFICIENT
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Quiz

1. A substance with a pH of 3 would be considered
   acidic or basic?
2. Monosaccharides are the monomers of what
   macromolecule?
3. What is useable form of energy in a cell called?
4. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
5. Where does cellular respiration occur?
6. What is the most efficient stage of cellular
   respiration?

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Cell History (Bio.4)

• Discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665
• Saw cork cells through his microscope
• Called them cells because they reminded him of
  monks cells (small)

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Comparison of Cells (Bio.4)

• Prokaryotes
• -Older
• -Smaller
• -Simpler
• -No membrane bound organelles
• -Bacteria Only
• -1-10 micrometers

• Eukaryotes
• -Younger
• -Larger
• -More complex
• -Membrane bound organelles
• -Compose plants, animals, fungi, and protist
• -10-100 micrometers

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Two groups of Prokaryotes (Bio.4)

• Archaebacteria
• Do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
• Sulfolobus
• Eubacteria
• Have peptidoglycan in their cell wall
• Escherichia coli

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Eukaryotes (Bio.4)

• Appeared about 1.5 billion years ago
• Contain nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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Groups of Eukaryotes (Bio.4)

• Protists
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals

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Plant vs. Animal Cells (Bio.4)

• Plant
• -found only in plants
• -capable of photosynthesis
• -Has membrane bound organelles
• -Special features
• chloroplasts
• cell walls
• really large vacuoles
• definite rectangular shape

• Animal
• -found in animals, fungi and protist
• -cannot carry out photosynthesis
• -has all membrane bound organelles
• -No definite shape (lack cell wall)
• -Some can move (sperm)

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Animal Cell (Bio.4)

• NUCLEUS (contains DNA site where RNA is made)
• RIBOSOME (site of protein synthesis)
• MITOCHONDRIA (site of cell respiration)
• CHLOROPLAST (site of photosynthesis)
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (transports materials
  through the
• cell)
• GOLGI (site where cell products are packaged for
  export)
• LYSOSOME (contains digestive enzymes)
• CELL MEMBRANE (controls what enters and leaves
  the cell)
• CELL WALL (provides support).

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Plant Cell (Bio.4)
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ALL CELLS HAVE

• DNA
• CYTOPLASM
• CELL MEMBRANE
• RIBOSOMES

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The Cell Membrane (Bio.4)

• Covers the entire outer surface of a cell
• In fact, it CREATES the outer surface of a cell
• ALL cells have a cell membrane
• NO MEMBRANENO CELL

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What Makes the Cell Membrane? (Bio.4)

• Phospholipids (two layers)
• Proteins
• Marks the outside of the cell for identification
  by other cells
• Creates channels or tunnels for other substance
  to enter and leave the cell
• Cholesterol
• A lipid that helps hold the membrane together
  because it is sticky
• Carbohydrates
• Sugars that stick off and help identify the cell
  to other cells

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Fluid Mosaic Model (Bio.4)

• This says that cell membrane acts as a fluid and
  objects (proteins, phospholipids, and
  carbohydrates) can all change positions.
• Think of debris floating down a river

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Quiz

1. Who discovered cells?
2. Older, smaller, no organelles, and only bacteria
   describes what type of cells?
3. Which bacteria lives in harsh conditions?
4. What happens on the ribosome?
5. What part of the cell manages homeostasis, by
   limiting what enters and leaves the cell?