Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms .

1
???? ??????
Lecture1 of Geiger Itais slide
brochure www.cs.technion.ac.il/dang/courseDS
???? ??????
CS-234218
???? ????? ??? 737 ???? ???? ? 1030- 1130
http//webcourse.cs.technion.ac.il/234218//
??? ?????? ?????? (???? ?? ?????) Cormen,
Leiserson, Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms .
?GeigerItai,2001
2
???? ??????
Lecture1 of Geiger Itais slide
brochure www.cs.technion.ac.il/dang/courseDS
????? ?????

• ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????
• ????? ???? ?????? ??????
• ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????

??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???, ?????, ???
????????, ???? ?????...
??????? ???????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????,
????? ?????, ???????? ???? ????, ????
?GeigerItai,2001
3
?????? ?????

1. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????
2. ?????? ??????? ???????
3. ???? ???? ?????
4. ??? AVL
5. ??? 3-2
6. ?????? ???????
7. ?????? ?????
8. ????? ?????? ????
9. ????
10. ????? ????????
11. ?????
12. ????? ????

4
?????? ???????
????? ?????? ???????? (Abstract Data Type ADT)
??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????, ??? ???
?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.
????? ??? ???????
??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?-? top
8
7
?????
top -1 ????? ????top top 1 Atop x
??? ???????if top gt-1 returnAtop
????? ???? top top 1

6
top
5
4
3
2
1
0
?? ! ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????.
5
?????? ?????? ?????? ????????
Last In -- First Out LIFO ????? ????
????? ????
?????? (Stack) ?????? ?"? ??????? ?????
create(S) ????? ?????? S ???? ????. push(S,x)
????? ???? ??? ??? x ???? ??????? S. top(S)
????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? S (??????? ????
?????). pop(S) ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????
S. is-empty(S) ????? true ?? ??????? S ????
?-false ????.
is-emptyStacks ? true,false
???????
6
?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (????)
?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? 1. ????
???? pop, top ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????. 2. ??? ????
create(S), is-empty(S) ????? ??? true. 3. ????
????? push, ?????? pop, ??????? ?? ?????.
is-empty(create(S)) true
??? 2
pop(push(S,x)) S
??? 3
?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????.
??????
is_empty(pop(push(create(S))))true
?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????.
7
8
2
5
2
7
8
Q
P
Create(Q)
Push(Q,2)
Push(Q,5)
Push(Q,7)
Pop(Q)
Create(P)
Push(Q,8)
Is-Empty(P)
Push(P,8)
Is-Empty(Q)
Push(P,2)
Pop(Q)
8
?????? ??????

1. ????? ????? ???? (??? ??????).
2. ????? ????? ????? ??????.

define NULL 0 typedef struct node DATA_TYPE
info struct node next NODE typedef NODE
STACK
????? ????
????? ?????? ????
void create (STACK s) (s) NULL
9
????? ????
????? push(s,x)
void push ( STACK s, DATA_TYPE x) NODE
P P malloc (sizeof (NODE)) P -gt info x P
-gt next (s) (s) p
void push ( STACK s, DATA_TYPE x) NODE
P P malloc (sizeof (NODE)) P -gt info x P
-gt next (s) (s) p
void push ( STACK s, DATA_TYPE x) NODE
P P malloc (sizeof (NODE)) P -gt info x P
-gt next (s) (s) p
void push ( STACK s, DATA_TYPE x) NODE
P P malloc (sizeof (NODE)) P -gt info x P
-gt next (s) (s) p
void push ( STACK s, DATA_TYPE x) NODE
P P malloc (sizeof (NODE)) P -gt info x P
-gt next (s) (s) p
10
????? ?????? ????
????? pop(s)
void pop ( STACK s) STACK t t (s) ?
next free (s) (s) t
????? top(s)
DATA_TYPE top ( STACK s) return (s) ? info

11
????? ????? ??????
First In -- First Out FIFO ????? ????
????? ????
??? (Queue) ????? ?"? ??????? ????? create(Q)
????? ??? ???. head(Q) ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????
???? Q (???? ???? ?????). enqueue(Q,x) ?????
???? ?? ??? x ???? ???? Q. dequeue(Q) ????? ??
????? ????? ???? Q. is-empty(Q) ????? true ??
???? Q ??? ?-false ????.
12
????? ?? ??? ????? ????
head(Q) Qf enqueue(Q,x) Qr
x r (r1)
n dequeue(Q) f (f1) n is_empty(Q)
f r create(Q) f r 0
???? Q ?? n ?????? ?? ??? ???????
r ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? (rear) f
????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? (front)
?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? mod n(
n). ???? ??? ??. f (r 1) n ?? ????? "??
???" ????enqueue ?"?? ???" ???? .dequeue
???????
???
n9
13
enqueue(Q,4) enqueue(Q,5) enqueue(Q,9) enqueue(Q,2
) enqueue(Q,1) enqueue(Q,9)
Creat(Q)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
5
r
3
9
1
dequeue(Q) dequeue(Q)
2
9
9
head(Q)?
f
r
5
enqueue(Q,3) enqueue(Q,5) enqueue(Q,1)
r
4
1
f
14
????? ??? ?"? ????? ??????
????? ???? ???? (last)
last
????? ???? ???? (first) . ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????
???? ??????? ?????? last.
15
????? ???? ADT ????????
?????? ?-ADT ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??
???????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????.
Abstract Data Type ADT

• ????? ?????? ??????? ?"?
• ??????
• ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????.
• ???? ???? ??????? ??????.
• ????? ??????? (????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ).

16
??? ???? ?? ????????
??? ???? ?? ???????? A ???? ??? x ????? ?-TA(x) .
??? ????? ???? ?"? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????
???? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
??? ???????. (????, ???? ????? ???). ????? ?? ???
x ????? ?- x. ?????? ??????? ?????????????
????? ???? x, ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ???
????? ????? ?????(worst case) ?? ???????? A
???? ??? ?????? n ????? ?"? TA(n) max
TA(x) xn
17
????? 1 ???? ???? a
sum 0 for (i 0 i lt n i) sum sum ai
A
??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? n ??? TA(n)
c1?n c2 ???? c1,c2 ?? ?????? ???????
?????? ??????? ???? ?????.
18
??? ???? ?? ????????
????? 2
sum 0 for (i 0 i lt n i) if sum lt
ai1 sum sum ai else terminate
??? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????
?? ???????? ?? ????? TA(n) c1?n c2
19
???????? ??????? O
????? ???? f(n), g(n) ???????? ???????. ????
????????? f(n) ????? ?????? ????????? O(g(n)) ??
?????? ?????? n0,c ?? ???? n0 ? n ?????? f(n)
? c?g(n)
??? ?? ???? ?- g(n) ????? ??? ????? ?????????
???????? f(n) ????? ??? ?"? f(n) O(g(n)) ?????
?????? ????? f(n) ? O(g(n)).
f(n)
????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? f(n) ??? ???????
???? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????,
???? g(n) ????? ???? ??????.
20
??????? ?????????????
???? ???? k ???? ??????
????? ???? ?????? c, n0, ?? ?? ???? n0 ? n
?????? f(n) ? c?nk.
21
??????? ??????
22
???????
?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????!
23
???????? ???
????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???????
T(n) lt c?n 1 ??????T(n) O(n) .
24
???????? ??? (????)

• ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? x ????? ????? ?? n
  ??????.
• ??? ??? ?????? ?? x ????? ?????? ?????
  ???????????.
• ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?- x ?????? ????.
• ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?- x ??????? ?? ??? ?????
  ????? ?? ??????? ??????.
• ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?- x ??????? ?? ??? ?????
  ????? ?? ??????? ???????.

????? ????? ?? ?? n ?? ???? ?? 2 . ????? ??
????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
(??? 4)Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Introduction
to Algorithms .
25
???????? ??? (????)
????? ?????? S 0 for ( i 1 i lt n i
) for ( j 0 jlt n j i ) S
?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. T(n) ? n (n-1) .
?????? ????? ???? i 1,
??????? n ??????. ,i 2
?n/2? ,i 3
?n/3? ??? i n
, n/n 1
???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????????
????? ??????T(n) O( n?log n)
26
??? ????? ?????????
????? ???? f(n), g(n) ???????? ???????. ????
????????? f(n) ????? ?????? ????????? ?(g(n))
(?????) ?? ?????? ?????? n0,c ?? ???? n0 ? n
?????? f(n) ? c?g(n)
27
??????? ?????????????
?????? ???? k ???? ??????
????? ???? ?????? c, n0, ?? ?? ???? n0 ? n
??????f(n) c?nk?.
????
28
??? ???? ?????????
????? ???? f(n), g(n) ???????? ???????. ????
??????? f(n)?(g(n)) (???) ?? f(n)O(g(n)) ???
f(n) ?(g(n)).
c2 g(n)
f(n)
c1 g(n)
f(n) ?(g(n))
n0
????? (??????????) ???? ??????? f(n)?(g(n)) ??
?????? ?????? n0,c1,c2 ?? ???? n0 ? n ??????
c1?g(n) ? f(n) ? c2?g(n).
?????
29
?????? o ???
????? ???? f(n), g(n) ???????? ???????. ????
????????? f(n) ????? ?????? ????????? o(g(n)) ??
??? ???? c ???? ???? n0 ?? ???? n0 ? n ??????
f(n) ? c?g(n)
????? (??????????) ???? ??????? f(n)o(g(n))
??
??????? log n o(n), n-100 ? o(n)
30
?????? ?????? ??????????
??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? 1. ??????
????? ??????? 2. ????? ????? ????? ???? ????.
??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??????
?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
T(n) n2 ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? 1080
T(n) ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
??? n ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?-1040 . ?????
???? ????? ???????? n0,c ???????? ???????
??????????? O, ?, ? ???? "??????".
31
?????. ???? ????????? A ?? ???? TA(n) 100 n
????????? B ?? ???? TB(n) 5nlog2n . ??????
????????? ???? ???????? A ???? ??????????
???????, ??? ???? ????? ???????? n lt 220 ????
???????? B.
220100?
A
B
220
32
???? ????? 1993 ????? ???????? ???? ?-C ???? ??
????????? ???.
Void func (int n) float x, delta int i for
(i 1 i lt n i) delta 1.0 / i x
i while ( x gt 0 ) x x delta
main() int n scanf(d,n) func(n)