Scaffold and Ladder Safety Training

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Scaffold and Ladder Safety Training
2
Disclaimer

• This material was produced under grant number
• SH-17787-08-60-F-24 from the Occupational Safety
  and Health Administration, U.S. Department of
  Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views
  or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor
  does mention of trade names, commercial products,
  or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S.
  Government.
• This presentation is intended to discuss Federal
  Regulations only - your individual State
  requirements may be more stringent as many states
  operate their own state OSHA and they may have
  adopted construction standards that are different
  from information presented in this training. If
  you live in a state with an OSHA approved state
  plan, you should contact your local administrator
  for further information on the standards
  applicable in your state.
• These materials are meant for informational
  purposes only.
• No representation is made as to the thoroughness
  of the presentation.

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Disclaimer, cont.

• It is not the intent to provide compliance-based
  training in this presentation, the intent is more
  to address hazard awareness in the residential
  construction (i.e. home building) industry, and
  to recognize the overlapping hazards present in
  many construction workplaces.
• Photos shown in this presentation may depict
  situations that are not in compliance with
  applicable OSHA/safety requirements.
• No legal advice is offered or implied, and no
  attorney-client relationship is intended or
  established. If legal advice or other expert
  assistance is required the services of a
  competent professional person should be sought.
• It is the responsibility of the employer and its
  employees to comply with all pertinent
  OSHA/safety rules and regulations in the
  jurisdiction in which they work.

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Introduction

• Falls from scaffolds and ladders are a leading
  cause of serious and fatal injuries in
  residential construction.
• The goals of this course are to help you
• understand how to correct or eliminate fall
  hazards on your job sites related to scaffold and
  ladder use
• understand the OSHA scaffold and ladder safety
  requirements

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Introduction, cont.

• The course is based on the NAHB-OSHA Scaffold
  Safety Handbook, Scaffold Safety Video, Fall
  Protection Handbook and Fall Protection Video.
• Participants can use the information from this
  seminar to
• Provide training to employees
• Implement a ladder and scaffold safety program

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Course Objectives

1. Identify the importance of preventing falls from
   ladders and scaffolds.
2. Recognize fall hazards associated with ladder and
   scaffold use.
3. Identify OSHA requirements for ladders,
   stairways, and scaffolds.
4. Identify work practices for using ladders and
   scaffolds safely.

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Course Agenda

• Section 1 Overview
• Section 2 Ladder Safety
• Section 3 Scaffold Safety
• Section 4 Group Workshop
• Section 5 Post Test and Review

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Section 1 Overview
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Why is Preventing Falls from Ladders and
Scaffolds Important?

• Falls continue to be the leading cause of
  fatalities in residential construction.
• Falls (602) were responsible for 45 of
  residential construction fatalities from 2003 to
  2006.
• 135 (22) were falls from ladders.
• 89 (15) were falls from scaffolding.

Source NAHB Residential Construction Industry
Fatalities 2003-2006 (www.nahb.org/fatalitystudy
)
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Fatalities by Event or Exposure Residential
Construction
Source NAHB Residential Construction Industry
Fatalities 2003-2006 (www.nahb.org/fatalitystudy
)
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Fall Fatalities Residential Construction
Source NAHB Residential Construction Industry
Fatalities 2003-2006 (www.nahb.org/fatalitystudy
)
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Most Frequently Cited Serious Violations In
Construction - 2007
Fall protection Residential construction 6 or
more
Fall protection - Unprotected sides edges
Head protection
Scaffolds - Fall protection
Aerial Lifts - Body belt and lanyard
Standard Subpart - 1926.
Fall hazards training program
Portable ladders 3 feet above landing surface
Scaffolds - Access
Scaffolds - Platform construction
Training for employees using scaffolds
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OSHA Scaffold and Ladder Citations

• Plastering Contractor fined 106,200 for exposing
  employees to fall hazards while working on a
  scaffold without using fall protection equipment.
• Roofing Contractor fined 61,800 following an
  OSHA inspection for exposing employees to fall
  hazards including the use of a ladder that did
  not extend 3 ft. beyond the landing surface.

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OSHA Fall Protection Requirements

• Subpart L - 1926.451(g)
• Each employee on a scaffold more than 10 (3.1M)
  above a lower level shall be protected from
  falling to a lower level.
• Subpart X Ladders
• Fall protection is not required for workers
  climbing or working on portable ladders.
• Subpart X Stairways
• Stairways having four (4) or more risers or
  rising more than 30 inches must be equipped with
  at least on handrail and one stairrail system
  along each unprotected side or edge.

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OSHA Fall Protection Requirements cont.

• Subpart M - 1926.501(b)(13)
• Residential construction. Each employee
  engaged in residential construction activities 6
  or more above lower levels must be protected by
  conventional or alternative fall protection
• Exemption When the employer can demonstrate
  the protection is infeasible or creates a greater
  hazard the employer must develop an alternative
  fall protection plan.

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In the Headlines
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In the Headlines, cont.
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How do you prevent falls from ladders and
scaffolds?

• Implement a comprehensive safety program.
• Understand OSHA ladder and scaffold regulations.
• Train workers to identify hazards associated with
  ladder and scaffold use.
• Use safe work practices.

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Section 2 Ladder and Stairway Safety
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Learning Objectives Section 2

• Determine the proper ladder to use based on
  weight capacity and height.
• Calculate the proper pitch of extension ladders
  for proper set-up, and identify how to secure and
  stabilize ladders.
• Identify how to maintain a safe position when
  using a ladder.
• Identify safety requirements for protecting
  stairways.

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Common Ladder Hazards

• Improper set-up
• Portable ladders not 3 feet above landing surface
• Not securing ladder correctly
• Standing on the top two steps of a stepladder
• Overreaching when working from a ladder

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Choosing the Right Ladder

• Before stepping onto a ladder, think about these
  things
• Duty rating of the ladderwhat capacity can it
  hold?
• Height of the laddertoo short or too tall?
• Condition of the ladder and instructions unique
  to the ladder selected.

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Proper Duty Rating/Capacity

• OSHA Requirement
• Ladders shall not be loaded beyond the maximum
  intended load for which they were built nor
  beyond their manufacturer's rated capacity.

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Proper Duty Rating/Capacity, cont.
Select a ladder with the proper duty rating for
your weight and the materials you are handling.
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Extension Ladders
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Proper Ladder Set-up

• Consider placement and pitch of the ladder.
• Secure and stabilize the ladder.

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Pitch Extension Ladders

• Extension ladders should be used at a 4 to 1
  pitch (1.2 to .3 m).
• For every 4 ft. (1.2 m) in height, the bottom of
  the ladder should be 1 ft. (.3 m) away from the
  structure.

• Example
• 20 ft. (height) 4 ft. 5 ft. pitch

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Pitch Extension Ladders, cont.
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Proper Height Extension Ladders

• When accessing another level, the ladder must
  extend at least 3ft. (0.9m) above the landing to
  provide a hand hold for getting on and off the
  ladder.

3 ft.
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Proper Height for Extension Ladders, cont.
Choose the right ladder for the height you need to reach. Choose the right ladder for the height you need to reach. Choose the right ladder for the height you need to reach.
Ladder Height (ft.) Maximum Reach (ft.) Height to Gutter or Top Support Point
16 15 9 ft. max.
20 19 9-13 ft.
24 23 13-17 ft.
28 27 17-21 ft.
32 31 21-25 ft.
36 34 25-28 ft.
40 37 28-31 ft.
Assume a 5 ft.-6 in. person with a vertical reach of 12 in. Support points for extension ladders reflect section overlap, ladder angle, or 3-ft. extension above roof line Assume a 5 ft.-6 in. person with a vertical reach of 12 in. Support points for extension ladders reflect section overlap, ladder angle, or 3-ft. extension above roof line Assume a 5 ft.-6 in. person with a vertical reach of 12 in. Support points for extension ladders reflect section overlap, ladder angle, or 3-ft. extension above roof line
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Secure and Stabilize Ladders

• Extension ladders should be secured at the top or
  bottom to prevent movement.
• The base of an extension ladder must be secured
  in place by using the safety feet on the ladder
  or other effective means.

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Secure and Stabilize Ladders, cont.
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Secure and Stabilize Ladders, cont.
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Secure and Stabilize Ladders, cont.
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Loose Soil
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Step Ladders
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Step Ladders

• Only use in the fully open position on firm level
  ground.
• Do not use a stepladder that is folded or in a
  leaning position.
• Never sit/stand on the top two rungs.
• Consider work height when selecting a stepladder.

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Step Ladders, cont.

• Stepladders are designed for use in an
  opened-and-locked position.

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Step Ladders, cont.

• Do NOT use a stepladder that is folded or in a
  leaning position.

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Proper Height Stepladders
Choose a stepladder that is no more than 4ft.
shorter than the height you want to Reach.
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Maintain a Safe Position on Ladders

• Face the ladder when ascending or descending.
• Maintain three points of contact at all times.
• Keep your body centered on the ladder.
• Never let your belt buckle pass either siderail.

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Maintaining a Safe Position on a Ladder, cont.
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Ladder Inspections

• Ladders must be inspected before each use.
• Broken or weak ladders or ladders that are not
  stable must be marked or tagged as defective and
  taken out of service.
• Look for cracks and weak points.
• Competent person must periodically inspect
  ladders.

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Ladder Inspection, cont.
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Review the Safety Labels on the Ladder
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Additional Safe Work Practices Ladders

• Extension ladders should not be separated to
  create two ladders.
• Keep the areas around the tops and bottoms of all
  ladders clear to prevent trip-and-fall hazards.
• Avoid setting ladders up in high traffic areas or
  barricade the area around ladder.

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Additional Safe Work Practices Ladders, cont.

• Ladders must be kept free of oil, grease, and
  other slipping hazards.
• Consider using a rope to raise/lower materials
  instead of carrying items while climbing a
  ladder.
• Do NOT use metal or aluminum ladders near exposed
  energized electrical equipment.

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Section 3 Scaffold Safety
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Learning Objectives Section 3

• Identify general requirements for safely building
  and using scaffolds.
• Identify competent person responsibilities.
• How to access scaffolds safely.
• Determine proper fall protection including
  guardrails and personal fall arrest systems.
• Identify safety requirements applicable to
  specific types of scaffolds.

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Common Scaffold Hazards

• No guardrails on scaffolds.
• Defective wood planks and inadequate planking
  overhang.
• Unsafe access to scaffold.
• Cross bracing not adequate.
• Inadequate footings.
• Bridging of scaffolds.

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General Requirements

• Erect/dismantle all Scaffolds According to the
  Manufacturer's Instructions and Competent Persons
  (CP) Direction
• Capacity
• Must support 4x Intended Load
• Stable Footings
• Base Plate, Screw Jacks Mudsills

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General Requirements, cont.

• Platforms at Least 18 Wide
• Ladder Jack, Pump Jack, Top Plate, and Roof
  Brackets Can Be 12 Wide
• Front edge of all platforms within 14 of face of
  work
• Exceptions
• 3 for outrigger scaffolds
• 18 for plastering and lathing operations

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Scaffold Capacity

• Scaffolds must be capable of supporting its own
  weight and at least 4x the expected load.
• Expected load includes
• Workers
• Equipment
• Tools
• Materials

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Scaffold Capacity, cont.

• Scaffold Capacity Expected Load x 4
• 400 lbs of Workers
• 100 lbs of Tools
• 100 lbs of Materials
• 600 lbs x 4 2,400 lbs

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Base Plate Mudsill Required
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Proper Scaffold Base
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Masonry Blocks Bricks NOT Acceptable as
Scaffold Base
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Scaffold Platform

• Each platform on all working levels must be fully
  planked and secured to prevent movement.
• No more than a 1 space between decking/platform
  units and upright supports.
• Wood scaffold planks must be nominal 2 x 10.
• Must be Scaffold Grade Planks or equivalent.

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Scaffold Grade Plank Stamp
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Planks with Visible Defects MUST NOT be Used
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Scaffold Use

• Do NOT use objects (ladders, boxes, barrels,
  etc.) on top of scaffold platforms to increase
  height
• Planks Extend 6 Past Supports or Secured
• Do NOT Paint Platforms
• Exception Platform edges may be covered or
  marked for identification
• Brace Fully

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Front Edge within 14 of Face
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Scaffold Plank 6 Past Support
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Scaffold Plank Cleat
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Fully Braced Scaffold
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Competent Person Responsibilities

• Designated competent person
• Designated by the employer.
• Has the knowledge and experience required to
  identify existing and predictable hazards.
• Has authority to eliminate unsafe working
  conditions.
• Has authority to stop work if unsafe conditions
  exists.

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Competent Person Responsibilities, cont.

• Train employees who erect, dismantle, move, or
  alter scaffolds.
• Determine if it is safe for employees to work on
  or from a scaffold during storms or high winds.
• Inspect scaffolds and scaffold components for
  visible defects before each work shift.

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Scaffold Access

• Ladders Needed if Access More Than 2
• Dont Climb Cross Braces
• Place Ladders Securely
• Ladders must be positioned so they will not tip
  the scaffold

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Scaffold Access, cont.

• Access to or from another surface (such as a
  window) can only be used when the scaffold is
• No more than 14 horizontally, and
• No more than 24 vertically from the other surface

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Portable Access Ladder

• Must be secured to prevent displacement.
• Extend at least 3 above landing to provide a
  handhold.

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Attachable Access Ladder
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Scaffold Stairway
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Scaffold Fall Protection

• Scaffolding 10 or higher must have some means of
  fall protection
• guardrails or
• personal fall arrest system (PFAS)
• Toprails installed between 38 and 45 High.
• Midrails installed halfway between toprail and
  platform.
• Cross bracing OK as guardrails if the center
  point is between 20 to 30 for Midrail and 38
  to 45 for Toprail.
• Toprails to 200 lbs. of force/Midrails to 150
  lbs. of force in any direction.

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Scaffold Fall Protection, cont.

• Erecting and Dismantling
• Fall protection should be used when feasible and
  when it does not create a greater hazard
• Competent person determines the feasibility and
  safety of providing fall protection

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Falling Object Protection

• Anyone working on or around a scaffold must wear
  a hard hat.
• Workers on or below scaffolds must be protected
  from falling objects by
• Toeboards
• Mesh
• Screens or
• Equivalent measures

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Falling Object Protection, cont.
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Falling Object Protection, cont.
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Scaffold Safety Training

• All employees must be trained prior to working on
  scaffolds.
• Qualified person must conduct the training and
  include the following
• Electrical Hazards
• Fall Protection
• Falling Object Protection
• Proper Use
• Material Handling
• Load-carrying Capacities

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What type of scaffold do you use?
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Types of Scaffolds Covered

• Fabricated Frame Scaffold
• Pump Jack Scaffold
• Ladder Jack Scaffold
• Trestle Horse Scaffold
• Mobile Scaffold

• Roof Bracket Scaffold
• Top Plate Scaffold
• Aerial Lifts
• Work Platforms attached to forklifts

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Fabricated Frame
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Fabricated Frame

• Have guardrails installed.

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Fabricated Frame, cont.

• Use Cross bracing.

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Fabricated Frame, cont.

• Use of uplift pins.

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Fabricated Frame, cont.

• Supported scaffolds with a height to base width
  (including outrigger supports, if used) ratio of
  more than four to one (41) must be restrained
  from tipping by
• Guying,
• Tying,
• Bracing, or
• Equivalent means

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Pump Jack Scaffold
87
Pump Jack Scaffold, cont.

• Brackets, braces must be made of metal and
  installed as per manufacturer specifications.

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Pump Jack Scaffold, cont.

• Must have guardrails (including end rails), or
  personal fall arrest system (PFAS), when working
  at heights above 10.

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Pump Jack Scaffold, cont.

• Keep working surface free from debris.

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Pump Jack Scaffold, cont.

• When using wood poles the lumber must be
• Straight-grained
• Free of shakes
• Free of large loose or dead knots, and other
  defects that might impair strength
• Wood poles built of two continuous lengths must
  have seams parallel.
• Mending plates must be used when 2x4s are splice
  together.
• 
  

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Ladder Jack Scaffold
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Ladder Jack Scaffold, cont.

• Platform cannot exceed a height of 20 or be
  bridged together.

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Ladder Jack Scaffold, cont.

• Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) must be used
  for work at heights greater than 10.

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Ladder Jack Scaffold, cont.

• Ladders must be placed, fastened or equipped with
  devices to prevent slipping.

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Trestle Horse Scaffolds
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Trestle Scaffold

• Scaffold platforms shall not be used above the
  second to top rung.
• Job built ladders cannot be used in a trestle
  scaffold system.
• Ladders must be secured to prevent displacement.

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Horse Scaffold

• Not erected more than 10 in height or arranged
  more than two tiers.
• When stacked one horse must be directly over the
  other horse and each cross braced.
• Legs must be nailed down or secured.

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Mobile Scaffold

• Do Not move while occupied unless specifically
  designed for such movement.
• Before moving inspect for pits, holes, or
  obstructions on the floor.
• Push the base On or Near the bottom when moving.

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Mobile Scaffold, cont.

• Caster wheels must be locked to prevent movement
  of the scaffold when stationary.

Unlocked
Locked
100
Roof Bracket Scaffold

• Scaffold bracket must be constructed to form to
  pitch of roof and create a level work surface.
• Brackets must be nailed into place.
• When brackets cannot be nailed into place, ¾
  manila rope should be used to secure in place.
• Must use personal fall arrest system.

101
Top Plate Scaffold
102
Top Plate Scaffold, cont.

• Must hook over and be supported on top plate of
  wall structure.

103
Top Plate Scaffold, cont.

• Wall structure must be braced to hold at least 4
  times the intended load.

104
Top Plate Scaffold, cont.

• Must follow manufactures specification on
  particulars of using the different styles.

105
Aerial Lifts
106
Aerial Lifts, cont.

• ONLY trained and authorized personnel should
  operate aerial lifts.

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Aerial Lifts, cont.

• Wear a full body harness and attach the lanyard
  to the boom or an approved anchor point inside
  the basket and NEVER tie to the adjacent
  structure.

108
Aerial Lifts, cont.

• Aerial lifts CANNOT be moved while the bucket is
  occupied.

109
Aerial Lifts, cont.

• Stand on the floor of the basket, NEVER step on
  rails or outside the basket.

110
Aerial Lifts, cont.

• Do NOT Exceed Load Limits.

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Work Platforms Attached to Forklifts
112
Work Platforms Attached to Forklifts

• Work platforms can ONLY be used if the machine
  supporting the personnel platform was designed
  for such use.

113
Work Platforms Attached to Forklifts, cont.

• ONLY trained and authorized personnel are allowed
  to operate forklifts.

114
Work Platforms Attached to Forklifts, cont.

• Use ONLY commercially built personnel baskets
  designed for lifting workers that meet ANSI
  requirements.
• Homemade boxes lifted by forklifts are NOT
  acceptable.

115
Work Platforms Attached to Forklifts, cont.

• Entire platform must be attached to the lifting
  carriage and/or forks.

116
Work Platforms Attached to Forklifts, cont.

• Forklifts CANNOT be moved horizontally while the
  platform is occupied.

117
Work Platforms Attached to Forklifts, cont.

• Wear a full body harness and attach the lanyard
  to the boom or an approved anchor point inside
  the basket and NEVER tie to the adjacent
  structure.

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Section 4 Group Workshop
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Hazard Violation Workshop

• Students will review a series of photographs
  of ladders and scaffolds in use on a jobsite. The
  assignment is to identify the hazards in each
  photo and discuss the corrective action required
  to correct the hazard. (Note Some of the photos
  are of correct safe work practices.) You Play
  OSHA!

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Picture 1
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Picture 2
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Picture 3
123
Picture 4
124
Picture 5

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Picture 6
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Picture 7
127
Picture 8
128
Picture 9

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Picture 10
130
Picture 11
131
Picture 12
132
Picture 13

133
Section 5 Post Test and Review
134
NAHB Labor, Safety Health Department and OSHA

• If you have any further questions contact
• Robert Matuga, Assistant Vice President
• [phone] ext. 8507
• rmatuga_at_nahb.com
• Kevin Cannon, Safety Specialist
• [phone] ext. 8507
• kcannon_at_nahb.com