The Ottoman Empire, The Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China

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Civilizations in Crisis

• The Ottoman Empire, The Islamic Heartlands, and
  Qing China

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The Ottomansweak rulers led to power struggles
between rivals, religious experts and Janissary
corps commanderslocal leaders cheating on tax
payments
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Growth of imported goods weakening local
businesses and manufacturing-urban
riotsMerchants mainly Christians and Jews and
traded more and more with the West
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Military weakened-pushed out of the Balkans by
The Austrian Hapsburgs1700s-main threat
becomes Russia-westernized by Peter the Great
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Lost Causasus region and Crimearevolt in
SerbiaGreeks independent by 1830
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Why survived?European rivals divided against
each otherBritish worried about expansion of
the Russians
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Needed reform from withincaused tensionssome
wanted change to Western styleothers wanted to
return to the paststill others wanted to keep
things the same
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Jannisaries overthrew Selim II because of
reformsSelim III wiped them outMahmud II a
reformerAmbassadors with the Westwesternized
army
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1838-British given rights to no import taxes and
did not have to follow Ottoman laws in their
trade areasChanges not fast enough and Sultan
looked upon as holding the country back
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Response-Abdul Hamid did away with constitution,
reforms, liberties..used imprisonment,
torture..but kept western militaryResponse-1908-
The Young Turks
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Sultan becomes a figurehead and leader of the
faithInfighting among military leadersNew
wars in the Balkans, in Africa against
ItalyEventually sided with Germany and Austria
Hungary in WWIlost and the empire was no more
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New leader-Mustafa Kemel (Ataturk) rebuilds the
nation of Turkey
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The Islamic Heartlandsfell behind the West and
were becoming surroundedDid not realize how far
behind they were until Napoleon invaded Egypt and
defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids
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1801-Muhammad Ali takes control of Egypt and
breaks from the Ottoman Empire (why important to
Ottomans?)Rebuilt the army in Western
stylelittle effect on society
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Died in 1848..Egypt Open to Western ControlNew
Leaders ..The kheldivesBritish
Influence-cottonEgypt Became a One-crop Economy
Setting to BritishPoorborrowed Heavily From
Western Banks (Sound Familiar?)
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1869-Suez Canal builtvery important to the
Europeansparticularly the British and the French
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Some leaders felt they should get from the
Europeans and they had given in the past
(al-Afghani and Muhammad Abdul)Others felt that
the Quran had to be followed literally and change
was bad
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Mahdist Revoltnomads of Sudanic plains had been
fighting Egyptians and were angry at the Egyptian
attempt to end the slave tradeBritish now
involvedrebellion led by Muhammad Achmadfell
to British military technology
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Qing ChinaManchu had kept Chinese waysvery
conservativehad opened China to trade and
allowed international travel so new ideas getting
into Chinamerchants (compradors) getting
wealthynew crops, ideas, money, silver
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Problemsexam system corrupted ..govt less well
runmilitary down because tax being funneled to
rich familiesPublic works down-flooding
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General belief-Manchu would simply be replaced by
another dynasty as had always happenedbutchange
s were taking place that had never been there
before
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Thought of the Europeans as like the Mongolsbut
the Europeans were their equals and in many ways
superior.British angry over inability to get
Chinese to trade for western goods so stated
importing opium
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Chinese tried to stop the trade so the British
invaded ChinaOpium Warforced open tradeHong
Kong established
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Taiping Rebellion-wanted social reforms, western
education, land redistributionfailedBoxer
Rebellion (Harmonious Fist)drive Westerners from
ChinaWestern armies invaded China and put down
the revolt
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Secret societies beganGet rid of the
Manchulast emperor out in 1912Sun
Yat-senneed the West