ADAPTATION TO THE CHANGES IN ENERGY METABOLISM THROUGH AGING AS A STRATEGY OF LONGEVITY

1
ADAPTATION TO THE CHANGES IN ENERGY METABOLISM
THROUGH AGING AS A STRATEGY OF LONGEVITY

• H.V.TERESHINAT.M. YURINARussian Research
  Institute of Gerontology, Moscow

2
Environ- ment
RELEASING FACTORS
E
HYPOTALAMUS
EPIPHYSIS
PITUITARY
AMINES
HORMONES
E
E
Internal medium
E
E
3
Levels of energy utilization

• BASAL LEVEL
• Growth
• Self maintenance
• Physical and mental activity
• Reproduction
• Thermogenesis
• EXTREME LEVEL (STRESS)
• 
  Danger
• Cold
• 
  Starvation
• 
  Immobilization
• Heat
• Overnutrition
  

inside
max
outside
min
4
TYPES OF HOMEOSTASIS
V.M. Dilman
ADAPTATIVE
REPRODUCTIVE
ENERGETIC
CATECHOLAMINES ADRENALINE GLUCAGON CORTISOL
SEX HORMONES
GROWTH HORMONE LEPTIN INSULIN
5
SUBSTRATE PREFERENCE

• GLUCOSE (GLU)
• CHOLESTEROL (CHOL)
• FATTY ACIDS (FA)

CATECHOLAMINES CORTISOL GLUCAGON ADRENALINE
SEX HORMONES
GROWTH HORMONE LEPTIN INSULIN
6
GLU FA CHOL
CHOL
INTESTINE
STEROIDOGENIC TISSUE CHOL
BRAIN
GLU
GLU FFA CHOL
LIVER
MUSCLE
GL FFA
GLU FA CHOL
FFA
GLU FA
GLUFATG
ADIPOSE TISSUE
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Fatty acids main functions

• Fuel
• Fat deposition (palmitic acid, oleic acid)
• Membrane structure
• Phospholipid composition
• Cholesterol content
• Rafts composition
• Fluidity
• Receptors activity
• Transmembrane messengers
• Cholesterol transport and distribution (oleic
  acid)
• Immune system
• Linoleic and arachidonic acid metabolites
• Regulation of gene transcription (PUFA)

Hypothalamus Neuronic cells Peripheral cells
11
Fatty acids role in the onthogenesis

• Proliferation of somatic cells (growth and
  development)
• Boundaries of the reproductive period
• Energy accumulation
  (adaptation)

12
CHAHGES IN THE FAT AND WATER CONTENT IN THE HUMAN FOETUS TISSUES DURING INTRAWOMB DEVELOPMENT 2 - WATER 3 FAT M - BODY MASS WEIGT/VOLUME
13

• Changes of the free fatty acid content in the
  blood of girls and boys (young adults) through
  the 0-25 yr period of life
• Weight/Height

14
Changes of the free fatty acid content in blood
in onthogenesis
Leptin resistance
Insulin resistance
?
?
I period
II period
III period
0-25 yr
25-50 yr
50-100 yr
Weight
WeightHeight
Adipose tissue
Nonadipose tissue
15
Fatty acid utilization in onthogenesis

• I period
• Proliferation (growth and development)
• II period
• Reproduction
• Deposition in the adipose tissue
• III period
• Deposition in nonadipose tissues

16
Hypotalamic sensitivity
(V.M. Dilman)

• I period (0-25 yr)
• Growth hormone ( )
• Sex hormones (- )
• Leptin ()
• II period (25-50 yr)
• Growth hormone ( -)
• Sex hormones ( )
• Leptin (-)
• III period (50-100 yr)
• Growth hormone (- -)
• Sex hormones (- -)
• Leptin (-)

17
Leptin resistance results in increased fat body
mass which leads to the loss of the reproductive
homeostasis
This is accompanied by certain disturbances in
the cholesterol distribution and utilization
Cholesterol level in blood arises
18

• Deposition of fatty acids in adipose tissue
  reaches its maximum to the end of the
  reproductive period
• Adaptative homeostasis (to the environment)
  decreases

19
Increased levels of free fatty acids, glucose
and cholesterol develop an internal stress
20
Means of adaptation to the internal stress

• Deposition of fatty acids in nonadipose
  tissues
• Oxidative stress (fatty acids)
• Cholesterol deposition
• Proliferation (IGF-I ? glucose)
• Apoptosis (palmitic acid, glucose) ? cell loss

Deseases and death
Energy expenditure decreases
21

• Maintenance of the energy homeostasis in the III
  period as a strategy of longevity
• Calorie restriction
• Apoptosis (loss of the
• cell mass)
• Physical and mental
• activity
• Mild stress

Energy flux
Complete energy expenditure
22

• Adaptation is an ability of a system to keep
  itself by giving an adequate answer not only to
  challengers of the environment but to the changes
  of its own inner conditions.
• Adaptation is an expression of lust for survival
  and existence as long as possible

23
THANK YOU
FOR
ATTENTION