Biology

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Biology
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Common Questions in biology

• If you were researching dandelions what division
  of biology would that involve?
• Zoology
• Microbiology
• Genetics
• Botany

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Common Questions in biology

• Which of the following organisms is considered a
  mammal?
• Bird
• Shark
• Whale
• Ant

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Common Questions in biology

• What phase of mitosis does the picture show?
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

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Common Questions in biology

• Which process converts light energy into chemical
  energy?
• Photosynthesis
• Chemosynthesis
• Cellular Respiration
• Lactic Acid Fermentation

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Which of the following processes involves the
chloroplast?

• Cell division
• Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
• Formation of reproductive cells
• Stringing together amino acids

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What is the basic unit of structure and function
of living things?

• Cell
• Organ
• Molecule
• Organelle

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Common Questions in biology

• Which part of the skeleton is an example of a
  ball and socket?
• Knee
• Hip
• Elbow
• Toe

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Common Questions in biology

• What is the class of a shark?
• Chondrichthyes
• Osteichthyes
• Agnatha
• Insecta

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Common Questions in biology

• Name the producer in the food chain below
• Grass gt grasshopper gt bird gt snake
• Grass
• Grasshopper
• Bird
• snake

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Common Questions in biology

• Which part of the flower is considered the male
  portion?
• Pistil
• Stigma
• Stamen
• ovary

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Common Questions in biology

• Which portion of the mushroom contains the
  reproductive spores?
• Stem
• Gills
• Roots
• leaves

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Sample question

• Which branch of biology focuses on the study of
  heredity?
• Ecology
• Genetics
• Microbiology
• Zoology

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Sample question

• The water you drink each day probably comes from
  a municipal water supplier that employs a
  biologist. What is the biologist most likely to
  do that would affect the quality of the water you
  drink?
• Conduct tests to make sure there are no harmful
  bacteria in the water.
• Inspect water pipes to make sure there are no
  cracks or leaks.

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• 3. Design systems to make sure you have enough
  water pressure.
• 4. Collect water samples from various places to
  make sure the pH is the same throughout the
  system.

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Sample question

• Which organelle helps to maintain homeostasis
  within a multicellular organism through the
  exchange of materials with other nearby cells?
• Cell membrane
• Mitochondria
• Nucleus
• vacuole

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Sample question

• Which statement best describes active transport?
• Molecules move quickly across a membrane
• Energy is expended to move molecules across a
  membrane.
• More molecules move across a membrane than in
  diffusion.

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Pictures to recognize

• Interphase and Mitosis

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Pictures to recognize

• Plant cell

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Pictures to recognize

• Animal cell

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Food Web
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Pictures to recognize

• Parts of the flower

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What is Biology?

• The study of living things

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Five major divisions of Biology

• Zoology - animals
• Botany - plants
• Microbiology - microorganisms
• Genetics hereditary info
• Ecology - ecosystem

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Ecology

• The study of interactions among organisms and
  between organisms and their environment

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Why Ecology?

• To understand the changes that occur as a result
  of interactions among organisms with themselves
  and their environment.
• Ex. Hurricanes, Droughts, Forest Fires, Marine
  invaders

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Levels of Organization

• Species (Individual)
• Populations
• Communities
• Ecosystem
• Biome
• Biosphere

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Producers
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Consumers
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Decomposers
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Autotrophs
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Heterotrophs
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4 types of heterotrophs

• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Detritivores

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What is a food chain?
gt
gt
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What is a food web?
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Community interactions

• Mutualism (symbiosis)
• Commensalism (symbiosis)
• Parasitism (symbiosis)
• Predation (prey and predator)
• Competition

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Ecological Succession

• Primary succession- occurs on surfaces where no
  land exists. Occurs after a volcano eruption.
• Secondary succession- occurs when there are major
  changes in the existing community without
  removing the soil. Occurs after a forest fire.

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Major Biomes of the world

• Tropical Rain forest
• Taiga (Boreal Forest)
• Tundra
• Desert
• Temperate Forest (Georgia)
• Temperate grasslands

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What is considered living?

• Anything that has the ability to nourish, grow,
  and reproduce

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What do we consider the basic unit of life?

• The cell

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Cell Theory

• The cell is considered the basic unit of life.
• All living things contain at least one cell.
• Cells come from preexisting cells

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Two basic types of cells

• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes

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ProkaryotesPro no

• No true nucleus
• No membrane-bound organelles
• No well-organized membrane

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Prokaryotes

• Unicellular
• Bacteria (Monerans)

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EukaryotesEu true

• True nucleus
• Well organized membrane
• Membrane bound organelles

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Eukaryotes

• Both Unicellular and Multicellular
• Most plants and animals and other specialized
  organisms

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Two types of Eukaryotic Structures

• Plant cell
• Animal cell

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Plant cells

• Cell wall, Plastids(contain chloroplasts)
• Oblong, rectangular-shaped

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Animal Cell

• Circular, round-shape
• Centrioles

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Organelles of the cell and function

• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Golgi body
• Ribosomes
• Chloroplasts
• Rough and smooth ER
• Lysosomes

• Cilia and flagella
• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Centrioles

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Functions of the cell

• Homeostasis (cell membrane)

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What is Homeostasis?

• The maintenance of a constant, stable environment
  internally
• ex. Body temperature

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How is this done?

• Active Transport
• Passive Transport

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Active TransportEnergy

• Endocytosis- pinocytosis, phagocytosis
• Exocytosis

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Passive Transport

• Diffusion- high to low
• Osmosis- diffusion of water

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Osmosis

• HypOtonic solution
• Hypertonic solution
• Isotonic solution

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Plasmolysis

• The shrinking of the plant cell away from the
  cell wall.

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Processes of the cell

• Photosynthesis
• Cellular Respiration

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Chemistry of the cell

• Atomsgtmoleculesgt
• macromoleculesgt
• organellesgtcellgttissuegt
• organsgtsystemsgtorganism

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Chemistry of the cell

• Living cells are made up of six kinds of
  elements Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
  Sulfur, Phosphorous

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Photosynthesis (plants and plant-like organisms
only

• Occurs in the chloroplast
• Light energy converted into chemical energy
• Produce sugar and oxygen
• 6H2O 6CO2light ----------gt C6H12O6 6O2

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Respiration (Plants, animals and other organisms)

• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Breakdown of sugar to produce energy.
• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O Energy released

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ATP ADP cycle

• ATP gt ADP P Energy

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Cell Reproduction or Cell division

• Mitosis
• Meiosis

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What is Mitosis?

• The period in which the cell divides.

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What are the stages of Mitosis?

• P rophase
• M etaphase
• A naphase
• T elophase

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Prophase

• Chromosomes thicken. Nuclear membrane
  disintegrates (disappears).

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Metaphase

• Chromosomes begin to line up in the center of the
  cell.

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Anaphase

• Chromatids separate at centromere and migrate to
  opposite poles. Tug of war

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Telophase

• Nuclear membrane reappears. The cell divides.
  Forms two new identical daughter cells.

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What is Meiosis (Produces sex cells)?

• The process that produces haploid gametes in
  diploid organisms. Cells produced only contain ½
  number of chromosomes.

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What are the stages of Meiosis?

• Meiosis I
• Prophase I
• Metaphase I
• Anaphase I
• Telophase I

• Meiosis II
• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
• Anaphase II
• Telophase II

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What is Genetics?

• The study of hereditary information. The study
  of genes.

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What is probability?

• The likelihood that a particular event will
  occur. Just like flipping a coin.

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How is probability used by geneticists?

• Probability can be used to predict the outcomes
  of genetic crosses by determining phenotypic and
  genotypic probabilities.

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What is a Genotype?

• The combination of the alleles that the
  individual inherits
• Tt tall, short
• TT tall, tall
• tt short, short

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What is a Phenotype?

• The expression or appearance of the trait of the
  allele
• Tall person
• Short person

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How are Traits/ Alleles characterized

• Homozygous-
• TT or tt
• Heterozygous-
• Tt

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Punnett SquareTt x Tt
T t
TT
Tt
T
Tt
tt
t
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DNA and RNA

• AATC - DNA reading TTAG
• AATC - RNA reading UUAG

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Kingdoms

• Monera bacteria
• Protista animal-like amoeba, paramecium
  plant-like algae fungal-like- slime mold
• Fungi yeast, mold, mushroom
• Plantae plants
• Animalia - animals

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Taxonomic categoriesBroadest to most specific

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species

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Monera

• Sometimes separated into Archaebacteria and
  Eubacteria
• Prokaryotes
• Reproduce asexually through binary fission
• All bacteria

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Protista

• Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular
  organisms.
• Animal-like protists are motile

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Fungi

• Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular
• Reproduce by spores

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Plants

• Eukaryotic, multicellular, sexual or asexual
  reproduction
• Gymnosperms cone bearing
• Angiosperms flower bearing

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Animals

• Eukaryotic, multicellular
• Sexual or asexual reproduction
• Most specialized
• Mammals gt monotremes-lay eggs marsupials have
  pouch placentals develop placenta during
  development