Title: Introduction to Psychology
1Introduction to Psychology
2What weve talked about so far
- Personality
- A solid core of traits reflecting the unique
essence of a particular human being - That core of thoughts and feelings inside you
that tells you how to conduct yourself. - Your personality is more than just an attitude.
It is what causes you to act and react the way
you do.
3What weve talked about so far
- The Color Code Test
- Red Power
- Blue Intimacy
- White Peace
- Yellow - Fun
- Reds and Blues spend their lifetimes trying to
control others. Whites and Yellows spend their
lifetimes refusing to be controlled. - This year 85 of employees who lose their jobs
can attribute it personality conflict.
4Common strengths (left) and weaknesses (right)
for each color
- Red
- Leader, focused, responsible, committed
- Blue
- Loyal to people, sincere, honest, moral
- White
- Tolerant, patient, cooperative, good listener
- Yellow
- Positive, friendly, optimistic, open
- Red
- Arrogant, bad listener, tactless, critical of
others - Blue
- Judgmental, unforgiving, suspicious, irrational
- White
- Timid, lazy, dependent, directionless
- Yellow
- Uncommitted, inconsistent, self-centered,
rebellious
5What weve talked about so far
- Birth Order
- Oldest/Only
- Treated like an adult, given more responsibility,
an example, independent. - Middle
- Peacemaker, work hard for attention, calm and
even-tempered, good/average student. - Youngest
- Spoilt, strives for attention, matures quickly,
easy-going about school, irresponsible
6Chapter One Introduction, History, and Research
Methods
- Read introduction on page three.
- What is psychology?
- The science of behavior and mental processes.
- Science because psychologist use scientific
research in their studies to understand more.
They collect data and analyze it. - Behavior mental processes the scope of what
psychologists study is so vast. - All observable behaviors can be studies as well
as mental processes including thoughts, feelings
and dreams.
7Psychologys founding fathersWilhelm Wundt
- The Father of psychology.
- 1879 first lab devoted to psychological
experiments.
8Psychologys founding fathers
- 1892 G. Stanley Hall founds the American
Psychological Association (APA). - 1905 Mary Whiton Calkins becomes first woman
President of APA. - 1905 Alfred Binet develops the first
intelligence test.
9Can any one psychological perspective answer all
of psychologys questions?
10Psychological Perspectives
- Psychological perspectives, schools of thought,
and psychological approaches are all synonyms for
ways psychologists classify collections of ideas. - Ex Look at this real life possibility Do you
help the person who spilled their bags of
groceries? Why do some people help when others
dont? - Each perspective has an explanation.
- And there are six different ones
111 The Cognitive Perspective (pg. 11)
- Popular since the 1960s.
- School of thought that focuses on how we take in,
process, store and retrieve information. - Focuses on how people think!
- People involved Titchener, James, etc.
- Ex Helping the person with the groceries is a
function of how we think about or interpret a
situation. - We may choose to help the shopper because we
think it will make us look good to others or
wont because we think helping might make us look
silly.
12Psychologys founding fathers E.B. Titchener
- Student of Wundts.
- Introduced Structuralism
- First prominent system for organizing
psychological beliefs. - Structuralists try to understand the structure of
conscious experience by analyzing the intensity,
clarity, and quality of its basic parts. - Opened the door to psychological theory.
- Not widely accepted anymoreb/c you know your own
thoughts, but how is someone else supposed to
determine why you think them? Too abstract.
13Psychologys founding fathersMax Wertheimer
- Gestalt (German for configuration) psychology
- Psychological perspective the emphasized our
tendency to integrate pieces of information into
meaningful wholes. - Adding the individual elements of an experience
together creates something new and differentthe
whole is different from the sum of its parts. - Ex a song the notes are different separately
and create a new tune when put together. - Disagrees with structuralist approach.
14Psychology's founding fathersWilliam James
- Disagreed with structuralist approach.
- 1st American psychologist.
- 1st psych textbook author 1890.
- Functionalism
- Goal of psychology was to study the functions of
consciousness, the ways consciousness helps
people adapt to their environment.
15Psychologys founding fathersJean Piaget
- Worked on how children develop their thinking
abilities. - Developmental and cognitive psychologist.
162 Biological Perspective
- School of thought to focuses on the physical
structures and substances underlying a particular
behavior, thought, or emotion. - People involved
- Ex Could remind us that levels of a naturally
occurring feel good chemical in our brain that
could affect helping behavior. - Those lacking in this element could feel
depressed and not help the person with their
groceries.
173 Socio-cultural Perspective
- School of thought that focuses on how thinking or
behavior changes in different settings or
situations. - People involved
- Ex Helping is more likely to occur if youre
with a couple of friends and 50 feet from your
front door and less likely if youre in a
crowded, big-city movie theatre lobby where few
faces are familiar.
184 Behavioral Perspective
- School of thought that focuses on how we learn
observable responses. - Believe people learn certain responses through
rewards, punishments, and observation. - People involved Pavlov and Watson
- Ex a person who helps has previously observed
someone being rewarded for helpful behavior. - Like yall and bonus cards?
19Psychologys Founding FathersIvan Pavlov
- 1906 Pavlovs dogs
- He studied animal learning and fueled a move in
psych toward interest in observable behavior and
away from the self-examination of inner ideas and
experiences.
20Psychologys founding fathersJohn B. Watson
- Launched behaviorism, most dominant perspective
of the 20th century. - Behaviorist perspective
- Studied only observable and objectively
describable acts. - Dont waste time studying unconsciouscant see
it! - Made science more objective and scientific.
- Today behaviorism focuses on learning through
rewards and observation.
215 Humanistic Perspective
- School of thought that focuses on the study of
conscious experience, the individuals freedom to
choose, and capacity for personal growth. - Healthy people strive to reach their full
potential. - People involved Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
- Ex A person who has met their safety/physiologica
l needs (hunger, thirst, shelter) would be able
to reach out socially and help another person in
need.
22More on Humanistic
- Humanistic psychology (1960), 3rd force.
- Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
- Emphasized conscious experience as the proper
focus for psychology. - Humans have free will and will strive for full
potential by making smart decisions. - Rejected that humans are controlled by rewards
and reinforcements. - Maslows Hierarchy ?
236 Psychodynamic Perspective
- Contemporary name formerly known as
psychoanalytic perspective. - School of thought that focuses on how behavior
springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. - People included Freud
- Ex Helpful behavior results from an unfulfilled
childhood wish to have ones mother accept ones
offer to help.
24Psychologys Founding FathersSigmund Freud
- Stereotypic therapist, with a pen and pencil
listening to a patient on the couch. - Freud Facts
- 1900, introduced first complete theory of
personality psychoanalysis. - Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams.
25Freuds Psychoanalytic Perspective
- Differed from other perspectives
- Focused on abnormal behavior, which Freud
attributed to unconscious drives and conflicts,
often stemming from childhood. - Relied on personal observation and reflection
instead of controlled laboratory experimentation
as its means of discovery.
26Problems with Psychoanalysis
- Claimed to be scientific, but relied on
self-reported reflectionsnot scientific methods. - Died in 1939, many theories have since been
disproved and some out of date. - But some of his ideas are still with us
- Freudian slip
- Anal-retentive
- Psychodynamic Theory
- Our unconscious thoughts, inner conflicts, and
childhood experiences significantly affect our
personality and behaviors.
27New Areas of Psychology!
- Behavior Genetics
- Focuses on how much our genes and our environment
influence our individual differences and
behavior. - Combo of biology and behaviorism.
- A psychologist interested in behavior genetics
might ask two questions Is there a helpfulness
trait? If so, is it triggered into action by
growing up in a family that promotes and values
helping those in need? - Yes? and you have the trait and a family that
promotes it, you will be helpful. - Thus, helping behavior is a product of learning
and an inherited genetic trait.
28New Areas of Psychology!
- Evolutionary Psych
- Study behaviors that helped our ancestors survive
long enough to reproduce successfully. - Positive Psych
- Focus to study and promote original human
functioning. - Martin Seligman
- Promotes building positive qualities of people,
not repairing the worst things.
29Careers in Psychology
- Basic research
- Pure science or research
- Research for the sake of finding new information
and expanding the knowledge base of psychology. - Clinical Psychologies
- Diagnose and treat patients with psychological
problems. - Largest number of professional psychologists.
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31Careers in Psychology
- Applied Research
- Research designed to solve specific practical
problems. - Marriage counselors, education counselors,
organizational counselors, etc.
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