An Introduction to the stuff you will be learning this year.

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• An Introduction to the stuff you will be learning
  this year.

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Psychology

• What is it?

The definition has changed over time. Today it
is The science of behavior and mental
processes. Do our feelings always match our
behaviors?
But I will still act tough. (even though I will
be crying on the inside, so be gentle).
If you call me stupid, I may feel sad inside.
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History of Psychology

• Although the science of psychology started in the
  late 1800s, the concept has been around a lot
  longer.
• There was evidence of trephination (cutting holes
  into a skull to let evil spirits out) back in the
  stone age.

It was like a bad SAW movie!!!!
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Psychologys HistoryPrescientific Psychology

• Ancient Greek
• These two guys thought alike
• dualism - the mind is separate from the
  body and continues after
  the body dies
• - some ideas innate (nature)
• monism mind and body are connected
  - knowledge results from memories of
  past experiences
  (nurture)

• Socrates
• Plato

Aristotle
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Psychologys RootsPrescientific Psychology

• Rene Descartes mind and body separate innate
  ideas
• Francis Bacon founder of modern science and the
  scientific method
• John Locke mind is a blank slate
• Empiricism knowledge comes from experience
  science should therefore use observation and
  experimentation
• Lockes and Bacons ideas

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Psychologys Early Debates
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Waves of Psychology

• The science of psychology has gone through about
  6 different waves since it started.
• Waves are different ways of thinking

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5 Historical Waves of Psychology

• Introspection - basic research tool to study
  ones inner sensations and mental images (self
  reported sensory reactions to certain objects)
• Stucturalism focus was on understanding the
  structures of the brains in their smallest form
• Functionalism focus on the functions of the
  brain and how they allow us to adapt and survive
• Gestault focus on human senses and how we
  perceive the world around us
• Psychoanalytic behavior is driven by
  unconscious drives and conflicts from childhood
  experiences
• Behaviorist ignored mental processes and
  studied only observable behavior. Behavior is a
  result of learning (classical, operant,
  observational)
• Biopsychosocial -integrated approach that
  incorporates biological, psychological and
  social cultural levels of analysis. Made up of 7
  modern schools

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Beginnings of Modern Psychology

• Wilhelm Wundt (Leipzig)
• 1st Psych Lab - Reaction time experiment
• G. Stanley Hall (Baltimore)
• 1st Lab USA -Johns Hopkins University
• 1st Pres. APA

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Wave One Introspection

• Structuralism - early school of psychology that
  used introspection to explore the structural
  elements (smallest mental processes) of the human
  mind.
• Introspection - self reflective observation of
  ones own sensations and feelings to study inner
  sensations and mental images
• Wilhelm Wundt (Leipzig)
• 1st Psych Lab - Reaction time experiment
• G. Stanley Hall (Baltimore)
• 1st Lab USA -Johns Hopkins University
• 1st Pres. APA
• Edward Titchner (Cornell)
• Student of Wundt
• Used introspection to identify elements of
  sensory experience
• Example Report immediate reactions and feelings
  to different musical sounds

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Wave One - Introspection

• Functionalism - Focused on the adaptive value of
  conscious thoughts and emotions (how they enable
  us to survive and reproduce - added the
  importance of the environment )
• Wm. James
• First Functionalist based ideas on Charles
  Darwins
• 1st Psych prof at Harvard
• Authored 1st Psych textbook
• Mary Calkins
• 1st woman student of Psychology (Harvard)
• 1st woman APA Pres.
• Margaret Floy Washburn
• 1st woman to receive Ph.D. in Psych

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Wave Two Gestalt Psychology

• Focused on human perceptions of the world
• The whole of an experience can be more than the
  sum of its parts.
• Led by Max Wertheimer
• Think for a moment of all the reasons that you
  love your mom.
• If you add all those reasons up, do they equal
  your love for your mom?
• Hopefully not!!!

Rules for how we organize what we see
This may seem like one picture, but it can be
perceived as 2 different faces. Can you find
them?
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Wave Three Psychoanalysis

• Sigmund Freud - personality theories
• Feelings come from a hidden place in your mind
  called the unconscious.
• Behavior is driven by unconscious drives and
  conflicts and childhood experiences
• We protect ourselves from our real feeling by
  using defense mechanisms.

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Wave Four Behaviorism

• During this time period (early to mid 1900s),
  people started to ignore how you feel inside.
• All that mattered was how you acted.
• If they could change your behavior, who cares how
  you feel.
• Very popular during the conservative 1950s when
  social appearance mattered more than self
  expression.

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Wave Four Behaviorism

• Behaviorism ignored mental processes and
  studied only observable behavior
• Believe behavior is learned through conditioning
  or through observation
• Classical Conditioning
• Pavlov
• John B. Watson
• Operant Conditioning
• B.F. Skinner
• Observational Learning
• Bandura

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Wave Five EclecticBiopsychosocial Approach

• We are now in wave five..which is about variety.
• Psychologists pick and choose what theories to
  use depending on the situation and the client.

Just like Ben 10 choosing the right alien to
fight the bad guy depending the situation.
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Modern Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis

• Levels of Analysis
• Biological
• Psychological
• Social-cultural
• Biopsychosocial Approach - integrated approach
  that incorporates biological, psychological, and
  social-cultural levels of analysis.
• Evaluates both nature and nurture

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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Wave 5 -Biopsychosocial Approach is made up of 7
different perspectives.

• In other words, psychologists today, pick and
  choose from about 7 schools of thought to help
  you with your problems.
• Thus we have
• THE SEVEN MODERN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

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1. Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspective

• All of your feelings and behaviors have an
  organic root ie. they come from your brain,
  neurotransmitters, hormones etc
• To change behavior the biological problem must be
  addressed, usually through medication or surgery

Let us imagine for a second that your dog died
(sad but it will happen). You become depressed.
You stop eating and sleeping. What would a
psychologist from this school say is going on
and how might they help you?
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2. Evolutionary Perspective

• Based on ideas of Charles Darwin natural
  selection, survival of the fittest.
• Our behavior is driven by inherited traits from
  our ancestors that help us survive and reproduce.

How could this behavior ensured Homers ancestors
survival?
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3. Psychoanalytic Perspective
If a man has intimacy issues and cannot form
relationships with others. What do you think
someone from this school may think?

• Focuses on the unconscious mind.
• Our behavior is driven by our hidden/unconscious
  drives and conflicts.
• We repress many of our true feelings and are not
  aware of them.
• In order to get better, we must bring forward the
  true feelings we have in our unconscious.

Perhaps they may delve into the mans unconscious
and discover that he was bullied when he were
younger. The bullying may have caused fear in
getting close to others.
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4. Behavioral Perspective
Pretend that you fail psychology class. You
become depressed. In turn, you begin to binge and
gain weight.

• Focuses on observable behaviors while putting
  feelings to the side.
• We behave in ways because we have been
  conditioned by rewards and punishments to act a
  certain way.
• To change behaviors, we have to recondition the
  client.

What do you think a behaviorist may do?
They would probably ignore the fact that you are
depressed and just focus on your overeating.
Maybe make you run a mile every time you eat over
2000 calories.
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5. Humanist Perspective

• emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people
  and the individuals potential for personal
  growth.
• Believes all people are good by nature
• Ideas came from Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
• Behavior comes from our needs on Maslows
  Hierarchy and striving to meet the next level.
• Therapists attempt to increase awareness of a
  clients current feelings and actions and
  facilitate a clients growth

I possess the resources to grow
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6. Cognitive Perspective

• Focuses on how we think (encode, process, store
  and retrieve information)
• Behavior is influenced by the way we interpret an
  experience
• Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you
  think.

She rejects youdont even get digits.
You meet a girl Hopes are high!!!
How do you react to the rejection?
Some react by giving up and live a lonely life of
solitude.
Some react by getting back on the horse and try
again.
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7. Social-Cultural Perspective

• Behaviors and feelings are dictated by friends,
  family, society and the culture you live in.
• Examples
• Some cultures kiss each other when greeting, some
  just bow.
• Does your culture place value on individual or
  the group?
• In our culture is it better to be fat or thin?

Is this part of your culture?
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Examples of the Biopsychosocial Approach

• How would a psychologist approach someone who is
  obese and is having difficulty losing weight?
• What are some of the possible causes and
  solutions?

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Psychologys Three Big Debates

• Nature Versus Nurture
• Are our behaviors/traits influenced more by our
  genes (nature) or by our experiences (nurture)
• Ex. Intelligence- genes or home environment?
• Stability Versus Change
• Do our behaviors/traits remain stable or do they
  change?
• Ex. Does a persons shyness stay stable or could
  the degree of shyness change over a life span?
• Continuity Versus Discontinuity
• Is our development over our life span smooth and
  orderly (continuous) or is it abrupt
  (discontinuous)
• Ex. Do we learn to add 2 numbers in small steps
  over time or do we just get it around the age
  of 4

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Fields of PsychologyApplied V. Basic Research

• Basic Research explores questions that you may be
  curious about, but not intended to be immediately
  used.

• Applied Research has clear, practical
  applications.
• YOU CAN USE IT!!!

Studying how kissing changes when you get older
is interestingbut thats about it.
Research on therapies for drug addicts has a
clear purpose.
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Psychologys Subfields

• Psychometrics measurement of human abilities.
  Ex. Creates aptitude tests like SAT, personality
  questionnaires
• Basic Research research in psychology to
  increase our knowledge of the field. Examples
• Developmental psychology- change throughout the
  human life span
• Educational psychology how psych processes
  affect teaching and learning
• Personality psychology individual traits
• Social psychology how humans relate to one
  another

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Psychologys Subfields

• Applied Research using what youve learned to
  help others
• Industrial/organizational psychology help
  improve performance and well-being in the
  workplace
• Human factors psychology designing machines and
  work environments that are best for people
  ergonomics
• Counseling psychology assists people in
  problems with work, family school (Masters
  Degree)
• Clinical psychology treats people with psych
  disorders (PhD)
• Psychiatry prescribes medicine and treats psych
  disorders (Medical Doctor M.D.)