Title: An Introduction to the stuff you will be learning this year.
1- An Introduction to the stuff you will be learning
this year.
2Psychology
The definition has changed over time. Today it
is The science of behavior and mental
processes. Do our feelings always match our
behaviors?
But I will still act tough. (even though I will
be crying on the inside, so be gentle).
If you call me stupid, I may feel sad inside.
3History of Psychology
- Although the science of psychology started in the
late 1800s, the concept has been around a lot
longer. - There was evidence of trephination (cutting holes
into a skull to let evil spirits out) back in the
stone age. -
It was like a bad SAW movie!!!!
4Psychologys HistoryPrescientific Psychology
- Ancient Greek
- These two guys thought alike
- dualism - the mind is separate from the
body and continues after
the body dies - - some ideas innate (nature)
-
- monism mind and body are connected
- knowledge results from memories of
past experiences
(nurture) -
Aristotle
5Psychologys RootsPrescientific Psychology
- Rene Descartes mind and body separate innate
ideas - Francis Bacon founder of modern science and the
scientific method - John Locke mind is a blank slate
- Empiricism knowledge comes from experience
science should therefore use observation and
experimentation - Lockes and Bacons ideas
6Psychologys Early Debates
7Waves of Psychology
- The science of psychology has gone through about
6 different waves since it started. - Waves are different ways of thinking
85 Historical Waves of Psychology
- Introspection - basic research tool to study
ones inner sensations and mental images (self
reported sensory reactions to certain objects) - Stucturalism focus was on understanding the
structures of the brains in their smallest form - Functionalism focus on the functions of the
brain and how they allow us to adapt and survive - Gestault focus on human senses and how we
perceive the world around us - Psychoanalytic behavior is driven by
unconscious drives and conflicts from childhood
experiences - Behaviorist ignored mental processes and
studied only observable behavior. Behavior is a
result of learning (classical, operant,
observational) - Biopsychosocial -integrated approach that
incorporates biological, psychological and
social cultural levels of analysis. Made up of 7
modern schools
9Beginnings of Modern Psychology
- Wilhelm Wundt (Leipzig)
- 1st Psych Lab - Reaction time experiment
- G. Stanley Hall (Baltimore)
- 1st Lab USA -Johns Hopkins University
- 1st Pres. APA
10Wave One Introspection
- Structuralism - early school of psychology that
used introspection to explore the structural
elements (smallest mental processes) of the human
mind. - Introspection - self reflective observation of
ones own sensations and feelings to study inner
sensations and mental images - Wilhelm Wundt (Leipzig)
- 1st Psych Lab - Reaction time experiment
- G. Stanley Hall (Baltimore)
- 1st Lab USA -Johns Hopkins University
- 1st Pres. APA
- Edward Titchner (Cornell)
- Student of Wundt
- Used introspection to identify elements of
sensory experience - Example Report immediate reactions and feelings
to different musical sounds
11Wave One - Introspection
- Functionalism - Focused on the adaptive value of
conscious thoughts and emotions (how they enable
us to survive and reproduce - added the
importance of the environment ) - Wm. James
- First Functionalist based ideas on Charles
Darwins - 1st Psych prof at Harvard
- Authored 1st Psych textbook
- Mary Calkins
- 1st woman student of Psychology (Harvard)
- 1st woman APA Pres.
- Margaret Floy Washburn
- 1st woman to receive Ph.D. in Psych
12Wave Two Gestalt Psychology
- Focused on human perceptions of the world
- The whole of an experience can be more than the
sum of its parts. - Led by Max Wertheimer
- Think for a moment of all the reasons that you
love your mom. - If you add all those reasons up, do they equal
your love for your mom? - Hopefully not!!!
Rules for how we organize what we see
This may seem like one picture, but it can be
perceived as 2 different faces. Can you find
them?
13Wave Three Psychoanalysis
- Sigmund Freud - personality theories
- Feelings come from a hidden place in your mind
called the unconscious. - Behavior is driven by unconscious drives and
conflicts and childhood experiences - We protect ourselves from our real feeling by
using defense mechanisms.
14Wave Four Behaviorism
- During this time period (early to mid 1900s),
people started to ignore how you feel inside. - All that mattered was how you acted.
- If they could change your behavior, who cares how
you feel. - Very popular during the conservative 1950s when
social appearance mattered more than self
expression.
15Wave Four Behaviorism
- Behaviorism ignored mental processes and
studied only observable behavior - Believe behavior is learned through conditioning
or through observation - Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov
- John B. Watson
- Operant Conditioning
- B.F. Skinner
- Observational Learning
- Bandura
16Wave Five EclecticBiopsychosocial Approach
- We are now in wave five..which is about variety.
- Psychologists pick and choose what theories to
use depending on the situation and the client.
Just like Ben 10 choosing the right alien to
fight the bad guy depending the situation.
17Modern Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
- Levels of Analysis
- Biological
- Psychological
- Social-cultural
- Biopsychosocial Approach - integrated approach
that incorporates biological, psychological, and
social-cultural levels of analysis. - Evaluates both nature and nurture
18Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
19Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
20Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
21Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
22Wave 5 -Biopsychosocial Approach is made up of 7
different perspectives.
- In other words, psychologists today, pick and
choose from about 7 schools of thought to help
you with your problems. - Thus we have
- THE SEVEN MODERN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
231. Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspective
- All of your feelings and behaviors have an
organic root ie. they come from your brain,
neurotransmitters, hormones etc - To change behavior the biological problem must be
addressed, usually through medication or surgery
Let us imagine for a second that your dog died
(sad but it will happen). You become depressed.
You stop eating and sleeping. What would a
psychologist from this school say is going on
and how might they help you?
242. Evolutionary Perspective
- Based on ideas of Charles Darwin natural
selection, survival of the fittest. - Our behavior is driven by inherited traits from
our ancestors that help us survive and reproduce.
How could this behavior ensured Homers ancestors
survival?
253. Psychoanalytic Perspective
If a man has intimacy issues and cannot form
relationships with others. What do you think
someone from this school may think?
- Focuses on the unconscious mind.
- Our behavior is driven by our hidden/unconscious
drives and conflicts. - We repress many of our true feelings and are not
aware of them. - In order to get better, we must bring forward the
true feelings we have in our unconscious.
Perhaps they may delve into the mans unconscious
and discover that he was bullied when he were
younger. The bullying may have caused fear in
getting close to others.
264. Behavioral Perspective
Pretend that you fail psychology class. You
become depressed. In turn, you begin to binge and
gain weight.
- Focuses on observable behaviors while putting
feelings to the side. - We behave in ways because we have been
conditioned by rewards and punishments to act a
certain way. - To change behaviors, we have to recondition the
client.
What do you think a behaviorist may do?
They would probably ignore the fact that you are
depressed and just focus on your overeating.
Maybe make you run a mile every time you eat over
2000 calories.
275. Humanist Perspective
- emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people
and the individuals potential for personal
growth. - Believes all people are good by nature
- Ideas came from Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
- Behavior comes from our needs on Maslows
Hierarchy and striving to meet the next level. - Therapists attempt to increase awareness of a
clients current feelings and actions and
facilitate a clients growth
I possess the resources to grow
286. Cognitive Perspective
- Focuses on how we think (encode, process, store
and retrieve information) - Behavior is influenced by the way we interpret an
experience - Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you
think.
She rejects youdont even get digits.
You meet a girl Hopes are high!!!
How do you react to the rejection?
Some react by giving up and live a lonely life of
solitude.
Some react by getting back on the horse and try
again.
297. Social-Cultural Perspective
- Behaviors and feelings are dictated by friends,
family, society and the culture you live in. - Examples
- Some cultures kiss each other when greeting, some
just bow. - Does your culture place value on individual or
the group? - In our culture is it better to be fat or thin?
Is this part of your culture?
30Examples of the Biopsychosocial Approach
- How would a psychologist approach someone who is
obese and is having difficulty losing weight? - What are some of the possible causes and
solutions?
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31Psychologys Three Big Debates
- Nature Versus Nurture
- Are our behaviors/traits influenced more by our
genes (nature) or by our experiences (nurture) - Ex. Intelligence- genes or home environment?
- Stability Versus Change
- Do our behaviors/traits remain stable or do they
change? - Ex. Does a persons shyness stay stable or could
the degree of shyness change over a life span? - Continuity Versus Discontinuity
- Is our development over our life span smooth and
orderly (continuous) or is it abrupt
(discontinuous) - Ex. Do we learn to add 2 numbers in small steps
over time or do we just get it around the age
of 4
32Fields of PsychologyApplied V. Basic Research
- Basic Research explores questions that you may be
curious about, but not intended to be immediately
used.
- Applied Research has clear, practical
applications. - YOU CAN USE IT!!!
Studying how kissing changes when you get older
is interestingbut thats about it.
Research on therapies for drug addicts has a
clear purpose.
33Psychologys Subfields
- Psychometrics measurement of human abilities.
Ex. Creates aptitude tests like SAT, personality
questionnaires - Basic Research research in psychology to
increase our knowledge of the field. Examples - Developmental psychology- change throughout the
human life span - Educational psychology how psych processes
affect teaching and learning - Personality psychology individual traits
- Social psychology how humans relate to one
another
34Psychologys Subfields
- Applied Research using what youve learned to
help others - Industrial/organizational psychology help
improve performance and well-being in the
workplace - Human factors psychology designing machines and
work environments that are best for people
ergonomics - Counseling psychology assists people in
problems with work, family school (Masters
Degree) - Clinical psychology treats people with psych
disorders (PhD) - Psychiatry prescribes medicine and treats psych
disorders (Medical Doctor M.D.)