The Reproductive System

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• The Reproductive System

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I. The Reproductive System

• A. Primary sex organs site of gamete (sex cell)
  formation
• 1. Testes - sperm
• 2. Ovaries - eggs
• B. Accessory sex organs
• 1. Glands
• 2. External genitalia

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II. Gross Anatomy of Testes

• A. Testes are located within the scrotum
• 1. scrotum a sac in which the testes are
  located
• a. skin and superficial fascia surrounding the
  testes
• b. provides an environment 3?C cooler than body
  temperature
• 2. dartos muscle - is a layer of smooth muscle
• a. is responsible for wrinkling of scrotal skin
• 3. cremaster muscle - skeletal muscle
  surrounding the testes
• a. elevates the testes

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Ureter
Urinary bladder
Seminal gland (vesicle)
Prostatic urethra
Rectum
Prostate
Anus
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
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Urinary bladder
Spermatic cord
Penis
Cremaster muscle
Superficial fasciacontaining dartos muscle
Scrotum
Skin
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• 4. tunica vaginalis a serous sac enclosing the
  testes
• 5. tunica albuginea a fibrous capsule of the
  testes
• a. divides each testis into 250300 lobules
• b. lobules contain 14 coiled seminiferous
  tubules
• 6. epididymis comma-shaped structure on
  posterior testis
• a. site of sperm maturation and storage
• b. has a head, body, duct and tail

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Urinary bladder
Spermatic cord
Penis
Epididymis
Tunica vaginalis(from peritoneum)
Tunica albugineaof testis
Skin
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Spermatic cord
Blood vesselsand nerves
Ductus (vas)deferens
Head of epididymis
Testis
Seminiferoustubule
Efferent ductule
Rete testis
Lobule
Straight tubule
Septum
Tunica albuginea
Body of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
Duct of epididymis
Cavity oftunica vaginalis
Tail of epididymis
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Spermatic cord
Blood vesselsand nerves
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis
Testis
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Cross-section through Seminiferous Tubule
Seminiferoustubule
Sustentocyte
Areolarconnective tissue
Sperm
Spermatogeniccells in tubuleepithelium
Interstitialendocrinecells
Myoidcells
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III. Microscopic Anatomy of the Testes

• A. Seminiferous tubules site of spermatogenesis
• 1. spermatogenic cells - sperm-forming cells
• a. 400 million sperm produced each day
• b. begins at puberty takes 75 days to produce
  new sperm
• c. cells undergo meiosis
• ? spermatogonia - stem cells
• ? primary spermatocytes
• ? secondary spermatocytes
• ? spermatids
• ? sperm

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• 2. columnar sustentocytes - supporting cells
• a. surround spermatogenic cells
• b. extend from basal lamina to the lumen
• c. tight junctions between cells - blood testis
  barrier
• d. secrete testicular fluid and
  androgen-binding protein
• 3. myoid cellssurround seminiferous tubules
• 4. interstitial endocrine cells - secrete
  testosterone

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IV. The Epididymis

• A. Duct of the epididymis is 6 m long (when
  uncoiled!!!)
• B. Dominated by pseudostratified columnar
  epithelium
• 1. has tufts of stereocilia - immotile, long
  microvilli
• C. 20-day journey for sperm to move through
• 1. gain the ability to swim and to fertilize an
  egg

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Spermatic cord
Blood vesselsand nerves
Ductus (vas)deferens
Head of epididymis
Testis
Seminiferoustubule
Efferent ductule
Rete testis
Lobule
Straight tubule
Septum
Tunica albuginea
Body of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
Duct of epididymis
Cavity oftunica vaginalis
Tail of epididymis
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V. The Ductus (Vas) Deferens

• A. Stores and transports sperm
• B. Hisotology of the ductus deferens
• 1. epithelium - pseudostratified columnar
• 2. thick muscularis layer

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Ureter
Peritoneum
Urinary bladder
Seminal gland (vesicle)
Prostatic urethra
Ampulla ofductus deferens
Pubis
Intermediate part ofthe urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Rectum
Urogenital diaphragm
Prostate
Corpus cavernosum
Bulbo-urethral gland
Corpus spongiosum
Anus
Spongy urethra
Bulb of penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis
Glans penis
Testis
Prepuce (foreskin)
Scrotum
External urethralorifice
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VI. The Spermatic Cord

• A. Contains
• 1. ductus deferens
• 2. testicular blood vessels
• 3. nerves
• B. Superior part runs through inguinal canal
• 1. inguinal canal is common location for hernias
  in males

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Urinary bladder
Superficial inguinal ring(end of inguinal canal)
Testicular artery
Ductus (vas)deferens
Spermatic cord
Autonomicnerve fibers
Penis
Septum of scrotum
Epididymis
Cremaster muscle
Tunica vaginalis(from peritoneum)
External spermaticfascia
Tunica albugineaof testis
Superficial fasciacontaining dartos muscle
Scrotum
Skin
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Inguinal hernia in the inguinal canal of male
External obliquemuscle andaponeurosis
Small intestine
Inguinal ligament
Herniated intestinein the inguinal canaland
scrotum
Deep inguinalring
Spermatic cordin inguinal canal
Superficialinguinal ring
Testis
Spermatic cordin scrotum
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VII. The Urethra

• A. Carries sperm from ejaculatory ducts to
  outside
• B. Three parts of male urethra
• 1. prostatic urethra
• 2. intermediate part of urethra
• 3. spongy urethra (penis)

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Ureter
Ampulla ofductus deferens
Seminal gland
Urinarybladder
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Prostatic urethra
Orifices ofprostatic ducts
Bulbo-urethralgland and duct
Intermediatepart of urethra
Urogenitaldiaphragm
Bulb of penis
Root of penis
Crus of penis
Bulbo-urethralduct opening
Ductus deferens
Corporacavernosa
Epididymis
Corpusspongiosum
Body of penis
Testis
Section of (b)
Spongy urethra
Glans penis
Prepuce(foreskin)
Externalurethral orifice
Dorsal vesselsand nerves
Corporacavernosa
Urethra
Skin
Tunica albuginea oferectile bodies
Deep arteries
Corpusspongiosum
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VIII. Accessory Glands - Male

• A. seminal glands
• 1. lie on the posterior surface of the urinary
  bladder
• 2. secrete fluid that is 60 of the volume of
  semen
• a. fructose to nourish sperm
• b. substances to enhance sperm motility
• c. prostaglandins
• d. substances that suppress immune response
  against semen
• e. enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen

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• B. Prostate
• 1. encircles the prostatic urethra
• 2. consists of 2030 compound tubuloalveolar
  glands
• 3. secretes about 2530 of seminal fluid
• 4. common site of cancer in males
• 5. can be palpated (touched) through the rectum
• C. bulbo-urethral glands
• 1. pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
  gland
• 2. produce a mucus - enters spongy urethra prior
  to ejaculation
• a. neutralizes traces of acidic urine
• b. lubricates urethra

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Ureter
Ampulla ofductus deferens
Seminal gland
Urinarybladder
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Prostatic urethra
Orifices ofprostatic ducts
Bulbo-urethralgland and duct
Intermediatepart of urethra
Urogenitaldiaphragm
Bulb of penis
Root of penis
Crus of penis
Bulbo-urethralduct opening
Ductus deferens
Corporacavernosa
Epididymis
Corpusspongiosum
Body of penis
Testis
Section of (b)
Spongy urethra
Glans penis
Prepuce(foreskin)
Externalurethral orifice
Dorsal vesselsand nerves
Corporacavernosa
Urethra
Skin
Tunica albuginea oferectile bodies
Deep arteries
Corpusspongiosum
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Bladder
Pubicsymphysis
Rectum
Prostate
Anterior
Mucosal glands
Submucosalglands
Urethra
Main glands
Connectivetissuecapsule
Fibromuscularstroma
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IX. Accessory Glands - Male

• A. External anatomy
• 1. shaft body of the penis
• 2. glans penis the head of the penis dome
  shaped
• 3. prepuce foreskin (removed during
  circumcision)
• B. Internal anatomy - three erectile bodies fill
  with blood on erection
• 1. one corpus spongiosum - surrounds spongy
  urethra
• 2. two coropora cavernosa - contain sinuses
• C. Nervous control
• 1. parasympathetic erection
• 2. sympathetic - ejaculation

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Ureter
Ampulla ofductus deferens
Seminal gland
Urinarybladder
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Prostatic urethra
Orifices ofprostatic ducts
Bulbo-urethralgland and duct
Urogenitaldiaphragm
Intermediatepart of urethra
Bulb of penis
Root of penis
Crus of penis
Bulbo-urethralduct opening
Ductus deferens
Corporacavernosa
Epididymis
Corpusspongiosum
Body of penis
Testis
Section of (b)
Spongy urethra
Glans penis
Prepuce(foreskin)
Externalurethral orifice
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The male perineum
Penis
Scrotum
Pubicsymphysis
Ischialtuberosity
Anus
Coccyx
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X. Accessory Glands - Female

• A. Produces gametes (ova)
• B. Prepares to support a developing embryo
• C. Undergoes changes according to the menstrual
  cycle
• 1. menstrual cycle - affects all female
  reproductive organs
• D. Organs ovaries, uterine (Fallopian) tubes,
  uterus and vagina

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Suspensory ligamentof ovary
Infundibulum
Uterine tube
Ovary
Fimbriae
Peritoneum
Uterus
Uterosacralligament
Round ligament
Perimetrium
Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterinepouch
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Mons pubis
Posterior fornix
Cervix
Urethra
Anterior fornix
Clitoris
Vagina
External urethralorifice
Anus
Hymen
Urogenital diaphragm
Labium minus
Greater vestibulargland
Labium majus
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Suspensoryligamentof ovary
Uterine(fallopian)tube
Ovarian bloodvessels
Fundus of uterus
Uterine tube
Lumen (cavity)of uterus
Ampulla
Ovary
Mesosalpinx
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Mesovarium
Fimbriae
Mesometrium
Round ligamentof uterus
Ovarian ligament
Uterus
Body of uterus
Endometrium
Ureter
Myometrium
Uterine blood vessels
Perimetrium
Isthmus
Internal os
Uterosacral ligament
Cervical canal
Lateral cervical(cardinal) ligament
External os
Lateral fornix
Cervix
Vagina
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XI. Ovaries

• A. Small, almond-shaped organs - produce ova
  through oogenesis
• B. Held in place by ligaments and mesenteries
• 1. broad ligament
• 2. suspensory ligament
• 3. ovarian ligament
• C. Ovarian arteries - arterial supply
• D. Innervated by both divisions of the ANS

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Suspensoryligamentof ovary
Uterine(fallopian)tube
Ovarian bloodvessels
Fundus of uterus
Uterine tube
Lumen (cavity)of uterus
Ampulla
Ovary
Mesosalpinx
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Mesovarium
Fimbriae
Mesometrium
Round ligamentof uterus
Ovarian ligament
Uterus
Body of uterus
Endometrium
Ureter
Myometrium
Uterine blood vessels
Perimetrium
Isthmus
Internal os
Uterosacral ligament
Cervical canal
Lateral cervical(cardinal) ligament
External os
Lateral fornix
Cervix
Vagina
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XII. Internal Structure - Ovaries

• A. Tunica albuginea
• 1. fibrous capsule of the ovary
• 2. covered in simple columnar epithelium
• B. Ovarian cortex site of developing oocytes
• C. Follicles - multicellular sacs housing oocytes
• D. Ovarian medulla - loose connective tissue
• 1. contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and
  nerves

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Germinalepithelium
Tunica albuginea
Cortex
Medulla
Primaryfollicles
Secondaryfollicle
Antrum ofa matureovarian follicle
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XIII. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

• A. Receive oocyte during ovulation
• B. Parts of the uterine tube
• 1.infundibulum - distal end of uterine tube
• a. urrounded by fimbriae
• 2. ampulla - middle third of uterine tube
• a. usual site of fertilization
• 3. isthmus - medial third of uterine tube

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Suspensoryligamentof ovary
Uterine(fallopian)tube
Ovarian bloodvessels
Fundus of uterus
Uterine tube
Lumen (cavity)of uterus
Ampulla
Ovary
Mesosalpinx
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Mesovarium
Fimbriae
Mesometrium
Round ligamentof uterus
Ovarian ligament
Uterus
Body of uterus
Endometrium
Ureter
Myometrium
Uterine blood vessels
Perimetrium
Isthmus
Internal os
Uterosacral ligament
Cervical canal
Lateral cervical(cardinal) ligament
External os
Lateral fornix
Cervix
Vagina
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XIV. Uterus

• A. Lies anterior to rectum - posterior to bladder
• B. Parts of the uterus
• 1. fundus - rounded superior portion
• 2. cervix - neck of uterus
• a. cervical canal - communicates with vagina
  inferiorly
• b. internal os - opening connecting with uterine
  cavity
• c. external os - inferior opening of cervix

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Suspensoryligamentof ovary
Uterine(fallopian)tube
Ovarian bloodvessels
Fundus of uterus
Uterine tube
Lumen (cavity)of uterus
Ampulla
Ovary
Mesosalpinx
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Mesovarium
Fimbriae
Mesometrium
Round ligamentof uterus
Ovarian ligament
Uterus
Body of uterus
Endometrium
Ureter
Myometrium
Uterine blood vessels
Perimetrium
Isthmus
Internal os
Uterosacral ligament
Cervical canal
Lateral cervical(cardinal) ligament
External os
Lateral fornix
Cervix
Vagina
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• C. Uterus is supported by
• 1. mesometrium - anchors uterus to lateral
  pelvic walls
• 2. cardinal ligaments - horizontal from cervix
  and vagina
• 3. round ligaments - bind uterus to the anterior
  pelvic wall
• D. The layers of the uterine wall
• 1. perimetrium - serous layer - is the peritoneum
• 2. myometrium - interlacing bundles of smooth
  muscle
• 3. endometrium - mucosal lining of uterine cavity

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Suspensoryligamentof ovary
Uterine(fallopian)tube
Ovarian bloodvessels
Fundus of uterus
Uterine tube
Lumen (cavity)of uterus
Ampulla
Ovary
Mesosalpinx
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Mesovarium
Fimbriae
Mesometrium
Round ligamentof uterus
Ovarian ligament
Uterus
Body of uterus
Endometrium
Ureter
Myometrium
Uterine blood vessels
Perimetrium
Isthmus
Internal os
Uterosacral ligament
Cervical canal
Lateral cervical(cardinal) ligament
External os
Lateral fornix
Cervix
Vagina
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XV. Vagina

• A. Consists of three coats
• 1. adventitia - fibrous connective tissue
• 2. muscularis - smooth muscle
• 3. mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium
• B. Hymen - an incomplete diaphragm
• C. Fornix - recess formed at the superior part of
  the vagina

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Suspensory ligamentof ovary
Infundibulum
Uterine tube
Ovary
Fimbriae
Peritoneum
Uterus
Uterosacralligament
Round ligament
Perimetrium
Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterinepouch
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Mons pubis
Posterior fornix
Cervix
Urethra
Anterior fornix
Clitoris
Vagina
External urethralorifice
Anus
Hymen
Urogenital diaphragm
Labium minus
Greater vestibulargland
Labium majus
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Suspensoryligamentof ovary
Uterine(fallopian)tube
Ovarian bloodvessels
Fundus of uterus
Uterine tube
Lumen (cavity)of uterus
Ampulla
Ovary
Mesosalpinx
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Mesovarium
Fimbriae
Mesometrium
Round ligamentof uterus
Ovarian ligament
Uterus
Body of uterus
Endometrium
Ureter
Myometrium
Uterine blood vessels
Perimetrium
Isthmus
Internal os
Uterosacral ligament
Cervical canal
Lateral cervical(cardinal) ligament
External os
Lateral fornix
Cervix
Vagina
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XVI. External Genitalia

• A. Mons pubis
• 1. overlies the pubic symphysis
• 2. pubic hair covers after puberty
• B. Labia majora
• 1. homologue of the male scrotum in embryology
• 2. encloses the labia minora
• C. Vestibule
• 1. space between the labia minora
• 2. houses opening to urethra and vagina

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• D. Clitoris
• 1. Anterior to vestibule
• 2. Is erectile tissue
• 3. Homologous to the penis
• E. Female perineum
• 1. anterior boundary - pubic arch
• 2. posterior boundary - coccyx
• 3. lateral boundaries - ischial tuberosities

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Labia majora
Mons pubis
Labia minora
Prepuce of clitoris
External urethralorifice
Clitoris (glans)
Vestibule
Hymen (ruptured)
Vaginal orifice
Anus
Opening of the ductof the greatervestibular
gland
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Clitoris
Labia minora
Labia majora
Pubic symphysis
Anus
Body of clitoris, containingcorpora cavernosa
Inferior pubicramus
Clitoris (glans)
Crus of clitoris
Externalurethral orifice
Bulb ofvestibule
Vaginal orifice
Greater vestibulargland
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XVII. Mammary Glands
A. Major structures 1. areola dark patch of
skin on surface 2. nipple orifice for delivery
of milk 3. lobes site of glands for milk
production a. lobule small structures within
each lobe b. lactiferous duct carries milk
from each lobule c. lactiferous sinus small
chamber next to the nipple 4. suspensory
ligaments surround each lobule a. become
stretched when lump is present (e.g. cancer) b.
results in indentation of the skin above
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First rib
Skin (cut)
Pectoralis major muscle
Suspensory ligament
Adipose tissue
Lobe
Areola
Nipple
Opening of lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Lobule containing alveoli
Hypodermis(superficial fascia)
Intercostal muscles
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Mammogram procedure
Malignancy
Film of normalbreast
Film of breastwith tumor