1/17 Focus:

1

• 1/17 Focus
• Early Humans survived by hunting and gathering
  until some people began to practice agriculture
  about the end of the last ice age
• Do Now
• Identify one group that helped preserve Greek and
  Roman knowledge after the fall of Rome.

2
Midterm Review
3
Important terms Word Bank
Subsistence farming
Cultural Diffusion
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Natural Barriers
Timeline
Ethnocentrism
4
Important Terms

• The exchange of ideas, customs, goods, and
  technologies among cultures
• Mountains, deserts, oceans are examples of
  factors that limit the movement of groups of
  people
• A first hand source of information
• Sources of information that usually occur after
  the event happened
• Farming enough just to survive
• a tool which shows the chronological order of
  events
• Belief that ones culture is superior to all
  others

• Cultural Diffusion
• Natural Barriers
• Primary Source
• Secondary Source
• Subsistence farming
• Timeline
• Ethnocentrism

5
Sample Questions

• 1. The main purpose of a time line is to show the
• (1) causes and effects of wars
• (2) location of important places
• (3) benefits of modern civilizations
• (4) chronological relationship between
• events
•  
• 2. Which source of information is considered a
  primary source?
• (1) travel diary of Ibn Battuta
• (2) modern novel about the Golden Age of
• Islam
• (3) textbook on the history of North Africa
• (4) dictionary of English words adapted from
• Arabic

• 3. Which document is an example of a primary
  source?
• (1) a novel on the Age of Discovery
• (2) a diary of a Holocaust survivor
• (3) a textbook on Latin American history
• (4) an encyclopedia article on Songhai
• culture
•  
• 4. The term subsistence farmers refers to
  people who grow
• (1) enough food to feed an entire village
• (2) food to sell in village markets
• (3) just enough food to meet the needs of
• the immediate family
• (4) a single cash crop

6
Primary Sources vs. Secondary Sources
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Textbook
Journal Entry
Video showing President Kennedy being
assassinated
Wikipedia entry about ancient China
Autobiography
Documentary on Ancient Egypt
Newspaper article written during the Civil War
Biography
7
Fields of Study

• Description

• Fields of Study

• Study of ancient remains and artifacts of culture
  
• Study of the exchange of goods and services
  scarcity of resources
• Study of the earth and its features, location
  movement of people
• Study of society
• Study of historical events uses primary sources
• Study of the origin, physical development, and
  culture of humans

• Archeology
• Economics
• Geography
• Sociologist
• History
• Anthropology

8
Sample Questions

• 1. Which social scientist primarily studies how
  people change resources into goods and services?
• archaeologist
• economist
• (3) sociologist
• (4) psychologist

• 2. Which social scientists are best known for
  studying the physical artifacts of a culture?
• geographers
• economists
• (3) archaeologists
• (4) sociologists

3. Which aspect of social science would a
geographer be most likely study? (1) how
beliefs influence a group (2) how economic
events influence history (3) how location
influences how we live (4) how people make
decisions about government
9
Human Origins

• The belief that human life began in the Great
  Rift Valley or East Africa is known as
  the__________________ theory. A leading
  archeologist who supports this theory is Mary
  _______________

Answers Out of Africa Theory Leakey
10
Early Humans

• Neolithic Era

• Paleolithic Era

• Start of Agriculture
• Domestication of Animals
• Farming communities developed
• Allowed for the birth of cities and then
  civilizations
• A major turning point in human history

• Nomadic people
• Basic stone age tools such as flint
• Primarily hunter/gathers
• Moved with their food sources

11
Sample Questions
1. The Neolithic Revolution is considered a
turning point in history because it (1)
influenced climatic changes (2) included the
domestication of plants and animals (3)
encouraged a nomadic lifestyle (4) caused a
decline in population
2. The Neolithic Revolution was characterized by
the (1) change from nomadic herding to settled
farming (2) growth of iron tool-making
technology (3) migration of early peoples to the
Americas (4) decline of large empires
3. What was an important result of the Neolithic
Revolution? (1) Food supplies became more
reliable. (2) New sources of energy became
available. (3) People became more nomadic. (4)
Populations declined.
12
8 Features of Civilizations
B
A
Art/Architecture
Organized Religion
13
8 Features of Civilizations
C
D
Cities
Job Specialization
14
8 Features of Civilizations
E
F
Government
Public Works
15
8 Features of Civilizations
G
H
System of Writing
Social Classes
16

• 1/15 Focus
• The worlds first civilizations developed in
  River Valleys.
• The people of these civilizations not only formed
  empires but developed writing and religious
  traditions
• Do Now
• Identify one early form of writing

17
River Valley Civilizations

• List three common characteristics found in each
  of these locations.

18
River Valley Civilizations

• Identify the civilization that each geographic
  characteristic is most closely associated.

Himalayas (2)
Khyber Pass
Nile River Valley
Waterfalls and Sahara Desert
Tigris Euphrates
Fertile Crescent
Unpredictable River flooding (3)
Yellow River
Gobi Desert
Indus River
Hindu Kush
Predictable Flooding (1)
Monsoons
Natural Barriers (3)
Lack of Natural Barriers
19
River Valley Civilizations

• Identify the civilization that each term is
  associated with

Ziggurats
Mohenjo-Daro
Book of the Dead
Han Dynasty
Pyramids
Dynastic Cycle
Hieroglyphics
Caste System
Maurya and Gupta Empires
Harappa
Aryans
Cuneiform
Mandate of Heaven
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Pharaohs
Gilgamesh
20
Sample Questions
These architectural achievements best indicate
that (1) advanced technology existed in early
civilizations (2) religion was of little
importance (3) entertainment was important to
these ancient societies (4) trade routes existed
between China and the Americas
One similarity between the ancient civilizations
in Egypt and in China is that they developed (1)
nomadic lifestyles (2) monotheistic belief
systems (3) democratic governments (4) written
forms of communication
21

• 1/21 Focus
• Early empires had different ideas about
  government and the role of citizens.
• Athens in Greece developed the form of government
  known as democracy and Rome developed the
  republic.
• Do Now
• What is Dharma?

22
Religions

• Early humans believed that everything living and
  nonliving in nature has a spirit this is known
  as _____________

Animism
23
Religions

• Polytheism
• Monotheism
• Judaism and Christianity
• Islam
• Buddhism
• Confucianism

• Belief in many gods
• Belief in one god
• All religions have rules or codes of behavior
• 10 Commandments
• Five Pillars
• Eightfold Path
• Five Relationships

24
Hinduism and Buddhism

• Reincarnation
• Dharma
• Karma
• Moksha
• Nirvana

• The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth
• The moral and religious duties expected of a
  person
• What you do in this life effects your next life
• Union with the Brahman (Atman)
• enlightenment

25
Religions

• Compare and contrast Hinduism and Buddhism

Reincarnation
Eightfold Path
Karma
Dharma
Brahman
Atman
Moksha
Nirvana
The Caste System
Founded by Siddhartha Guatma
No founder
Four Noble Truths
26
Chinese Belief Systems

• Philosophies (Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism)
• Identify the philosophy associated with each
  term, name, or statement

The Five Relationships
Harsh penalties for breaking laws
Filial Piety
Seek a balance with nature
Strict control of education and free thinking
Lao Tzu
The Way
Placed high value on education rather than
punishment
27
Sample Questions

• 1. One way in which the Five Relationships, the
  Ten Commandments, and the Eightfold Path are
  similar is that they
• promote polytheism
• provide codes of behavior
• establish gender equality
• describe secularism

• 2. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are similar
  in that they all ask their followers to
• believe in reincarnation
• strive for nirvana
• (3) follow a code of behavior
• (4) practice polytheism

28
Sample Questions

• 3. Which action is most closely associated with
  polytheism?
• praying in a synagogue
• worshipping many gods
• accepting the Eightfold Path
• (4) reading the Koran

4. The five relationships taught by Confucius
encouraged people to (1) improve their position
in life (2) maintain social and political
order (3) respect and worship nature (4) serve
the needs of religious leaders
29
Sample Questions

• 5. Which factor most influenced a persons social
  position in early Indian societies?
• education
• geographic location
• birth
• individual achievement

• Buddhism is introduced into Japan around A.D.
  1200.
• Islam extends from the Middle East into Spain
  by A.D. 732.
• Catholic and Protestant missionaries bring
  Christianity to Africa in the 1800s.
• 6. Each of these statements reflects the concept
  of
• cultural diffusion
• civil disobedience
• urbanization
• isolationism

30
Codes of Law

• Earliest evidence of codified law eye for an eye
  if citizens are of equal classes
• Code of Law in Ancient Rome
• Developed by the Emperor Justinian preserved
  Roman Law
• Developed during the Maurya Dynasty in India
  displayed on Pillars throughout the empire

• Code of Hammurabi
• 12 Tables of Rome
• Justinians Code
• Pillars of Asoka

31
Sample Questions

• 1. The Code of Hammurabi was a major contribution
  to the development of civilization because it
• treated citizens and slaves equally
• recorded existing laws for all to see
• (3) ended all physical punishment
• (4) rejected the principle of filial piety

• 2. The importance of the Code of Hammurabi, the
  Twelve Tables, and the Justinian Code is that
  they
• established legal principles
• provided religious freedom
• (3) instituted democratic governments
• (4) promoted equality for all classes

32
Greece

• Geography
• Mountainous terrain led to the formation of
  __________________
• Greece is a __________________ surrounded by the
  Aegean, Ionian, and Mediterranean Sea
• Coastline of Greece is irregular which gives them
  natural _________________

• City States
• Peninsula
• Harbors

33
Greece

• Athens

• Sparta

• Practiced direct democracy
• Citizens played a direct role in government
• Focused on education
• Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle emphasized
  philosophy and reason

• Focused on Military
• Education was focused on military training

34
Alexander the Great

• Established a large empire that spread from
  Greece to India and spread into the Middle East
  and Egypt
• Created Hellenistic Culture which blended
• __________________
• _________________
• __________________
• ___________________
• This is an example of __________

• Indian
• Egyptian
• Persian
• Greek
• Cultural Diffusion

35
Rome

• Low hills and few natural barriers allowed for
  the Italian peninsula to be easily _________
• Peninsula located in the ___________________Sea
• allowed for ______ and _______________

• United
• Mediterranean
• Trade
• Expansion

36
Rome

• Government in Rome was a _____________
• Citizens elected their officials to make laws
• Caesar became a _________________ and limited the
  power of the Senate
• Augustus Caesar became the first
  _________________ marking the end of the Republic

• Republic
• Dictator
• Emperor

37
Sample Questions
1. What was one cause of the development of many
small independent city-states in ancient
Greece? (1) Greece and Rome were often at war.
(2) The mountainous terrain of Greece resulted
in widely scattered settlements. (3) Military
leaders found small Greek settlements easy to
control. (4) The Greek people had many different
languages and religions.

• 2. One contribution of ancient Roman culture was
  the development of
• the concept of zero
• a republican form of government
• the process of making silk
• the printing press

38
Zhou Dynasty
Qin Dynasty
Han Dynasty
39
Maurya Empire
Gupta Empire
40
Sample Questions

• 3. In a comparison of the ancient cities of
  Athens and Sparta, Sparta placed more emphasis on
• education
• family order
• military service
• human rights
•  
• 4. Which society practiced direct democracy?
• ancient Athens
• Gupta Empire
• dynastic China
• early Egypt

41
Sample Questions

• 5. In Western Europe, the Middle Ages began after
  the collapse of which empire?
• Mughal
• Ottoman
• Roman
• Byzantine
•  
• 6. What was one effect of Alexander the Greats
  conquests?
• expansion of Hellenistic culture
• decreased importance of the Silk Roads
• formation of the Christian church
• increased support of the Mayan leaders

42
Feudalism

• Political and social system based on the granting
  of land in exchange for loyalty, military
  assistance, and other services
• Land for protection

43
Manorial System

• An economic system in the Middle Ages that was
  built around farming on large estates called
  manors
• Manors were self-sufficient
• Produced everything they need on the manor