Title: Factions Electoral Practices Political Parties Special Interest Groups The Media
1Factions Electoral Practices Political
Parties Special Interest Groups The Media
- AP Comparative Government
- Unit IV- Part 2
2Organizing the Polity
- Definition of Politics
- Activities surrounding election to an office
- Seeking power and control
- Establishing public policy
- Promoting change
- A method for people to get what they want
- Interest aggregation
3Who are the Political Elites?
- Recruitment -- anyone is eligible . . . BUT
- Tends to be MALE-dominated in our 6 states
- Female involvement in 2006 local elections in GB
- Middle or upper class background
- If from lower class they generally have
enlightened backgrounds - Training is usually absorbed with education and
getting involved within the party system - Communist systems also pursue trained
technicians people who will attack the
bureaucracy ideologically.
4Political Party
- Group that tries to achieve power through
election - Parties use organized attempts to get power
- Goals
- win representation and power
- nation-building
- mobilization - whip up the masses
5Political Party
- Political party bases of support are drawn from
- Social class SES
- Religious connections
- Ethnic differences
- Gender
- Age
- Regionalism
6Political Party Functions
- Nomination of candidates
- Information
- Interest articulation -- i.e. former Soviet Union
allowed spokesmen at all levels of government - Vehicle for citizen participation
- Recruitment- of elites and others
- Communication -- watchdog
- Interest aggregation --legislation on issues
- Policy-making outputs
- Policy implementation- Bureaucrats oversees
7One- Party States
- Democracy is a way to mobilize the masses. . .
not just a way to voice ones opinions. . . - Democratic centralism-- all leaders are voted in,
and the top calls the shots. - Lack of diversity
- No watchdogs of power
- Lack of powerful factions
- No voice for change
- Turnover of power diminished
- Interest aggregation lessened
8Political Participation
- How do voters participate and achieve political
efficacy? - 1. Vote, follow voting patterns
- 2. Join the party
- 3. Civil disobedience--demonstrations.
- 4. Enter campaigns -- Elites
- 5. Monetary contributions-- SIGS PACS
- 6. Riots, VIOLENCE
- 7. No support- apathy
9Interest Aggregation
- Another Way to Participate and Affect Change
- The political demands of groups and individuals
are combined into policy programs. - Bringing people of like minds together to seek
change or make demands on the government - A way for members of a society to express their
needs to a system of government - Includes Interest groups and Competitive party
systems
10Interest Group Systems
- Pluralist Interest
- Group Systems
- Multiple groups may represent a single societal
interest - Group membership voluntary and limited
- Groups often have a loose or decentralized
organizational structure - A clear separation between interest groups and
the government
- Corporatist Systems
- Controlled Interest Group Systems
- Democratic Corporatist Interest Group Systems
- A single group for each social sector
- Membership is often compulsory and often
universal - Each group is normally hierarchically organized
- Groups are controlled by the government or its
agents in order to mobilize support for
government policy - Groups are often systematically involved in
making and implementing policy
11Corporatism v. Pluralism
- Pluralistic groups
- Dont necessarily have government support
- Membership is not mandatory for interest groups
- Decentralized decision making.
- Interest groups compete with each other for
influence. - Not necessarily involved in policy making.
- Distant authoritative influence because the
interest groups may not have the ear of
government - Conflictual and informal relationships.
- Corporatist Groups
- Consensual and formal relationships with
government - A select number of groups (business, labor,
NGOs) interact with government to make policy. - Govt accepts their input as the groups seek a
common good in controlling policy making. - Group membership is compulsory.
- Decision-making is hierarchical and very
centralized. - Weak patron-client connections if at all.
- This is not a camarilla
12The Four Types of Interest GroupsAs identified
by Gabriel Almond
- Institutional Groups
- mostly formal and have some other political or
social function in addition to the particular
interest. - Government agencies and bureaus
- Military groups
- Associational Groups
- formed explicitly to represent an issue of a
particular group - Unions
- Gun right groups
- Medical issue groups
- Anomic Groups
- generally spontaneous groups with a collective
response to a particular frustration - Poll tax rebellion
- Mexican assassinations
- Non-associational Groups
- rarely well organized and their activity is
dependent upon the issue at hand. - They differ from Anomic groups in that they are
usually similar to one another and have a common
identity. - Ethnic groups
13Clientelism
- Clientelism refers to a form of social
organization common in many developing regions
characterized by "patron-client" relationships. - In such places, relatively powerful and rich
"patrons" promise to provide relatively powerless
and poor "clients" with jobs, protection,
infrastructure, and other benefits in exchange
for votes and other forms of loyalty including
labor. - These relationships are typically exploitative,
often resulting in the perpetual indebtedness of
the clients in what is described as a
"debt-peonage" relationship. - In some instances, patrons employ coercion,
intimidation, sabotage, and even violence to
maintain control, and some fail to deliver on
their promises. - Moreover, patrons are oftentimes unaccountable
for their actions. Thus relationships are often
corrupt and unfair, thereby obstructing the
processes of implementing true sustainability.
14Same Song, Different Tune
- Prebendelism in Nigeria
- Very much prevalent in the social and political
fabric of Nigeria. In fact, this corruption is so
stubbornly ingrained within the societies of
Nigeria that little has been done to end the
corruption. - Camarilla in Mexico
- A politicians personal following a group of
individuals with a common political interest. - Guanxi in China
- Describes the basic dynamic in the complex nature
of personalized networks of influence and social
relationships, and is a central concept in
Chinese society - Nomenklatura in Russia
- A small, elite subset of the general population
in the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc
countries who held various key administrative
positions in all spheres of those countries'
activity government, industry, agriculture,
education, etc.
15Voting and Elections
- How often do people vote?
- Who do the people vote for?
- What are the types of voting patterns?
-
16Great Britain
17Influences on British Factions
- Pragmatic ideology-- promoted suffrage
- embody Noblesse oblige
- Welfare state, w/o socialist roots
- centralized economy. . . works best
- London stronghold
- trade unions -- TUC-- heavy welfare--oriented
- Financial sector
- CORPORATISM
18Great Britain Voting and Elections
- Great Britain- Unitary system
- Voting is easy and uncomplicated
- House of Commons
- Single-member plurality voting system.
- Do not need Majority to be successful, just win
the most votes of those running. - Party chooses candidates of MP, not the voter
- Prime Minister
- PM is not on a national ballot
- PM has power to call new elections
- Uses public opinion to time for best personal
advantage
19Westminster system
- The Westminster System is a democratic system of
government modeled after that of the United
Kingdom and in used in a number of Commonwealth
nations such as Canada, Australia, Singapore,
Jamaica, Ireland, New Zealand, and India
20The Two Major Political Parties in GB
- Labour Party
- Crisis-motivated radicalization of 1960s and
70s - New Labour was a third way
- Blairs waning popularity at the end of his term
led to PM Gordon Browns unpopularity in 09 - Current shadow minister Ed Milliband
- The Conservatives (Tories)
- Noblesse oblige
- Organization
- Thatcherism and after
- Big Society ideas
- David Cameron- current Prime Minister
21Other Political Parties in GB
- The Liberal Democrats merger of the Liberals
and the Social Democrats (SDP) - Has the largest members of all the third parties
and currently is part of a coalition government - Deputy PM Nick Clegg
- Other Minor Parties the rise in Scottish,
Welsh, and Irish nationalism has led to moderate
growth in support for regional parties.
22Public Policy of the 1980s The Thatcher
Revolution
- The Domestic politics of Margaret Thatcher (The
Iron Lady) - The retreat from the commanding heights
- Nationalizing and privatizing
- Rolling back the welfare state
- PROS AND CONS
- Thatchers supporters say she saved the British
economy by bring both inflation and unemployment
under control and by creating a more dynamic
private sector. - Thatchers detractors say she created new
problems and exacerbated existing ones by
widening the gap between rich and poor and by
allowing public services to deteriorate.
23Conservatives Demise in late 20th Century
- 1997 Conservative vote was lowest in 20th century
- Were citizens tired of its rule?
- Conservative party is now an English party.
- New London mayor is a Tory
- Labour won 2/3 of seats w/ only 43 of vote.--
because of electoral process. - Thatcher did the dirty work during her reign to
stay in control - Majors couldnt keep party under control and lost
election of 97 and the rematch in 02.
24Public Policy of the 1990s The Blair Revolution
- Domestic Politics of Tony Blair
- Did not roll back all of Thatchers (and John
Majors) reforms - The New Deal
- Government spending as a percentage of GNP shrank
- Welfare that gave recipients skills to find jobs
rather than just benefits - Tuition increase
- Placed a tolling London drivers to reduce traffic
congestion - PROS AND CONS
- Blairs supporters say he created the Third Way
combining the best aspects of the socialist goals
commitment to equality with a market economy. - Blairs detractors say he sold out the left and
created Thatcher lite.
25British 'Pressure Groups'
- Pressure groups are organizations which aim to
influence Parliament and government in the way
that decisions are made and carried out. - They have become much more important in politics
in recent years, with many people no longer
choosing to involve themselves in the traditional
political parties and instead to work through
single-issue groups. - There is a huge range of pressure groups,
campaigning on issues including animal welfare,
education, the environment, equality for ethnic
minorities, health, housing, rural affairs and
welfare rights. - Some pressure groups work through radical protest
- Yet, others seek influence in more traditional
ways, - for example by encouraging people to write to
their MPs or petition the government.
26Types of British Pressure Groups
- Pressure groups are often divided into Sectional
Groups and Cause Groups, the former also being
known as Interest groups. - Sectional or Interest groups exist to defend and
promote the material interests of their members. - Trades unions, and trade associations are
examples, together with groups such as the
National Farmers' Union. - Cause Groups, as the name indicates exist to
promote a cause which has nothing to do with
members' material welfare. - Such groups campaign for a cause nuclear
disarmament, the abolition of blood sports,
restrictions on abortion, are all examples of the
policies Cause Groups strive to achieve.
27Important British Business and Labor Unions
- The Confederation of British Industry
- The CBI helps create and sustain the conditions
in which businesses in the United Kingdom can
compete and prosper for the benefit of all. - The top lobbying organization for UK business on
national and international issues. - The Trades Union Congress
- TUC has 58 affiliated unions
- TUC membership now stands at 58 unions,
representing nearly six and a half million people
28Media in the U.K.
- The British Broadcasting Company started life in
1922, when the government licensed the UK's six
major radio manufacturers to form the new outfit. - NOT a government service
- Licensed by the government
- BBC Motto "Nation shall speak peace unto Nation".
http//www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc//innovation/i
ndex.shtml
29Mexico
30Mexico Voting and Elections
- Mexico- Federal system
- A former one-party system/dominant one-party
system - PRI now challenged by left (PRD) and right (PAN
- President has 1 six-year term
- Bicameral Congress
- Senate- 6-year terms
- Federal Chamber of Deputies- 3-year terms
- Most are single-member districts but some are
elected by proportional representation
31How to Take and Maintain Power in Mexico
- For an political party to be successful in
Mexico, it must convince the people that it can
lead - Machismo
- The PRI made a good case that it was the only
party able to govern. (fear of the unknown) - If other parties manage that situation w/o a
violent exchanges in the future, they will have a
chance at success.
32Traditional Mexican Politics
- A corporationist approach to interest
representation. - If one needs policy, join the camarilla.
- In order for progress to occur, Mexico must
control praetorianism (the control of a society
by force or fraud) - Must be leaders not ideologists
- Presidential powers are authoritarian in nature
- Whole system reeks of Presidents personality
- Personalism
- Patron-client and Caciquisimo (boss-politics)
attitudes are very evident. - President must balance all the players (elites,
SIGS, other parties) to rule effectively - Co-optation is evident and effective to head off
political opponents.
33Pre- 2000 MexicoThe Traditional One- Party State
- Party President Power!
- Secretary General
- National Executive Committee CEN
- National assembly (purpose - Support and
Legitimize the presidency) - PRI Also controlled the
- CFE (Federal election Commission)
- CNC (Peasants, Ejiditarious)
- BUO-CTM (Labour) (oil)
- CNOP (Popular Sector )
34MEXICO and the PRI
- How did the PRI maintain control despite its
record of corruption? - Revolutionary fervor
- Legitimacy through election
- 2/3 vote in old days (1988)
- A semblance that it was working
- Open trade policy w/the U.S.
- NAFTA
- Weak opposition
- It had the network (Patron Client)
- The camarilla was strong
35Other Mexican Parties
- PAN Partido Acción Nacional (National Action
Party) - Church backed, business, wealthy supports it,
North is strong hold urban middle class --
support conservative issues. Cardenitas
anti-NAFTA. Gubernatorial support. - Zedillo brought them into the administration.
- PAN has been rid with factions, taking away its
strength. - Too often the PRI has taken its issues
(privatization, closer ties the US) and used
them. - Fox shifted emphasis to corruption
- PRD Democratic Revolutionary party
- attacked corrupt campaign policies in 2006
- They get their support from frustrated middle
class . anti NAFTA - More of a regional threat, not national but close
to winning in 06. - too left for most, but not communist.
- PRI hates the PRD, and has punished it in the
past so no chance for coalition (?)
36More Mexican Parties
- Communists (PCM - PSUM)
- anti-Soviet Union, moderate (former Trotskys)
- Socialists
- PPS - Anti-US, pro PRI, Nationalization
- PST - socialists workers party, pro-oil platform
- PMT
- Mexican workers party, price controls,
nationalization of oil resources will produce
boom for consumer goods - PRT
- Revolutionary party of the workers --
intellectuals anti-Soviet Union - Pro-Trotsky. .
. Ran first woman for President in 1994.
37The Downfall of the PRI
- President Salinas (1988) established the
National Solidarity Program to rid the PRI of
the old sectores, and bring in new blood. - This program rejuvenated the PRI and brought
great success in the 1992 elections but less in
1994 - President Zedillo (1994) who lacked a strong
camarilla, exposed the PRI to scrutiny ( much
like Gorbachev) and road a tide of political
dissent
38The Fall of the PRI
- Numerous electoral reforms implemented since 1989
progressively opened the Mexican political
system, and opposition parties have made historic
gains in elections at all levels. - At the same time, this opening left Mexicos
political institutions divided.
39The Fall of the PRI- 2000
- Elected in 2000, Vicente Fox is credited with
ending one-party rule and consolidating the
opening of Mexicos political system. - His victory ended the Institutional Revolutionary
Partys (PRI) 71-year hold on the presidency. - President Fox completed his term on December 1,
2006, when Felipe Calderon assumed the
presidency. - Under Fox, Mexicos highest office became a true
constitutional presidency, considerably weakened
in comparison to the PRI years by the PANs lack
of control over the Congress.
402006 Presidential Race
- Felipe Calderón
- National Action Party (PAN)
- 35.89
- Andrés Manuel López Obrador
- Coalition for the Good of All (PRD, PT, CV)
- 35.31
- Roberto Madrazo
- Alliance for Mexico (PRI, PVEM)
- 22.26
- Patricia Mercado
- Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party
- 2.70
412006 Legislative Elections
- National Action Party (PAN)
- 33
- Coalition for the Good of All (PRD, CT, PT)
- 29
- Alliance for Mexico (PRI, PVEM)
- 28
- New Alliance Party
- 4.5
- Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party
- 2
42The most interesting aspect of the election was
that the two other main parties, the right-center
PAN, and the leftist PRD ran coalition candidates
for governor in five states and were victorious
in three.
2010 Governorships The PRI won nine of the 12
governorships, but held nine governorships before
the election.
432012 Presidential Elections
- PRI- 39.19- Enrique Peña Nieto
- PRD- 32.42- Manual López Obrador
- PAN 26.05- Josifina Vázquez Mota
- New Alliance 2.34-Gabriel Quadri del Toro
http//usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/20
12-07-02/mexico-president-PRI/55989276/1
442012 Election PRI and Peña Nieto in green PRD and
López Obrador in yellow PAN and Vázquez Mota in
blue
45(No Transcript)
46(No Transcript)
47The NEW (?) PRI- 2012-?
- PRI DID NOT fade away.
- It has an elaborate camarilla, budget and media
support. - Corruption is helpful, stuffing ballot boxes,
changing sites etc. - IFE clamped down on some fraud but 2006 led to an
uprising in Mexico City in support for the PRDs
Obrador.
- PRI is rural based for support.
- So massive migrations to city has hurt the
ability to control support. - Women support it more than men.
- PRI stresses Campaign of fear which bothers
women more. - Labor and older voters also support it.
48Mexican Interest Groups
- Military SIGS
- Budget influences protecting the country, not
the PRI. - Corporation SIGS
- Macquiadoras
- CFE Federal Electricity Commission
- The state-controlled CFE fuels some of its
northern power plants with coal mined in Mexico
but has to import coal for its distant Pacific
coast plants. It is struggling with depleted
reserves after a tender last year to supply its
needs for 2008 was canceled due to high prices. - Large industrialists SIGS
- Drug Lords SIGS
49PEMEX
- (Petraleos Mexicanos) is the world's
fifth-largest oil company. - It is protected from competition in Mexico,
where it enjoys a legal monopoly on the
exploration, processing and sale of petroleum. - After prolonged controversy, President Lázaro
Cárdenas expropriated all foreign oil interests
on March 18, 1938, and set up Pemex to manage the
consolidated industry. - In 2008 the Mexican Congress passed a series of
energy reforms that included provisions to allow
private investment in Pemex. - The approval was highly controversial, as the oil
industry is required by the Mexican constitution
to remain state-owned.
50Mexican Media
- Telmex has 80 of Mexicos landlines, and about
75 of its broadband connections. - Telcel, its sister company, has 70 of the mobile
market. - Both now belong to América Móvil, which belong to
Carlos Slim - America Movil operates across 18 countries in the
Americas and is the biggest or second-biggest
player in all but three. - With nearly 250m subscribers, it is the worlds
third-biggest mobile-phone company, and accounts
for about 60 of Mr Slims wealth.
51The Toallagate ScandalFYI-The word towel
translates to toalla in Spanish
- Expense reports showed that President Vincente
Fox spent 440,000 to decorate two cabins in the
Presidential estate, Los Pinos. - Especially controversial were the 400 spent on
each of various embroidered towels. - In a country where the per capita Gross National
Product is approximately US 3,670, the costs
were simply unfathomable to an average Mexican. - Fox quickly thereafter accepted the resignation
of longtime friend, Carlos Rojas, who had been
appointed to manage official expenditures. - He then put a positive spin on the sticky
situation, saying that the transparency of the
government's activity is a step in the right
democratic direction, simultaneously denying any
involvement in the purchase of the renovation
items.
52Russia
53Russia Voting and Elections
- Russia- Federal system
- Russian president now may serve 2 now 6-yr terms
- Modeled on the French 2-round system
- Round 2 is between top two candidates if no one
gets 50 of popular vote (Putin 71 in 2004 and
64 in 2012 ) - President names Prime Minister
- Must be confirmed by Legislature
- Bicameral Legislature- Split Electoral System
- State Duma- 4-year terms (direct election)
- ½ of seats are selected by proportional
representation to elect candidates ½ by
single-member districts with plurality win - Federation Council- (Indirect election) selected
by governor and legislatures
54RUSSIA-- Statism to Pluralism
- Pre-1993
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)
- THE party directed participation
- Post-1993
- How replace a one-party system??
- Answer -- with 42 parties but only 1 with power.
? - Old nomenklatura still holding their own.
- United Russia filling gap between eras
- Intellengtsia still controls elections, but
new breed of Russian elite is transforming. - The worker is being replaced by the educated
technocrat. - Some groups have recently demonstrated during
elections as democratic groups try to find their
way.
552007 Parliamentary Elections
- Opposition leader Garry Kasparov, the former
chess champion, denounced the vote as the most
unfair and dirtiest in the whole history of
modern Russia.
http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/220854382
2085438
56An opposition activist presents flowers to
Russian riot police blocking protesters from
reaching the Central Election Commission
headquarters in 2007
572008 Presidential Election
- Russia had almost 109 million registered voters,
and election turnout was estimated at 64, higher
than in 2004. - Dmitry Medvedev United Russia - 69.59
- Gennady Zyuganov Communist Party - 18.16
- Vladimir Zhirinovsky Liberal Democrats of Russia
- 9.71 - Andrei Bogdanov Independent (member of
Democratic Party) - 1.27 - Two Different Viewpoints
- http//www.csmonitor.com/slideshows/2008/kirill/
- http//www.csmonitor.com/slideshows/2008/putin/
58Duma Elections 2011 The Duma has 450 seats.
Parties not making the Duma's 5 threshold
Yabloko, 3.3 Patriots of Russia 0.97 Right
Cause 0.59 Source Electoral Commission.
Results are based on 96 of the vote. Turnout was
60.
59http//www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/05/putin-
protesters-moscow
60Russian Interest Groups
- The CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union)
used to control them - Now, other groups are fighting for influence
- Oligarchs
- New entrepreneurs
- Womens groups (Women of Russia)
- Labor unions (FITU)
- Private farmers
- Bureaucrats
- Civic union members
- centrist in name only
61The Media in Russia
- Russian TV is dominated by channels that are
either run directly by the state or owned by
companies with close links to the Kremlin. - The government controls Channel One and Russia
One - two of the three main federal channels -
while state-controlled energy giant Gazprom owns
NTV. - Critics say independent reporting has suffered as
a result
62Anna Politkovskaya
- Anna Politkovskaya, an investigative journalist
who was a strident critic of the Kremlin, was
murdered in 2006. - Her killing underlined the shrinking freedom
allowed dissenters in Russian society, provoked
international outrage and cast a shadow over
Putins Russia - She documented torture, mass executions,
kidnapping and the sale by Russian soldiers of
Chechen corpses to their families for proper
Islamic burial.
- When he heard of her death, Putin remarked, that
"the level of her influence on political life in
Russia was utterly insignificant."
63EKHO No more?
- Ekho Moskvy, a liberal radio station, has always
stood out as a voice of opposition. - Despite being two-thirds owned by Gazprom Media,
an arm of Russias gas monopoly, it has aired
acerbic criticism of the Kremlin and invited
guests blacklisted by state television. - .Alexei Venediktov, the stations long-serving
editor, is set to lose his place on the board, as
are two independent members. - Journalists on the board will be replaced by
managers and an independent seat will go to a
former classmate of Dmitry Medvedev
64China
65The Communist Party of China
- The CPC is the party in power in the country.
- Also known as the CCP (Chinese Communist Party)
- It is a unified entity organized by the
constitution and the principle of democratic
centralism. - The CCP/CPC has both central and local
organizations.
66The Communist Party of China
- The Constitution of the Communist Party of China
stipulates that any Chinese worker, farmer,
member of the armed forces, intellectual and any
advanced element of other social strata who has
reached the age of 18 and who accepts the program
and constitution of the CPC and is willing to
join and work in one of the Party organizations,
carry out the Party decisions and pay membership
dues regularly may apply for membership in the
CPC.
67CCP Party Organization
- Party members work at local level to advance
party position at national level - PPO- primary party organization is lowest level
- CCP -- designing the new socialist man
- 78 million people as members!!!!!
- 5.6 of population of China
68Four values of CCP
- Collectivism
- Struggle and activism
- Egalitarianism populism
- Self-reliance
- Maos Mass Line to Democracy Movement
69China Voting and Elections
- China- Unitary system
- Local elections are for national party positions
only - Each level of the party elects the one directly
above it Old Soviet system - No national voting for government leaders.
- Multiple candidates allowed at lower levels
- Some districts use secret ballots.
- 30 Million CCP cadres are nervous system of
China - Who ever controls them, controls China
70Voting in Chinese Villages
- The practice of village self-government in China
since the mid-1980s has had enormous
accomplishments. - Village self-government has directly affected the
development of democracy at the grassroots level.
- The number of regions in which village
self-government and village elections are
practiced is increasing - Village elections are becoming more democratic
and its procedures more standardized.
71Voting in Chinese Villages
- SO does this mean that democracy is taking root
in China??? - YES!
- The system of village elections not only has
empowered millions of peasants at different
levels, it is also fundamentally changing the
rural socio-political environment and its power
structure. - The experiment of village self-government and
village elections, as a new political element and
also institutional variable, has triggered a
series of changes in politics as well as in the
entire society, generating ever greater positive
impact on democratization nationwide
72Voting in Chinese Villages
- SO does this mean that democracy is taking root
in China??? - NO!!!
- The PARTY still is control of elections in China,
even at the village level - In fact, far from being perfect, the reality of
the village self-government and direct elections
leaves much to be desired from both popular
expectations and legal requirements. - At the macro level, much difference exists in
levels of democratic development among different
regions.
73Communist Party Control
- CCP is socializing agent
- Propaganda and education
- Central Committee used to call the shots, now
influence is waning. - Market economy is making the Party Unit an
relic of Mao era. - Mass campaign approach still beneficial
- 100 Flowers Movement (1956-57)
- Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred
schools of thought contend is the policy for
promoting progress in the arts and the sciences
and a flourishing socialist culture in our land."
- Implemented gender-free reforms
- Democracy Movement of 1989
- Squashed at Tiananmen Square
74Mass Movements
- Large scale organization of workers
- Multiple candidates in some cases
- Secret ballots are allowed in some cases
- Guanxi still important
- Patron Client relationship
- 89 Democracy Movement attempt to unload Dengs
opposition -- - At Tiananmen Square -- students took it literally
and paid with their lives
75Factions in China
- Based on linking the leaders with the masses
downward - Its states rights, not individual ones.
- what more can we say?
- The goal is to seek harmony ?
- Confucius says..
- If dissident threatens the state, out you go!
-
76Non-CCP Parties
- Yes, they exist!
- Under China's multi-party cooperation system,
non-communist parties participate in state
affairs under the leadership of the CCP. - They and the CCP work together and supervise each
other, instead of opposing each other.
77CAPD
- China Association for Promoting Democracy's
(CAPD's) leads the country's eight non-communist
parties during annual conferences - The CAPD congress calls on all its 128,000
members to work together with the ruling
Communist Party of China (CPC) to build a
moderately prosperous society and rejuvenate the
Chinese nation.
78Non-CCP Parties
- The eight non-communist parties are
- The Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese
Kuomintang - The China Democratic League
- The China National Democratic Construction
Association - The China Association for Promoting Democracy
- The Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party
- China Zhi Gong Dang the Jiu San Society
- The Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League.
79- Non-communist parties had a total of more than
800,000 members as of the end of 2011, with more
than 37,000 organs at community-based levels,
according to official figures. - Founded between the 1920s and the late 1940s,
they have a membership mainly consisting of
professionals and academics from different
sectors, elites among returned overseas Chinese
and their relatives, people with links to the
former Kuomintang, or Taiwan residents. - Statistics showed that 30 of 31 Chinese
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
have deputy governors with non-communist party
backgrounds.
80Non-CCP in Leadership Positions
- Health Minister Chen Zhu has been newly-elected
as chairman of the Central Committee of Chinese
Peasants and Workers Democratic Party. - Minister of Science and Technology Wan Gang has
been re-elected top leader of the China Zhi Gong
Party. - Wan Exiang, vice president of the Supreme
People's Court, has been elected party chief of
the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese
Kuomintang.
81Deng Xiaopings New Plan for China
- In 1978 Deng Xiaoping became leader and began an
ambitious program of economic reform aimed at
raising rates of foreign investment and growth. - He ended collective farming, initiating a
"responsibility system" which freed farmers to
choose what crops to grow and sell any surplus
for profit.
- Deng encouraged foreign trade and investment
through joint ventures. - In the south, special economic zones were created
giving investors tax concessions in exchange for
revenue and technical knowledge
82- Deng edicts
- Keep socialist road
- Uphold peoples dictatorship
- Maintain CCP
- Marxist-Leninism-Maoism STILL dominates.
- But the four Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to
encourage foreign investment . - And Hong Kong and Shanghai
- Corruption has not helped its image or rallied
the economic boom. . . - Although its going at a growth rate higher than
the rest of the world (even during recession!).
Shanghai's skyscrapers illustrate the change of
recent years
83Is China passing the revolutionary torch??
- How red are the leaders?
- Was Hu Jintao a communist or is a technocrat?
- What would Mao think??
- Uncertainties at the top
- Maos yearning for revolutionary fervor has was
replaced by Dengs pragmatic ideology - Hu Jintao attained power based on merit
- Has Ameritocracy has been put in place?
- What will Xi Do???
84Media in China
- China has two news agencies
- Xinhua (New China) News Agency
- and China News Service.
- The growth of the Internet has led to a sky
rocking number of bloggers and instant reports
which threaten the governments control - Government agencies at all levels have gradually
built mechanisms to guide public opinion through
integrating the functions of propaganda
departments
85Media in China
- The Chinese Constitution guarantees citizens
freedom of speech and information. - However, that freedom has barriers that prohibit
the absolute free exchange of ideas - State control over the news media in China is
achieved through a complex combination of party
monitoring of news content, legal restrictions on
journalists, and financial incentives for
self-censorship. - An internal speech by China's top internet
official, apparently posted by accident in 2010
on an official internet site before being
promptly removed, outlines a vast array of
institutions and methods to control opinion at
home and also ''create an international public
opinion environment that is objective, beneficial
and friendly to us''.
86- When the high-speed train accident happened
outside of Wenzhou in 2010, the propaganda
department responded with this predictable list
of orders for all media outlets - Release death toll only according to figures from
authorities. - Do not report on a frequent basis.
- More touching stories are to be reported instead,
i.e. blood donation, free taxi services, etc. - Do not investigate the causes of the accident
use information released from authorities as
standard. - Do not reflect or comment.
87Iran
88Iran Voting and Elections
- Iran- Theocracy/Unitary
- President is elected similarly to U.S.
- May have two four-year terms elected by popular
vote - Unicameral house (Majlis) elected for four-year
terms - Single-member districts
President Ahmadinejad failed to get the majority
in parliament, as he had hoped
89Political Parties in Iran
- There are no real political parties in Iran, only
murky, shifting alliances of political figures - All may run for office with permission of
Council of Guardians - This leads to fraud and favoritism and rigged
voting is common
90Breakdown of Seats in Iranian Majiles
- 2004 Elections
- Conservative forces-156
- Reformers-40 seats
- Independents-34 seats
- 2012 Elections
- The Principalists/Hardliner Conservatives won
approx. 75 of seats and are a coalition of
Khamenei supporters - 30 seats are headed toward a runoff election
could not dent Ayatollah Khameneis majority. - Full results are expected by April.
- 2008 Elections
- Conservatives forces- 170
- Reformers- 46
- Independents- 71
- Religious minorities- 3
91(No Transcript)
92- Despite some Kurdish candidates boycotting the
elections and Kurdish dissident groups condemning
them Kurdish candidates secured most of the votes
in the 2012 Majiles election in western Iran. - A politburo member of the Kurdistan Democratic
Party-Iran (KDPI), believes Iranian authorities
deliberately let the Kurdish candidates win the
elections in those areas. - Most of the Kurds in Urumiya boycotted the
elections, but the Iranian authorities changed
the results, allowing the Kurdish nominees to
win.
Iranian Kurds at a polling station in the city of
Sanandaj (Sina). Photo MEHR.
93Presidential Elections 2005
- The Iranian presidential election of 2005 led to
the victory of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the hard-line
mayor of Tehran - It was the first run-off presidential election in
Iranian history - Ahmadinejad earned 19.48 of the votes in the
first round and 61.69 in the second. - Ahmadinejad is believed to have won the second
round because of his populist views, especially
those regarding the poor people and their
economic status. - The election saw a turnout of almost 60 of
eligible voters, seen as a strike back by Iran at
the United States' initial allegations that many
in Iran would be restricted from voting.
94Presidential Elections 2009
- In 2009, President Ahmadinejad was re-elected
with 63 of the vote in the first round - The challenger, Mir Hossein Mousavu received 34
of the vote - There was no run-off
- In 2005, Ahmadinejad got 17 million votes
- In 2009 he got 24 million votes
- The lingering questions is
- WHERE DID ALL THOSE EXTRA VOTES COME FROM?
http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8510450.stm
95The Green Movement
- Green Movement leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi and
Mehdi Karroubi have been placed on house arrest - They were not allowed to run or campaign for
office in 2012 - The Green movement, which demands a more
transparent democracy, mushroomed in the wake of
the contested 2009 presidential elections. - 2012 were the first national elections since
then, but the violent suppression of that
movement largely ended public protests.
96The Media in Iran
- The Constitution provides for freedom of the
press as long as published material accords with
Islamic principles. - All radio and television broadcasting is
controlled by the government. - The publisher of every newspaper and periodical
is required by law to have a valid publishing
license. - Any publication perceived as being anti-Islamic
is not granted a publication license.
97The Media in Iran
- In practice, the criteria for being anti-Islamic
have been broadly interpreted to encompass all
materials that include an antigovernment
sentiment. - All the papers and magazines in circulation
support the basic political institutions of the
Islamic Republic - Foreign correspondents were once allowed to roam
freely during elections, were bused to specific
polling places in 2012 and the government limited
the number of visas issued to journalists seeking
to cover the election.
98Iranian Interest Groups(Pressure Groups)
- Groups that generally support the Islamic
Republic include - Ansar-e Hizballah
- The Iranian Islamic Students Association
- Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam
- Islam's Students
- The Islamic Coalition Association
99Iranian Interest Groups(Pressure Groups)
- Opposition groups include
- The Green Movement
- International Alliance in Support of Workers in
Iran - The Nation of Iran Party
- Political groups that have been almost completely
repressed by the government - Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK)
- People's Fedayeen
- Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
- The Society for the Defense of Freedom
100Iranian Interest Groups(Pressure Groups)
- Political student groups include
- Pro-reform "Office for Strengthening Unity"
- Responsible for the taking of the American
Embassy in 1979 - The Union of Islamic Student Societies
101Nigeria
102Factionalism- Nigerian Style
- Factionalism in Nigeria has led to creation of
many political parties - The Result
- Failure to create coherent party system
- Parties formed and faded around personalities
- Multi-party system reinforced and strengthened
ethnic and religious cleavages
103Some characterizations of governance in Africa
- The post colonial state weaknesses
- Leaders governance in Africa have struggled
with the political legacy of liberation - Patron-client relationship are dominant in
political arena - Well beyond the institutionalized regulations
that most Western states have bureaucratic sense - Culture of impunity
- Often an extra-legal contest between elites and
others for political economic resources of
state - Neo-patrimony
- Criminal occurrences and corruption
- Kleptcracies, corruptocracies, chaosocracies,
104Nigeria Voting and Elections
- Nigeria- Federal system
- Presidential election first used Westminster
model, but the 1999 Constitution changed this to
a model closer to the U.S. - Bi-cameral based on U.S.
- Uses single-member distinct voting for National
Assembly - All states get 10 seats in legislature no matter
what their population or size (like 2 Senates)
105(No Transcript)
106Nigerian Political Parties
- Nigerias major political parties is the Peoples
Democratic Party of Nigeria which maintains 223
seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (54.5
and 53.7 respectively) - Well-established Party
- Began running candidates in 1998
- Party of former President Olesugun Obesanjo
- Igbo, Christian from the North)
- Part president Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (Muslim from
North) - Current President, Goodluck Jonathan
107Nigerian Political Parties
- The PDP has gained majority in National Assembly
and most of the governors throughout the country - Due to voter fraud, difficult to determine
accurate level of support for the PDP
President Vice President Election Outcome
Olusegun Obasanjo Atiku Abubakar 1999 Won
Olusegun Obasanjo Atiku Abubakar 2003 Won
Umaru Yar'Adua Goodluck Jonathan 2007 Won
108Headlines March 17, 2010
- ACTING President Goodluck Jonathan Wednesday
became more decisive in running the affairs of
government when he ordered the immediate
dissolution of the Federal Executive Council,
FEC, bringing to an end lingering speculations on
the existence of the former cabinet as
constituted by the ailing President Umaru
YarAdua. - According to one minister the Acting President
did not give reason for dissolving the cabinet
even as she added that all ministers including
myself are to handover to their respective
permanent secretaries.
109Other Important Nigeria Parties
- All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP)
- Challenged Obesanjo in 1999
- General Muhammadu Buhari, Muslim from the North,
ran against Obesanjo - Received about 32 of the vote
- His running mate and potential future candidate
was Chuba Okadigbo, an Igbo from the Southeast - Other parties that ran presidential candidates
include All Progressive Grand Alliance (APGA),
The Movement for Democracy and Justice (MDJ), and
the Justice Party - Alliance for Democracy (AD) did not have a
presidential candidate in 2003, but did receive
9 of the votes for the legislative elections
110Independent National Election Committee
- The Independent National Electoral Commission
(INEC) is the main agent of democracy in Nigeria.
The INEC is a permanent body created by the
Nigerian Constitution to organize Federal and
state elections in Nigeria. - The INEC first registered a number of parties
following the death of General Abacha in 1998 - In order to run candidates for the legislative
and presidential elections of 1999, a party had
to qualify by receiving at least 5 of the votes
in two-thirds of the states in the 1998 election - This cut the number of parties significantly,
only 5 parties were eligible to run candidates in
the 2003 election
111 Rating the INEC and Its Effectiveness
- Feb. 2011- In spite of hitches in the on-going
voter registration in the country, Project 2011
Swift Count, a group of civil society, has scored
the Independent National Electoral Commission,
INEC, performance so far above 90. - The independent monitoring group, however, added
that the process had, in part, been marred by the
malfunctioning of some machines and shortages, as
well as the inadequacy of essential materials in
some area
112The Economic Community Of West African States
- ECOWAS is a regional group of fifteen countries,
founded in 1975. - Nigeria is one of its most important members
- Its mission is to promote economic integration in
"all fields ofeconomic activity, particularly
industry, transport, telecommunications, energy,
agriculture, natural resources, commerce,
monetary and financial questions, social and
cultural matters ....."
113Interest Groups in Nigeria
- Often use Patron-Client Networks
- Organized Interest Groups
- Labor unions, trade associations, religious
bodies - Informal participation
- Relationships between people and a groups
- Known as Clientalism
114Interest Groups in Nigeria
- Many interest groups were declared illegal by the
colonial government prior to independence - However, this changed once the military took over
the country and groups were allowed - This is different from most countries after a
military coup
115Ethnic and ReligiousInterest Groups in Nigeria
- Many Nigerian interest groups are based on
ethnicity - Igbo Federal Union
- Igbo intelligensa
- Egbe Omo Oduduwa
- Young urban professionals united by issues and
race - Movement for the survival of the Ogoni People
- Complaints against oil drilling in their tribal
homeland
116AssociationalInterest Groups in Nigeria
- Common in urban and industrialized areas
- Trade Unions
- National Union of Petroleum Gas Workers
- National Democracy Coalition
- Civil Rights
117Non-AssociationalInterest Groups in Nigeria
- Kaduna Mafia
- Powerful, shadowy political leaders
- Military Groups
- Instrumental in the countrys direction
118The Media in Nigeria
- Radio broadcasting is the joint responsibility of
the federal and state governments, operating
under the Federal Radio Corp. of Nigeria, created
in 1978 - state radio stations broadcast in English and
local languages. - Television, introduced in 1959, now operates
throughout the country under the direction of the
Nigerian Television Authority, with stations in
all state capitals and channels set aside for the
state governments. - Several states also run their own stations.
119The Media in Nigeria
- To survive, most Nigerian media outlets depend
heavily on advertisements from the same
institutions and governments they are to watch - Many agents of Nigeria's press have been
imprisoned, exiled, tortured, or murdered. - Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed for treason by order
of the Abacha dictatorship in 1995. - This resulted in the expulsion of Nigeria from
the Commonwealth of Nations and sanctions from
abroad.
120Ken Saro-Wiwa
- Ken Saro-Wina built a campaign against
environmental damage by oil companies and for a
fairer share of Nigeria's immense oil wealth for
the